Zinc Oxide And Eugenol Research Articles

Assessment of calcium hydroxide-formocresol mix, zinc oxide and calcium hydroxide-iodoform pastes as a root filling in primary teeth (clinical and radiographic study)

ABSTRACT Objective of this study is to evaluate clinically and radiographically the calcium – hydroxide formocresol mix as a root filling material in primary teeth . Materials & Methods: The study was performed on 75 primary molars of patients aged from 4-8 years that indicated for pulpectomy. The teeth were divided randomly into 3 main equal groups. Each group formed of 25 primary molars. Group A: 25 children teeth in which zinc oxide and eugenol (ZO/E) was used as filling material . Group B: 25 children teeth in which calcium hydroxide formocresol mix was used as a filling material. Group C : 25 children teeth In which matapex was used as filling material . The teeth were assessed clinically and radiographically at 5 different intervals (preoperative, 24 hours, 6 weeks , 3 months and 6 month postoperative), using standard clinical and radiographic criteria. Results: It was found that Maetapex offers best clinical and radiographical results when compared with ZO/E and calcium hydroxide fromocresol mix . ZO/E (group A) showed (84%) success rate, while the Calcuim hydroxide fromocresol mix (group B) showed a higher success rate (88%) than (ZO/E) . Metapex (group c) show best success rate of all groups (94%) while failure rate showed (16%) , (12% ) and (6%) respectively. Conclusion: Metapex is the best material as root filling material with a high success rate and showing competitive properties to ZO/E and Calcium hydroxide formocresol mix . calcium hydroxide formocresol mix shows better result than ZO/E .

Physicochemical properties and effect of bioceramic root canal filling for primary teeth on osteoblast biology.

Bio-C Pulpecto (Bio-CP) was recently developed as the first bioceramic root filling material for primary teeth. Objective To evaluate the physicochemical properties of radiopacity, setting time, pH, cytocompatibility and potential of Bio-CP to induce mineralisation, compared with (1) Calen thickened with zinc oxide (Calen-ZO), and (2) zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE).Methodology Physicochemical properties were evaluated according to ISO 6876. Saos-2 (human osteoblast-like cell line) exposed to extracts of the materials were subjected to assays of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, neutral red, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralised nodule production. The results were analysed using one-way or two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s or Bonferroni’s post-tests (α=0.05).Results All the materials showed radiopacity higher than 3 mm Al. Bio-CP had lower pH than Calen-ZO, but higher pH than ZOE. Calen-ZO and Bio-CP did not set. The setting time for ZOE was 110 min. The cytocompatibility order was Calen-ZO > Bio-CP > ZOE (1:2, 1:4 dilutions) and Calen-ZO > Bio-CP = ZOE (1:12, 1:24 dilutions) and Calen-ZO = Bio-CP > ZOE (1:32 dilution). Bio-CP induced greater ALP activity at 7 days, and greater mineralised nodule production, compared to Calen-ZO (p<0.05). Conclusions Bio-CP showed adequate physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility and potential to induce mineralisation.

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of chitosan-zinc oxide eugenol mix in pulp capping of primary teeth

Objective of this study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the chitosan-zinc oxide eugenol mix as pulp capping material in primary teeth. Materials & Methods: The study was performed on 36 primary molars of patients aged from 4-8 years that indicated for pulpotomy. The teeth were divided randomly into 2 main equal groups. Each group formed of 18 primary molars. Group A: 18 children teeth in which zinc oxide and eugenol (ZO/E) was used as pulp capping material after formocresol (FC) application. Group B: 18 children teeth in which Chitosan-ZO/E mix was used as pulp capping material. The teeth were assessed clinically and radiographically at 4 different intervals (preoperative, 24 hours, 6 weeks and 3 months postoperative), using standard clinical and radiographic criteria. Results: It was found that chitosan-ZO/E mix offers good clinical and radiographical results when compared with ZO/E after application of FC but with no statistically significant differences. ZO/E after application of FC (group A) showed (83.33%) success rate, while the Chitosan-ZO/E mix (group B) showed a higher success rate (94.44%) while failure rate showed (16.67%) and (5.56%) respectively. Conclusion: Chitosan-ZO/E mix is a promising material as pulp capping material with a high success rate and showing competitive properties to ZO/E after FC application. It has the power to be an alternative for ZO/E after FC application in pulpotomized primary molars.

