Zirconia Nanoparticles Research Articles

The effect of adding ZrO2 nanoparticles on the transverse strength and hardness of microwave-cured acrylic and heat-cured acrylic denture base materials

Background: One drawback of acrylic denture base materials is their liability to fracture, requiring methods to increase fracture resistance. Adding nanoparticles (NPs) represented one of these methods. Purpose: The objectives of this study are to evaluate and compare transverse strength and hardness when adding zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) at concentrations of 0%, 3%, and 5% to heat-cured acrylic denture base materials (Ivoclare, Major) and to microwave-cured acrylic (Acron MC). Methods: Transverse strength was tested with a Universal Testing Machine (GESTER, Fujian, China), while hardness tests were conducted by using a Shore-D hardness durometer (Show, China). The 90 samples were prepared and then divided into three groups for each material. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the microstructure. The samples were prepared following the manufacturer’s instructions for each material. Results: The results revealed that the addition of ZrO2 NPs (3%, 5%) improves the transverse strength and hardness of polymethyl methacrylate acrylic resin for both types (microwave-cured and heat-cured acrylic resins). The addition of ZrO2 NPs at 3% concentration shows the highest values for both transverse strength and hardness. The ATR-FTIR confirms no structural chemical changes with the addition of ZrO2 NPs. Conclusion: The study concludes that the incorporation of ZrO2 NPs (3%, 5%) into microwave-cured and heat-cured acrylic resins improves transverse strength and hardness.

Does the Addition of Seashell or Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles at Different Concentrations Improving Tensile Bond Strength of Orthodontic Adhesive? In-vitro study.

Does the Addition of Seashell or Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles at Different Concentrations Improving Tensile Bond Strength of Orthodontic Adhesive? In-vitro study.

Does the Addition of Seashell or Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles at Different Concentrations Improving Tensile Bond Strength of Orthodontic Adhesive? In-vitro study.

Does the Addition of Seashell or Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles at Different Concentrations Improving Tensile Bond Strength of Orthodontic Adhesive? In-vitro study.

Evaluation Of Dimensional Changes of Acrylic Resin Maxillary Complete Dentures Reinforced with Silica Dioxide and Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticle

Evaluation Of Dimensional Changes of Acrylic Resin Maxillary Complete Dentures Reinforced with Silica Dioxide and Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticle

Study of Some Physical and Antibacterial Properties of Bio-based (PLA)/(PCL) Blend reinforced with ZrO2 Nanoparticles

The aim of this study was to produce flexible films by combining polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and enhance their strength by reinforcing them with different weight percentages (0.75, 1.5, and 2.25%) of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using a solvent casting process. The physical and antibacterial properties of the films were analysed to determine their suitability for use in food packaging. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the PLA/PCL films containing 2.25% by weight ZrO2 nanoparticles have a peak at an angle of 2θ = 17.18°, accompanied by smaller peaks. This confirms that these thin films have a semi-crystalline structure and that the molecules in the thin films are well dispersed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the film surfaces reveals that the pure PLA/PCL films exhibit a smooth surface, while the (PLA/PCL/ZrO2NPs) films have a rough surface. The thermal behaviour of the blends through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed fluctuations due to variations in the reinforcement ratio, resulting in changes in the glass transition and melting temperatures. These oscillations indicate changes in the level of crystallinity. ZnO2 has antibacterial properties that promote growth inhibition, making these films more effective in food packaging.

Effect of gadolinia–stabilized zirconia nanoparticles manufactured from Mist CVD on the mechanical properties of ceramics sintered by SPS

Zirconia is an engineering ceramic material with excellent comprehensive properties. However, it suffers from the inherent disadvantage of low fracture toughness. To improve its fracture toughness, Gd2O3 is an effective stabilizer. In the present study, Gd2O3–ZrO2 composite powders were synthesized using the Mist CVD method. Following synthesis, these powders were pressed through spark plasma sintering. The crystallinity of the Gd2O3–ZrO2 powders improved as the deposition temperature increased from 600°C to 900°C. The tetragonality (c/2a) of the Gd–TZP composites increased from 0.99941 to 1.01571 as the Gd2O3 content increased from 2 mol% to 4 mol%, but it decreased when the content reached 5 mol%. The Gd2O3–ZrO2 nanoparticles produced via the Mist CVD approach presented a unique hollow spherical structure. Under moist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) conditions with 4 mol% Gd2O3 at 1400°C, the Gd–TZP composites exhibited fracture toughness and hardness values of approximately 12.03 ± 0.15 MPa·m1/2 and 12.16 ± 0.17 GPa, respectively.

