Youth Panel Survey Research Articles

Longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between self-esteem, school adjustment, and happiness in Korean secondary school students

Although personal and environmental correlates of adolescents’ happiness have been found, the temporal direction of these relationships is less known. The present study explored the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between self-esteem, school adjustment, and happiness during secondary school years in South Korea. Longitudinal data of 2,351 adolescents from three time points (Grades 7, 9, and 11) were drawn from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) and were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. The results indicated that inter-individual differences in self-esteem, school adjustment, and happiness were moderately stable from Grades 7 to 11. Self-esteem and happiness, and self-esteem and school adjustment reciprocally predicted each other over time. The effects of self-esteem on happiness and school adjustment two years later were stronger than the reverse direction of effects. School adjustment and happiness were only indirectly interrelated through self-esteem over time. These longitudinal relationships did not differ between genders. The implications of the findings for future research and adolescent interventions are discussed.

Developmental Trajectory of Inattention and Its Association With Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Peer Relationships as a Mediator.

This study investigated the developmental trajectory of inattention symptoms as a predictor of later depressive symptoms in adolescence, and examined potential mediating role of peer relationships in this process. Participants were adolescents who were part of the large longitudinal panel study on Korean Youths, Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey 2010 (KCYPS 2010) of the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). Specifically, data were drawn from two cohorts of KCYPS that differed in participant age (Panel 1: 2003 birth cohort, n = 2,342, 48.2% girls; Panel 2: 2000 birth cohorts, n = 2,378, 40.0% girls). We analyzed data collected from 2010 to 2016 when children in panel 1 were 6–7 to 12–13 years old, and children in panel 2 were 9–10 to 15–16 years old. Results of latent growth modeling (LGM) were as follows. In Panel 1, the inattention symptoms increased from 9–10 to 12–13 years. Otherwise, the inattention symptoms decreased from 11–12 to 15–16 years in panel 2. Additionally, in both panels, initial status and slope of inattention significantly predicted later levels of depressive symptoms, and peer relationships partly mediated the association between inattention trajectory and depressive symptoms. The findings are discussed with respect to considering the growth of inattention and the quality of peer relationships as promising targets for early identification and intervention of depression in adolescents.

The Impact of Weekday-to-Weekend Sleep Differences on Health Outcomes among Adolescent Students

The sleep difference between weekdays and weekends can lead to negative physical and mental health outcomes in adolescents. Thus, this study has attempted to analyze the impact of sleep time differences on various health outcomes, using nationally representative panel data. Data from the junior high school student panel of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were analyzed. The sleep difference was defined as the difference between the average sleep duration on weekdays and that on weekends in minutes. A series of mixed effect linear regression models for continuous variables or mixed effect logit regression for binary variables was utilized. Korean adolescent students reported from 96.8 min to 133.2 min of sleep duration difference between weekdays and weekends. After controlling for gender, parent work status, and type of housing, the weekday-to-weekend sleep differences were associated with various health-related outcomes including concentration difficulty, aggression, somatic symptoms, and withdrawal. Additionally, adolescent student life satisfaction was associated with sleep difference. The sleep differences among adolescent students were more associated with mental health-related outcomes and emotional symptoms than with physical health-related outcomes. The appropriate intervention to reduce the sleep difference gap is an important key to improve health in the adolescence period.

The Sample Attrition in the Youth Panel Survey: Comparison between "Through the School" and an Online Survey Panel

The Sample Attrition in the Youth Panel Survey: Comparison between "Through the School" and an Online Survey Panel

Mediating Effects of Online-Based Leisure Between Parenting Attitudes and Children’s Smartphone Dependency

Objectives: This study investigated the impact of positive and negative parenting attitudes on smartphone dependency in children to examine the mediating effects of online-based leisure such as computer usage, game, and smartphone usage.Methods: Data of 714 children scoring above the top 30% of smartphone dependency among the children in 5th grade in elementary school were collected through the 2nd wave of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS 2018). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the mediating effects with the Bootstrapping method by SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 20.0.Results: In the model, online-based leisure significantly mediated the relationship between positive parenting attitudes such as warmth, autonomy support and structure provision, and smartphone dependency showing complete mediation. Also, negative parenting attitudes such as rejection, coercion, and chaos directly negatively affected smartphone dependency, not showing a mediating effect. Results indicate that increased positive parenting attitudes lead to reduced smartphone dependency through decreasing online-based leisure, while negative parenting attitudes lead to increase dependence on the smartphone.Conclusion: While positive parenting attitudes do not directly affect smartphone dependency, they lead to a decrease in online-based leisure. Consequently, as online-based leisure lessens, smartphone dependency subsequently may also be diminished. In addition, although negative parenting attitudes have no mediating effect, they directly influence the growing smartphone dependency. Results confirm that positive parenting mediate the effects of online-based activities in relation to smartphone dependency when parents provide the most structure, autonomy support, and warmth to their children. Practical implications are discussed, and relevant interventions offered for children and parents.