Clinical Evaluation of Root Resorption and its Correlation with Obturation Quality in Pulpectomized Deciduous Teeth with Different Obturating Materials: An In vivo Study.

Aims and Objectives:The aim was to evaluate the root resorption in pulpectomized deciduous teeth and its correlation with obturation quality using zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE), Metapex and Endoflas at the interval of 6 and 12 months.Materials and Methods:A total of 150 infected primary mandibular molars were randomly and equally divided into three subgroups (n = 50 each): Group 1 (ZoE), Group 2 (Metapex), and Group 3 (Endoflas) based on the obturation material preferred. The teeth were clinically and radiographically evaluated at 6 and 12 months' postoperatively by another investigator who was blinded to the type of filling material that was used in each tooth. Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney Test, and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used for statistical analysis.Results:When the obturation quality was assessed, the optimal filling was found in 78% of the cases while the rest have underfilling (9%) and overfilling (13%). The incidence of overfilling was higher in the cases with some root resorption. After 12 months, Group 2 showed maximum variation with the highest incidence (70%) of extensive resorption both interradicular and intraradicular (Grade 3 score) followed by Group 1 (26%) and Group 3 (16%), respectively.Conclusion:Among all the materials, Endoflas showed the highest success rate with least incidence of resorption both outside and within the root canal (hollow tube effect) whereas least success rate was observed with Metapex having the hollow tube effect in majority of the cases (70%) after the follow-up of 12 months.

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth.

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth.

Success frequency of root canal filling materials most used in pediatric dentistry

Introduction: There is no consensus on the literature about the best root canal filling material for primary teeth. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the root canal filling materials most widely used in clinical pediatric dentistry, showing the observed success rates. Sources of data: A search, limited to the last10 years and, no language restriction, was performed in October 2018 in the PubMed, Cochrane and LILACS databases using the terms “pulpectomy” and “primary teeth”. This narrative literature review included clinical and randomized controlled trials conducted on children who had undergone pulpectomy as rootcanal therapy, with at least six months of clinical and radiographic follow-up. Synthesis of data: A total of 254 papers were retrieved from the databases. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 papers were included in this review. Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) based paste was still the most widely used root canal filling material for primary teeth in pediatric clinical research, showing an overall clinical and radiographic success ranging from 63.3% to 93.3%. Conclusion: ZOE based paste is still the most used material for root canal filling in primary teeth, although there is a trend in the use of iodoform with calcium hydroxide pastes, which show high frequencies of success.

&lt;b&gt;Evaluation of the genotoxicity of zinc oxide-eugenol cement to &lt;i&gt;Allium cepa&lt;/i&gt; L.&lt;/b&gt; - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i4.17925

Dental materials can induce local and systemic effects. The Allium cepa assay was used to evaluate the genotoxicity and/or cytotoxicity of zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) at different proportions. The ZOE solution was tested at the concentration of 1 drop of eugenol (in each drop of liquid, the approximate concentration of eugenol is 85%) and 1 portion of zinc oxide cement (treatment I), and twice the concentration of eugenol (treatment II). Treated roots appeared to be yellowish-brown, fewer in number, thicker and less turgid compared with the control, suggesting a cytotoxic activity of ZOE. A significant difference was found in the root size between the control and treatment II. This treatment reduced by 79% the size of the root compared with the control, and the mitotic index was 66%, indicating a 22.4% reduction relative to the control, which in turn evidenced the cytotoxicity of ZOE. The significant increase in anaphase bridges suggests a genotoxic effect.

Evaluation of canal cleanliness and tubular penetration of root canal sealers in extracted primary second molars: a SEM study

Objectives: To evaluate canal surface changes and the remaining debris/smear after canal preparation, and the subsequent penetration of root canal sealers into dentinal tubules in extracted primary second molars, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The widest roots of 120 recently extracted human primary second molars were used. The roots were randomly distributed into four groups, according to instrumentation techniques [conventional stainless-steel hand files / nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary files] and irrigation solutions [0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 0.9% saline solution/0.4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX)] employed. Surface change, the debris/smear layer remaining after instrumentation/irrigation, and the tubular penetration of root canal sealers [zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE)/Apexit Plus (AP)] were evaluated using SEM. All data were analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: No significant difference was found between the surface changes and debris/smear layer scores based on root canal preparation technique and irrigant solution (P>0.05). ZOE cement was unable to enter dentinal tubules, while AP-based calcium hydroxide was able to gain limited entry to the tubules of some roots, but not others. Conclusions: No differences in canal cleanliness were noted among the instrumentation and irrigant protocols evaluated. AP was found in this SEM study to penetrate the dentinal tubules of prepared primary molar root canals more effectively than ZOE; though, penetration with AP was not noted in every root canal.