Bond Strength of Nanocomposite Hard Liner to CAD-CAM Milled, 3D Printed, and Conventionally Fabricated Denture Base Resins.

To investigate the effect of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2NPs) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of hard denture lines bonded to different denture base resins. Five different denture bases were used in this study: conventional heat-cured resin, IvoCad, AvaDent, NextDent, and FormLabs, in acrylic specimens of 10 × 10 × 2.5 mm3 (N = 150, n = 10). Specimens were centered at the bottom of a silicon mold to create an auto-polymerized holder. Three major groups of reline material were used: no ZrO2NPs (control), 2 wt.%, and 4 wt.% ZrO2NPs. Reline was bonded to the resin surface using a customized jig. After polymerization, specimens were stored in distilled water, and 5000 thermal cycles were performed. Each specimen was fixed to an Instron machine, and SBS was tested using a blade loaded (1 mm/min) at the resin interface until failure. Data was collected and analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). AvaDent showed the highest SBS when compared with other denture base materials (p < 0.001) except for IvoCad. The addition of ZrO2NPs significantly decreased the SBS of AvaDent (p = 0.003) and IvoCad (p = 0.001), while heat polymerized resin, Formlabs, and NextDent showed no significant change in SBS (p > 0.05). CAD-CAM milled denture base resin showed higher SBS with pure denture reline. The addition of ZrO2NPs decreased the SBS of reline with CAD-CAM milled denture base resins but did not change bond strength with 3D printed and conventional denture base resins.

Comparison of Surface Microhardness of Portland Cement Associated with Niobium Oxide and Zirconium Nanoparticles with the Mineral Aggregate Trioxide

To determine the surface microhardness of white portland cement associated with niobium nanoparticles, white portland cement associated with zirconium nanoparticles, and mineral trioxide aggregate. The present study is an experimental in-vitro study. The sample consisted of 03 study groups. These were divided into 09 subgroups of 04 hours, 14 days and 28 days. The instrument used to record the surface mechanical microhardness was the Vickers microdurometer. The Shapiro-Wilk statistical analysis was then performed to identify the normality of the data. The Anova test was applied to compare between the three groups and then the Tukey test for multiple comparisons with a 95% confidence level. White Portland cement associated with zirconium nanoparticles had the highest hardness value (p&lt;0.05), followed by white Portland cement associated with niobium nanoparticles and aggregate control cement of mineral trioxide. The lowest value of surface microhardness was obtained by the addition of mineral trioxide (p&lt;0.05). Surface microhardness values were significantly higher at 28 days than at 04 hours for all groups evaluated. White Portland cement with/without nanoparticulate additives generated higher surface microhardness than the control group added mineral trioxide in the evaluation periods.

Effect of heat treatment on charge states, thermophysical and mechanical properties of polypropylene doped with ZrO2 nanoparticles

Charge states, thermophysical and mechanical properties of polypropylene doped with zirconium oxide nanoparticles, and their changes during heat treatment at temperatures 60 °C, 100 °C, and 140 °C are studied. The methods used are thermal stimulated depolarization (TSD), scanning differential calorimetry (SDC), and mechanical life assessment. It is shown that with an increase in the concentration of the filler, the intensity of the TSD peaks increases up to 3 vol.%. A further increase in concentration leads to a decrease in the intensity of the peaks. The activation energy of charge release from traps, temperature of maximum of the peaks, and the magnitude of the accumulated charge in the traps have also maximal value at nanoparticle concentration of 3 vol.%. The study of charge characteristics of the nanocomposite with concentration of 3 vol.% after heat treatment shows that the intensity of TSD peaks, the temperature of peak maxima, and the activation energy of charge release increase with increasing pretreatment temperature. The magnitude of the charge accumulated in traps has a maximal value at treatment temperature of 140 °C owing to the increase in the number of traps. The melting point of the composite is 149.38 °C and shifts to 146.88 °C after heat treatment at 140 °C. It indicates that the high temperature of heat treatment leads to partial destruction of polymer chains, leading to a decrease in the critical melting temperature. The mechanical durability of PP + 3%ZrO2 nanocomposite decreases with increase in pretreatment temperature.