The Influence of Parental Autonomy Support on Grit of child in Late Childhood - The Sequential Mediation Effect of Self-esteem and Depression -

The purpose of this study is to examine the sequential mediation effect of self-esteem and depression between parental autonomy support and grit of a child in late childhood. This study used data from the 2nd wave of the KCYPS 2018 (Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018), and the data from 2,437 students were utilized for analysis. The sequential mediation effect was verified using SPSS PROCESS macro. The results are as follows. First, parental autonomy support was found to have a positive impact on self-esteem and grit and a negative impact on the depression of a child in late childhood. Second, self-esteem was found to have a positive impact on grit and a negative impact on the depression of a child in late childhood. Third, depression was found to have a negative impact on grit of a child in late childhood. Fourth, the sequential mediating effect of self-esteem and depression was found in the relationship between parental autonomy support and grit of a child in late childhood. Based on these results, implications and suggestions are provided.

A longitudinal study investigating the relationships among multicultural receptivity, sense of community, and self-esteem of Korean adolescents.

The relative homogeneity in ethnicity and language of native Koreans and their highly competitive lifestyle, especially among adolescents preparing for college, have limited their solidarity with heterogeneous ethnic groups, which may cause problems in this global era. This study uses the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey to explore the relationships among multicultural receptivity, sense of community, and self-esteem for Korean adolescents over three time points. For this purpose this study conducted an autoregressive cross-lagged path analysis, controlling for covariates such as gender, parenting style, peer attachment, and satisfaction with academic achievement. The cross-lagged effects on each other of self-esteem and sense of community were positive over time. The cross-lagged effects on each other of multicultural receptivity and self-esteem were not statistically significant. The results were less symmetrical for the third pairing: the effects of multicultural receptivity on sense of community were consistently positive, but the effects of sense of community on multicultural receptivity were not statistically significant. To enhance the sense of community, promoting multicultural receptivity and self-esteem would therefore show good results.

Impacts of family structure on shadow education and educational achievement among South Korean youth

Research examining the impact of family structure on educational achievement often overlooks differences in non-Western countries, where patterns of family formation and disruption are different, and educational pursuits are more intense. Using the Korean Youth Panel Survey, we examine the impact of family structure and shadow education on educational achievement in South Korea. While traditional resources explain much of the variation in shadow education use, family structure is also associated with the use of shadow education. Students in non-traditional families not only use shadow education less frequently, but their ability to translate shadow education into college entrance exam success also differs.

지역아동센터 이용 초기 청소년의 부모 애착 외상의 초기치 및 변화율과 우울의 종단적 관계

This study investigated the developmental trajectories of attachment trauma of early adolescents at Community Child Centers to their parents and examined the effect of individual differences in the degree of initial trauma and the change rate of trauma on depression. To this end, this study used a sample of early adolescents at Community Child Centers from the second Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey data(2014~2018) collected by National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). The analysis results using the Latent Growth Model (LGM) are as follows. First, the average level of attachment trauma in early adolescents decreased over time. The individual differences in the initial level of and the change rate of attachment trauma were statistically significant. Second, the initial attachment trauma in early adolescents significantly predicted their depression. Third, the change rate of trauma significantly predicted depression of 13-year-olds and indirectly predicted depression of 14-year-olds.

Effect of Positive Parenting Styles as Perceived by Middle School Students on Academic Achievement and the Mediation Effect of Self-Esteem and Academic Engagement

This study aimed to identify how positive parenting styles as perceived by middle school students affect their academic achievement and to assess the mediation effect of self-esteem and academic engagement. Data concerning 2590 middle school first graders were obtained from the South Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018, and data analysis was undertaken using the SPSS21.0, AMOS22.0, and PROCESS macro programs. This study identified significantly positive effects of positive parenting styles and academic engagement on self-esteem, and of academic engagement on academic achievement. Furthermore, self-esteem and academic engagement had a mediating effect on the relation between positive parenting styles and academic achievement. Therefore, educators should develop programs that improve positive parenting styles, and specific programs for middle school students to enhance their academic engagement and self-esteem.

