Abstract
The article examines the existing approaches to the definition of social and historical reality. Emphasizing the methods of scientific cognition of history, the author gives a critical assessment of the ideas of A. S. Uibo, analyzes the influence of Marx’s theory of socioeconomic formations and Hegel’s dialectics on the creation of the general theory of the historical process. The comparative analysis of the methods of reconstructive cognition, natural-science theories, the logic of social cognition, and the conceptions of Marxism allows the researcher to conclude that social sciences and the humanities and historical sciences should be differentiated and not opposed to each other. According to the author, this conclusion is conditioned by the way of organizing social and the humanities and historical knowledge, where the hypothesis plays an essential role as a means of theory formation.
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