Linear volumetric additive manufacturing of zirconia from a transparent photopolymerizable ceramic slurry via Xolography

Advanced ceramics printed with photon-based additive manufacturing deals with anisotropic mechanical properties from the layer-by-layer manufacturing. Motivated by the success in using highly filled transparent slurries containing nanoparticles for powder-based two-photon-polymerization (2PP) for advanced ceramic printing, this works approach is the transfer to Xolography, a volumetric additive manufacturing technology based on linear two-photon excitation and without recoating steps. This paper reports the results of a preliminary investigation optimizing the photocurable slurry to the requirements of Xolography in terms of transparency, over a significantly larger mean free path, compared to 2PP. A feedstock filled with 70 % weight fraction of ceramic particles (∼30 vol%) exhibiting an exceptionally high degree of transparency in the relevant wavelength range of 400–800 nm was prepared from 5 nm zirconia nanoparticles. The high transparency of the photocurable slurry is attributed to the near-monomodal particle size distribution of the zirconia nanoparticles used.

Zirconium and cerium dioxide fabricated activated carbon-based nanocomposites for enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic removal of methylene blue and tetracycline hydrochloride

Activated carbon (AC) is a porous, amorphous form of carbon known for its strong adsorption capacity, making it highly effective for use in wastewater treatment. In this investigation, AC-based nanocomposites (NCs) loaded with zirconium dioxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2/CeO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized for the effective elimination of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). The AC-ZrO2/CeO2 NCs have a size of 231.83 nm, a zeta potential of −20.07 mV, and a PDI value of 0.160. The adsorption capacities of AC-ZrO2/CeO2 NCs for MB and TCH were proved in agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo 1st order kinetic model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities were determined to be 75.54 mg/g for MB and 26.75 mg/g for TCH. Notably, AC-ZrO2/CeO2 NCs exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation efficiency for MB and TCH under sunlight irradiation with removal efficiencies reaching up to 97.91% and 82.40% within 90 min, respectively. The t1/2 for the photo-degradation process of MB and TCH were 11.55 min and 44.37 min. Analysis of active species trapping confirmed the involvement of hole (h+), superoxide anion (•O2−), and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in the degradation mechanism. Furthermore, the residual solution post-contaminant removal exhibited minimal toxicity towards Artemia salina and NIH3T3 cells. Importantly, the NCs did not exhibit antibacterial activity against tested pathogens post-absorption/degradation of TCH. Thus, AC-ZrO2/CeO2 NCs could be a promising nanomaterial for wastewater treatment applications.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Biological activity of Optimized Alfalfa‐Mediated Zirconium Nanoparticles

AbstractNanoparticle green synthesis is an emerging scientific field that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells. In this work, the potential of extracts of alfalfa leaves (Medicago sativa) as affordable and fabricated zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) was evaluated for the first time. alfalfa alcoholic extract and zirconium precursor were used to produce ZrNPs, the production and characteristics of nanoparticles were measured using the Tyndall effect, UV‐vis, FT‐IR, EDX, DLS, and SEM tests, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and toxicity Measurement of nanoparticles on breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐468) and human healthy cells (HFF) was investigated. The optimization of nanoparticle production was evaluated with ANN and GN algorithms. The analysis showed that nanoparticles have spherical‐like ZrNPs shapes with an average of 50 nm size. in addition, ZrNPs have significant cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐468) cells, and Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells exhibited the highest resistance to ZrNPs. There was a significant agreement between the results of the designed ANN‐GA model and the experimental data. In this research, ZrNP was successfully created using alfalfa extract as a renewable source of stabilizing and reducing agents with an environmentally friendly approach, and they showed significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Zirconia Nanoparticles Uniformly Supported on Mesoporous Alumina–Carbon as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Direct Ethanol-to-Butadiene Reaction