Quantification of fibrosis and mast cells in the tissue response of endodontic sealer irradiated by low-level laser therapy

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates tissue repair. Mast cells induce the proliferation of fibroblasts and the development of local fibrosis. The objective of this study was to quantify fibrosis rate and mast cells in connective tissue after endodontic sealer zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) was implanted and submitted to LLLT, immediately after implant and again 24 h later. Sixty mice were distributed into three groups: GI, GII, and GIII (n = 20). In GI, the tubes filled with Endofill were implanted in the animals and were not irradiated with LLLT. In GII, the tubes containing Endofill were implanted in the animals and then irradiated with red LLLT (InGaAIP) 685-nm wavelength, D = 72 J/Cm(2), E = 2 J, T = 58 s, P = 35 mW, and in GIII, the tubes with Endofill were implanted and irradiated with infrared LLLT (AsGaAl) 830-nm wavelength, D = 70 J/Cm(2), E = 2 J, T = 40 s, P = 50 mW. After 7 days and 30 days, the animals were killed. A series of 6-µm-thick sections were obtained and stained with Toluidine Blue and Picrosirius and analyzed under a standard light microscope using a polarized light filter for the quantification of fibrosis. The statistics were qualitative and quantitative with a significance of 5%. The irradiation with LLLT did not offer improvement in the fibrosis rate, however, it provided a significant decrease in the concentration of independent mast cells for the period studied.

Effect of calcium hydroxide‐based materials on periapical tissue healing and orthodontic root resorption of endodontically treated teeth in dogs

This study evaluated periapical tissue healing and orthodontic root resorption of endodontically treated teeth sealed with calcium hydroxide in dogs. The sample consisted of three contralateral pairs of maxillary incisors and two contralateral pairs of mandibular incisors in each of two dogs using a split mouth design. After biomechanical preparation of the teeth in the first group (n = 10), a Ca(OH)(2) dressing was placed for 14 days before root canal filling with Ca(OH)(2)-based sealer (Sealapex) and gutta-percha points. In the second group (n = 10), root canals were obturated immediately after the mechanical preparation with gutta-percha points and zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE)-based sealer (Endofill). After completion of endodontic treatment, the teeth were moved with an orthodontic appliance with a calibrated force of 200 g, reactivated every 21 days. After 105 days, the animals were killed and the teeth were removed upon completion of active treatment, without a period of recovery, and prepared for histomorphological analysis. All sections of each tooth were graded subjectively on a scale from one to four to obtain the average of the 16 histomorphological parameters analysed. Evaluation of the differences between the two treatment protocols was made with Mann-Whitney U-test. It was observed that the teeth treated with Ca(OH)(2)-based materials provided better outcomes (P = 5%), with complete repair of all root resorption areas, high rate of biological closure of the main canal and apical accessory canals by newly formed cementum, less intense and extensive chronic inflammatory infiltrate, and better organization of the periodontal ligament. Under the tested conditions, Ca(OH)(2)-based materials had a favourable action on periapical tissue healing and repair of orthodontic root resorption in endodontically treated dogs' teeth.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Root Canal Filling Materials Used in Primary Teeth: A Microbiological Study