Factors affecting weekday-to-weekend sleep differences among Korean adolescent students: Focus on extracurricular tutoring time.

ObjectivesDiscrepancy in weekday-weekend sleep induces negative effects on physical health, obesity, psychological disorders, and academic performance; this particularly affects adolescent students through extracurricular tutoring, including evening self-study, private tutoring, and home studies. The present research aimed to clarify sociodemographic and economic factors, including extracurricular tutoring time, associated with weekday-to-weekend sleep differences using longitudinal data.Study designData from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) data were analyzed. Weekday-to-weekend sleep differences and extracurricular tutoring, as well as other covariates, were measured using adolescent’s self-report questionnaires. Multilevel regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) of repeated measures were used to test the hypothesized relationship between variables.ResultsThe time spent in weekly extracurricular tutoring was negatively associated with weekday-to-weekend sleep differences. However, increased tutoring time was positively associated with bedtime, and bedtime was in turn positively associated with differences in Korean adolescents’ weekday-to-weekend sleep patterns. The SEM analysis result showed a significant indirect effect of tutoring time on sleep differences via bedtime.ConclusionsLimiting weekly extracurricular tutoring time is important to early bedtime and reducing weekday-to-weekend sleep pattern differences. Policymakers should develop alternatives to private tutoring to improve the sleep duration and reduce weekday-to-weekend sleep differences among adolescents.

Physical punishment, physical abuse, and child behavior problems in South Korea

BackgroundPrior literature has demonstrated the associations of parental physical punishment with child behavior problems and increased risk of physical abuse. In South Korea, physical punishment is a common parenting practice. In 2021, legislative reforms eliminated legal grounds for parental physical punishment in South Korea. However, research on physical punishment, physical abuse, and child behavior problems in the Korean context is scarce. ObjectiveThis study examined whether physical punishment and physical abuse have unique associations with child behavior problems and whether physical punishment is associated with increased exposure to physical abuse. Participants and settingData came from the 2010 Korean Child and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), a nationally representative sample of South Korean children who attended 1st grade in 2010. Our analyses were based on three waves of the KCYPS (N = 2,180). MethodsWe employed fixed-effects regression to examine the associations of physical punishment and physical abuse with child behavior problems and the association of physical punishment with physical abuse after controlling for time-invariant characteristics. ResultsExposure to physical punishment and physical abuse was associated with higher levels of aggression, depression, and lower levels of academic behavior regulation. Physical punishment was associated with increased risk of physical abuse. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that physical punishment is a risk for child behavior problems and physical abuse in South Korea. Child maltreatment prevention efforts should focus on shifting favorable social norms around physical punishment and promoting non-physical disciplinary practices.

The effect of domestic violence experience on academic stress among Korean children

ABSTRACT This study examines whether or not a child experiencing domestic violence affects their experience of academic stress in the South Korean cultural context. We used a nationally representative sample from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) to examine the association of domestic violence with academic stress. The results revealed a significant positive association between domestic violence experience and academic stress. As such, this study discuses mitigating strategies against domestic violence in the South Korean cultural context. Moreover, the findings of this study suggests that effective intervention must be developed to prevent academic stress.

초⋅중학생의 행복 변화유형과 생태학적 영향 연구

In this study, it aims to examine the types of happiness changes in elementary and middle school students and verify the relation with predicting variables by type. To this end, 2,057 elementary and middle school students were selected from the data of the first(2010) to sixth(2015) Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), and the analysis method is applied with Latent Profile Growth Analysis (LPGA) and Multinomial Logistic Regression. The results are as follows. First, the types of happiness change were named Happiness Reduction Group , Happiness Maintenance Group and Happiness Increase Group . Second, when comparing Happiness Reduction Group, as a reference group, with Happiness Maintenance Group, the worse the health condition in the individual factor, and the worse the friendship relationship in the school factor, the higher the probability of being included in Happiness Reduction Group. However, there was no significant variable in the community factor. When comparing Happiness Reduction Group, as a reference group, with Happiness Increase Group, the worse the learning activity and friendship in the school factor, the higher the probability of being included in Happiness Reduction Group, but there were no significant results derived in the individual and community factors. Based on these results, it suggested the implications and limitations of this study, and the direction of follow-up research.