Zirconia Nanoparticles Uniformly Supported on Mesoporous Alumina–Carbon as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Direct Ethanol-to-Butadiene Reaction

A recyclable, interchangeable optical switch with a PDLC-PVA-PSCLC structure and a low-voltage drive system

ABSTRACT Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) and polymer stabilised cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLC) are an indispensable class of electrically switchable materials, which have been widely applied in the fabrication of efficient and systematic smart windows. And doping nanoparticles in PDLC films can greatly improve their properties. In this study, PDLC films doped with zirconia nanoparticles were prepared by polymerisation-induced phase separation (PIPS) method, PSCLC films with nematic liquid crystals as the main part (reflecting wavelengths in the range of 400–600 nm) were prepared by UV curing method, and a novel optical switch was developed by combining these two liquid crystal films. The optimal bilayer sample was developed through a comparative analysis of properties among samples with varying formulations for each liquid crystal layer. This study represents a novel advancement in PSCLC and nanoparticle-doped PDLC bilayer structures, showcasing fully actuatable properties in the visible wavelength range. These structures exhibit excellent electro-optical properties and demonstrate stable, sustainable performance that can be regenerated. The findings underscore the potential of PDLC and PSCLC for applications in smart curtains and flexible materials, opening up new avenues for innovative technological applications.

Flexural properties of additive manufactured resin designated for interim fixed dental prosthesis: Effect of nanoparticles, build direction, and artificial aging

ObjectiveThis study investigates the flexural strength and elastic modulus of three-dimension (3D) printed interim resin (ASIGA) incorporating zirconium dioxide (nano-ZrO2) and silicon dioxide (nano-SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with different build direction and after artificial aging. MethodsThree hundred 3D-printed specimens were used for testing. Groups were modified with nano-ZrO2 or nano-SiO2 at concentrations of 0.5 wt% or 1 wt% and an unmodified control group remained unmodified (n = 10). The bar-shaped specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were printed at 0, 45, and 90 degree orientations. Flexural properties were assessed using a universal testing machine. The study employed various analyses to assess material properties and bonding. ResultsThe flexural strength was significantly improved (P<0.001) by the inclusion of nano-ZrO2 or nano-SiO2, with a maximum value of 61.8 ± 4.3 MPa with 1 wt% nano-ZrO2 at 45° build direction. The highest elastic modulus value observed was 998.2 ± 91.2 MPa with 0.5 wt% nano-SiO2 at 90° build direction. Build direction, NP type, and NP concentration all had a statistically significant combined effect on flexural strength and elastic modulus (P=0.003*, P=0.045), respectively. ConclusionIncorporation of nano-SiO2 and nano-ZrO2 increased the flexural properties of the interim resin used in 3D printing. Following artificial aging, all the flexural property values in the modified groups showedminimal reduction regardless of the nanoparticle concentration, while the unmodified control group showed a significant reduction. Before and after artificial aging, samples at a 0 degree build direction had a considerably higher flexural strength, although the highest elastic modulus values were found in the 90 degree group. The findings underscore the potential of nanocomposites in strengthening interim dental restorations, offering promising advancements for clinical practice.

Improving the performance of cutting fluids by using ZnO and ZrO2 nanoparticles

Sustainability is nowadays a global research priority, especially in machining, where optimizing production processes for increased productivity, profits, and efficiency is key. Addressing this need, the adoption of nanofluids in minimum quantity lubrication machining has surged, aligning with environmental concerns and regulatory demands. In this study, sustainable zinc oxide (ZnO) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles fabricated using plant extracts have been incorporated into conventional cutting fluids to enhance their machinability performance under minimum quantity lubrication for turning process. The microstructural analysis confirms the successful synthesis of the targeted nanoparticles with excellent purity and size distribution. The addition of nanoparticles significantly enhanced thermal conductivity from 0.5916 W/(m⋅K) for the base fluid to 0.6286 W/(m⋅K) for ZnO and to 0.6242 W/(m⋅K) for ZrO2. Further, nanofluids exhibited an increased dynamic viscosity, 1.435 mPa.s for ZrO2 and 1.125 mPa.s for ZnO as compare to 0.7644 mPa.s of base fluid, attributed to the nanoparticle confinement effect whereas contact angle measurements indicated an improved wettability for all nanofluids. Machining experiments validate the efficacy of nanofluids, demonstrating reduced cutting temperatures and enhanced surface finish. Notably, ZrO2-based nanofluids exhibit improved tribological response, while ZnO-based nanofluids showcase exceptional heat transfer ability, offering promising solutions to key technical challenges in machining processes. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of green, sustainable ZnO and ZrO2 nanoparticles as additives in cutting fluids, poised to revolutionize metalworking and manufacturing processes, thereby enhancing product quality and sustainability.