The primary goal of endodontic treatment in primary teeth is to eliminate infection, and to retain the tooth in a functional state until their nornal exfoliation time without endangering the permanent dentition or the general health of the child. The complexity of the pulp canal system in primary teeth presents a discerning problem for chemo-mechanical preparation. One of the factors determining the success of endodontic treatment in infected primary teeth is the sealing material that should encompass among other factors a potent bactericidal effect and the capacity to resorb along with the roots of primary teeth. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness of 5 root canal filing materials and a negative control agent against 23 strains of bacteria isolated from infected root canals of primary molar teeth and 3 non standard bacterial strains using agar diffusion assay. The materials were Zinc oxide and Eugenol (ZOE), Zinc oxide-Eugenol and Formocresol (ZOE+FC), Calcium hydroxide and sterile water (CAOH+H2O), Zinc oxide and Camphorated phenol (ZO+CP), Calcium hydroxide and Iodoform (Metapex) and Vaseline (Control). All the materials except Vaseline showed varied antimicrobial activity against the test bacteria. The zones of inhibition were ranked into 4 inhibition categories based on the proportional distribution of the data. All the 26 bacterial isolates were classified under 4 groups based on Aerobic/Anaerobic and Gram positive/Gram negative. Statistical analysis was carried out to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness between materials tested with each of the bacterial groupings. ZOE+FC produced strong inhibtion against most bacteria when compared to ZOE, ZO+CP and CAOH+H2O. Metapex and Vaseline were found to be non inhibitory

Evaluation of the Sealing Ability of Amalgam, MTA, Portland Cement and Coltozol in the Repair of Furcal Perforations.

Perforations of the pulpal floor create problems during endodontic treatment and often results in secondary periodontal involvement with eventual loss of teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Amalgam, zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) and Portland cement to seal furcal perforations in extracted human molars using dye penetration. This Microleakage study was conducted on 70 human permanent mandibular molars with well developed, non-fused roots. Access openings and furcation perforations were prepared in the pulp chamber floor. Ten teeth were assigned as controls and divided into two groups of five teeth each as positive and negative control. The positive group were accessed and perforated similar to experimental groups but the negative controls were not prepared. The rest of the teeth were divided in four experimental groups of 15 teeth in each group. Experimental groups comprised groups Al to A4, group Al was repaired with MTA, group A2 with Amalgam, group A3 with Coltozol (ZOE) and group A4 was repaired with Portland cement. The teeth were submerged in solution of 2% fucshin dye for 24 hours. Finally, the samples were sectioned and evaluated for linear dye leakage at X25 magnification and analyzed statistically. The results showed that MTA had significantly less leakage than Amalgam, Portland cement and Coltozol (P<0.05). Maximum dye penetration was observed in Coltozol followed in decreasing order by Portland cement and Amalgam.

Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth

The aims of this study were to evaluate iodoform base materials for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth, and to compare them with traditionally used zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE). Zinc oxide and eugenol and Vitapex (a premixed calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste) were compared for root canal treatment in 52 necrotic primary teeth in two groups of children with a mean age of 5 years and 8.4 months. All the patients were followed-up clinically and radiographically 3 months and 10-16 months postoperatively. The overall success rates of Vitapex and ZOE were 100% and 78.5%, respectively. Using Fisher's Exact Test, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Both ZOE and Vitapex gave encouraging results. Vitapex, however, can be used more safely whenever there is a doubt about the patient's return for follow-up.

Crowns cemented on crown preparations lacking geometric resistance form. Part II: effect of cement.

This study evaluated the effect of different cements on resistance to dislodgment of crowns cemented on preparations lacking geometric resistance form. A preparation that offered no geometric resistance form, with 20 degrees total occlusal convergence (TOC), 0.9 mm wide shoulder finish line, and a 2.5 mm axial wall height was created on an ivorine tooth using a milling machine. Ten metal test specimen die replicas and 10 standardized metal crowns with recipient sites for the application of external forces through a universal testing machine were fabricated. The crowns were cemented on the dies under 5 and 10 kg external loads, the marginal openings measured, loaded to dislodgment, and cleaned of cement. The process was repeated using zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE), zinc phosphate (ZPh), resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin (CR) cements. Marginal openings under 5 kg cementation loads were 74.63 (+/-15.04) for ZOE, 75.98 (+/-18.20) microm for ZPh, 98.58 (+/-22.62) microm for RMGI, and 105.82 (+/-20.07) microm for CR cements respectively; under 10 kg cementation loads they were 57.62 (+/-15.86) microm, 59.55 (+/-15.41) microm, 95.00 (+/-19.52) microm, 101.30 (+/-12.52) microm respectively. Oblique dislodgment forces, measured with a Universal testing machine, were 40.18 (+/- 6.76) N for ZOE, 215.65 (+/-45.79) N for ZPh, 165.43 (+/-19.53) N for RMGI, and 181.54 (+/-30.75) N for CR respectively when crowns were cemented under 5 kg loads. The corresponding values for 10 kg loads were 38.62 (+/-4.19), 274.86 (+/-54.22), 139.70 (+/-21.71), and 160.40 (+/-21.21) respectively. Only zinc phosphate cement produced statistically enhanced resistance when crowns were cemented under 10 kg force (p value = 0.035). Under the conditions of the present study only crowns cemented with zinc phosphate displayed increased resistance to dislodgment on preparations lacking resistance form.