Developmental Trajectories and Predictors of Delinquent Peer Association

ABSTRACT Although the important relationship between age and peers is well-known, relatively little empirical attention has focused on heterogeneous patterns of deviant peer association over time. In light of this, the current study assessed developmental trajectories of peer delinquency and examined criminological factors that explain such patterns. Five waves of data from the Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) were analyzed through group-based trajectory modeling. Results identified six delinquent peer trajectory groups and revealed that juveniles are likely to associate with peers with similar levels of criminal propensity (such as self-control and early onset of delinquency), but this relationship was also influenced by unstructured socialization. Such findings suggest that the nature of delinquent peer association is complex and shaped by a range of factors which require comprehensive examination. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Effects of depression and social interaction on smartphone addiction among female adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of social interaction and depression on smartphone addiction among Korean female adolescents. This study is a secondary analysis of the data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, a national survey conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute In Korea in 2018. The data of 1185 female adolescents was analyzed. Binary logistic regression was performed between smartphone addiction and depression, parenting behavior, peer interaction and teacher interaction. Proportion of risk users was 24.9%. Depression, coercive parenting attitude, negative peer relationship, and trust/sensitivity/accessibility in teacher relationship predicted smartphone addiction. This study emphasizes the necessity of smartphone addiction prevention programs to lower depression levels and approach adolescents' parents, friends, and teachers.

Social competence, leisure time activities, and smoking trajectories among adolescent boys: data from the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey.

OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to identify the trajectories and potential predictors of tobacco use during adolescence in Korea and to develop appropriate strategies for the implementation of tobacco use prevention programs.METHODSThe trajectory of tobacco use and associated predictors were analyzed for 1,169 male students from grade 6 (age 11-12) to grade 10 (age 15-16) in the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey from 2012 to 2016.RESULTSThree trajectories of smoking experience were identified: non-smokers (class 1: n=775, 82.3%), temporary users (class 2: n=32, 3.4%), and regular users (class 3: n=135, 14.3%). When compared to non-smokers, temporary users had a higher likelihood of living with a single parent, dissatisfaction with grades, having a girlfriend, having been victimized at least once, and having at least 1 delinquent friend in grade 7 (when smoking experimentation was at its peak). Significant factors associated with regular use included having a girlfriend, committing at least 1 type of delinquent behavior, and being a non-reader. Committing at least 1 type of delinquent behavior and having at least 1 delinquent friend were associated with regular users, distinguishing them from temporary users.CONCLUSIONSUnderstanding why adolescents exhibit different trajectories of tobacco use by identifying the factors associated with each trajectory can contribute to the development of tailored prevention strategies and early cessation programs for adolescents.

A Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Physical Education and Social Health.

This study aimed to examine whether school physical education (PE) promotes students’ social health using a longitudinal design. To this end, data from 1979 students from a 4th grade cohort, established by the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey with data collected from 2010 to 2016, who participated in all of the 7th grade (2013), 8th grade (2014), and 9th grade (2015) surveys were analyzed. We used autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation modeling conducted with AMOS 23.0 to examine the longitudinal causality among the factors. The following results were obtained. First, there was reciprocal causation between PE and social health (PE→SR, β = 0.099, β = 0.100; SR→PE; β = 0.207, β = 0.226). Second, PE did not influence sense of community, whereas the latter had a negative effect on PE (β = −0.078, β = −0.077). Third, social relationships influenced the sense of community (β = 0.248, β = 0.266). Based on these findings, we suggest the need for a system that enables students to frequently monitor their performance. This includes implementing a program to improve social relationships to enhance the quality of PE participation, designing programs that foster a sense of community in PE in Korean middle schools, and structuring PE programs that consider the hierarchy between social relationships and a sense of community.

폭력적 양육과 사회적 위축이 또래폭력 피해로 이어지는 경로에서 교사의 역할

Peer violence remains a significant social problem despite government measures to eradicate violence among children. This study aims to examine whether the relationship with teachers moderates the mediation of social withdrawal in the pathway from violent parenting to peer violence victimization. A total of 2,378 6th-grade students from the 3rd wave of the 4th-grade elementary school panel of the 2010 Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey was used. According to the findings, children exposed to more violent parenting tend to be socially withdrawn, but this influence differs according to their relationship with teachers. Second, violent parenting and social withdrawal had a significant impact on peer violence victimization, and in the model, the relationship with teachers did not moderate the association between violent parenting and peer violence victimization. Third, the relationship with teachers has a mediated moderation effect on the pathway from violent parenting to peer violence victimization through social withdrawal. These findings prove critically significant for teachers involved with children in at-risk situations. Practical discussions are presented.

한국청소년패널조사에서의 표본이탈의 종단적 변화유형 및 관련 표본특성요인

한국청소년패널조사에서의 표본이탈의 종단적 변화유형 및 관련 표본특성요인