Significant Electrochemical Performance of Zirconia Nanoparticles Decorated with Polyaniline for Next Generation Electrode Materials in Supercapacitor Applications

Significant Electrochemical Performance of Zirconia Nanoparticles Decorated with Polyaniline for Next Generation Electrode Materials in Supercapacitor Applications

Zirconia nanoparticles/carbon quantum dots modified carbon paste electrode as electrochemical sensor for determination of antiepileptic drug eslicarbazepine acetate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form

A new, sensitive and selective electrochemical method has been developed for determination of the antiepileptic prodrug eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) that is used for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. It belongs to the class of sodium channel blockers called dibenzoazepine family. A novel modified zirconia nanoparticles carbon paste nanocomposite, carbon dots sensor prepared from banana peels by solvothermal method has been fabricated. The voltammetric method is based on the direct anodic oxidation of ESL at the electrode surface using differential pulse voltammetry. Under the optimum experimental conditions, ESL exhibited a linear relationship in the range of 3.04 × 10-8 to 9.66 × 10-5 M with a lower detection limit of 7.57 × 10-9 M and quantification limit of 2.29 × 10-8 M. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and was applied for estimating ESL in raw material showing high accuracy and precision with successful application on tablet dosage form.

ZrO2 and ZnO nanoparticles effect on setting time, microhardness, and compressive strength of calcium-enriched-mixture cement

Aim: Calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement is an endodontic biomaterial; however, enhancing its physical/mechanical properties remains a challenge. This in vitro study investigates the influence of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the setting time, microhardness, and compressive strength of CEM cement. Methods: Four different groups of CEM cement were prepared: a control group without nanoparticles, two groups with ZrO2 or ZnO, and a group with a combination of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were added to the powder in predetermined concentrations. The setting time was evaluated using the Gilmore needle method, while microhardness and compressive strength were determined using Vickers hardness and a universal testing machine, respectively. Results: The incorporation of ZnO slightly reduced the setting time, while the addition of ZrO2 significantly prolonged it compared to the control group. Interestingly, the combination of both nanoparticles exhibited a setting time comparable to that of the control group. Regarding the microhardness and compressive strength, both ZrO2 and ZnO significantly improved these properties compared to the control group. The combination of both nanoparticles showed the highest microhardness and compressive strength values among all groups. Conclusions: The addition of nanoparticles to CEM cement effectively modifies its physical and mechanical properties. The optimal combination of these nanoparticles can potentially achieve an improved balance between setting time and enhanced mechanical performance.

Cytotoxicity of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles on Rabbit Tooth Gum Cells

The cytotoxicity mechanism of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2-NPs) has not been clarified to-date. Nevertheless, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ZrO2-NPs has been perceived as an important mechanism in some in vivo studies. Accordingly, this study was conducted to identify the potential effects of ZrO2-NPs on rabbit tooth gum cells as well as the mechanism/s of their cytotoxicity. Synthesized ZrO2-NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Cell viability, ROS level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glutathione count (GSH/GSSG), lysosome damage and apoptosis/necrosis were evaluated. Biodistribution studies were conducted on tooth gum, liver, kidney, heart and brain tissues in the rabbit using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES). ZrO2-NPs increased ROS, MMP collapse and malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, GSH/GSSG and apoptosis/necrosis were found to be changed. The ZrO2-NPs accumulated significantly more on rabbit tooth gum tissues compared with other organs ([Formula: see text]). The study provided evidence that ZrO2-NPs cannot be considered completely biocompatible in the gum cell tissues of the rabbit. Before these nanoparticles can be used for human dental applications, further investigations on a wide range of cell death signaling should be performed.