Thermal conductivity of cement base materials

This study was designed to determine the most efficient dentin-cement-restorative material system to minimize temperature changes from either a hot (58°C) or cold (4°C) source. Extracted human molar teeth were used to conduct the experiment utilizing a standard Class 1 occlusal preparation 3.5 mm in diameter with a remaining dentin thickness of 0.5 or 1.0 mm and a control dentin thickness of 2.0 mm. A bi-electrode thermocouple was utilized with one thermocouple mounted on the roof of the pulp chamber and the other on the occlusal surface of the specimen. The cements investigated were zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE), zinc phosphate (ZP), glass ionomer (GI), and zinc polycarboxylate (ZPC) with a thickness of either 0.5 mm or 1.5 mm. Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way analysis of variance followed by a multiple means comparison test. For heated speciments consisting of cement and dentin only, ZOE was the least effective in limiting temperature change. When cold was applied, ZOE was the most effective. Statistically for cold application, the other three cements, ZP, Gl, and ZPC, and 2.0 mm of dentin were the same for limiting temperature change. When amalgam was used to restore the tooth, ZOE and Gl were most effective in limiting temperature change for cooled teeth. For heated teeth, all the cements were identical except for ZOE, which was the least effective. For composite restored teeth, all cements and dentin were identical in limiting temperature changes for either heating or cooling.

A histologic comparison of Hydron and zinc oxide—eugenol as endodontic filling materials in the primary teeth of dogs

Currently available endodontic filling materials for primary teeth demonstrate several inadequacies. Therefore, this study histologically evaluates Hydron (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) and zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) as primary tooth endodontic filling materials in dogs to compare the materials' biocompatibility and to determine whether they undergo resorption in a physiologic manner. Primary molars of six mongrel dogs, 2 to 3 months old, received one-step endodontic therapy. By random selection, two thirds of the molars were filled with either Hydron or ZOE and the remainder were used as unoperated controls. Block sections taken during physiologic root resorption were used to obtain serial hematoxylin and eosin sections of periapical regions. Hydron was phagocytosed by mononuclear macrophages in a physiologic manner and at a rate comparable to that of root tissues. In contrast, ZOE demonstrated delayed resorption and transitory inflammation. Neither material showed cytotoxicity. Hydron may therefore be a suitable endodontic material for human primary teeth.

Comparison of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide and eugenol pulpectomies in primary teeth of dogs

The purpose of this investigation was to compare calcium hydroxide with zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) as root canal obturants in the pulpectomy procedure for irreversibly inflamed primary pulps of dogs. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic comparisons of calcium hydroxide and ZOE root canal filling materials were made in forty-two primary premolars of seven mongrel puppies. When the animals were 6 weeks of age, the pulps of all sample teeth were extirpated and the canals left open to the oral environment. The root canals were assigned to calcium hydroxide, ZOE, and control groups, instrumented, and filled 2 weeks later. The animals were killed 1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after filling. Statistical analysis of all categories for comparison at 4 weeks indicated that calcium hydroxide gave significantly more favorable results than ZOE. Canals treated with calcium hydroxide exhibited less inflammation, less resorption, and more hard-tissue apposition than ZOE-treated and control groups.

The effect of endodontic sealers on bone

Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) and ZOE with 6% paraformaldehyde were implanted in vivo in the mandibles of dogs. ZOE produced a zone of changes in the bone which appeared to increase in size through the four-week term of the study. ZOE with paraformaldehyde produced a zone which was generally smaller than that of the ZOE specimens, with possible fixation of the tissue. The greatest extent of bone damage with the paraformaldehyde cement appeared to occur within the first week.