Youth Panel Survey Research Articles

BART 기반 기계학습 인과효과 추정 사례 연구

The study aims to introduce a causal inference method using machine learning to general education researchers, and in particular, focus on the theory and practice of Bayesian Additive Regression Trees algorithm. To analyze the empirical data, public data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 were used. For an illustrative purpose, this study estimated the causal effect of participation in activities related to self (personality) development on students’ life satisfaction and self-esteem and discussed the feasibility of the BART method in educational impact studies. The applicability of the BART-based machine learning causal inference technique in the field of education was discussed in comparison with model-based propensity score and causal effect estimation. Finally future research topics and limitations of the study were addressed.

Deviant Identity and Offending: A Longitudinal Study of South Korean Youths

This study examines deviant identity in relation to youth offending by combining items tapping both self-appraisal and reflected appraisal. In particular, using survey data from 3,446 Korean youth across five waves of the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS), findings from group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) present four distinct offending groups—a high-rate chronic group, stable non-offending group, adolescence-limited group, and declining group. Then, findings from the multinomial logit model reveal that deviant identity is a robust predictor of offending for subgroups of adolescents involved in offending at any level in comparison to stable non-offenders. Accordingly, this study supports the idea that deviant identity should be considered as a prominent predictor of a variety of types of youth offending.

The reciprocal relationship between mobile phone dependence and school adaptation in Korean adolescents: Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling

The purpose of this study is to investigate the reciprocal longitudinal effects between mobile phone dependence and school adaptation among Korean adolescents, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was applied to a data set from a sample of 1659 adolescents from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. We found that the positive autoregressive effects of mobile phone dependence and school adaptation were statistically significant over the study period. Results from the cross-lagged analyses demonstrated a unidirectional relationship between two variables: Superior school adaptation decreased mobile phone dependence, but mobile phone dependence did not affect school adaptation. Thus, we identified the causal direction and reciprocal relationship between mobile phone dependence and school adaptation. Girls were found to have a higher level of mobile phone dependence than boys did. Furthermore, the higher the household income, the better adolescents adapted to school. Child abuse and neglect played a role in increasing mobile phone dependence and negatively affected school adaptation.

Identifying Trajectories of Ego-resiliency in Adolescents: An Analysis of Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2010

Purpose: This study aimed to identify latent classes of ego-resiliency trajectories in adolescents and investigate predictors of latent classes based on the ecological systems theory. Methods: This study used data from the first, second, and fourth to seventh waves of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2010. The subjects included 1,793 adolescents. The data were analyzed using latent class growth analysis in Mplus 8.3 and multinomial logistic regression in SPSS 26.0. Results: The trajectories of ego-resiliency in adolescents were classified into four groups; increasing, decreasing, persistently moderate, and persistently poor. The predictors of the ‘increasing’ group were male gender, higher self-esteem, lower depression, lower parental behavior, and higher perceived community. The predictors of the ‘decreasing’ group were higher self-esteem, higher scores for relationships with friends and teachers, and higher perceived community. The predictors of the ‘persistently poor’ group were lower self-esteem, higher depression, lower annual income, lower scores for relationships with friends, and lower perceived community. Conclusion: We identified predictors for a persistently poor ego-resiliency trajectory. We suggest providing effective interventions for latent classes of ego-resiliency in adolescents based on the ecological environments.

Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis Between Mobile Phone Dependence, Friendships, and Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Adolescents.

This study examined reciprocal longitudinal effects between mobile phone dependence, friendships, and depressive symptoms using 3-year longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was applied to a sample of 1,737 adolescents. Results suggested that unidirectional relationships exist between the three variables: friendships reduce mobile phone dependence (B = -0.068, p = 0.058; B = -0.118, p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms increase mobile phone dependence (B = 0.082, p = 0.001; B = 0.128, p < 0.001); however, mobile phone dependence does not affect friendships and depressive symptoms. In addition, this study provided evidence of the negative bidirectional relationship between friendships and depressive symptoms. We suggest that, to prevent or treat adolescents' mobile phone dependence, a practical approach regarding friendships and depressive symptoms is needed.

The Impact of Private Educational Expenditure on Adolescent Depression and Somatic Symptoms

This study examined the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression and somatic symptoms. The sample comprised 2,589 first-grade middle-school students who completed the 2018 Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (the generalized linear model), multiple regression, and quantile regression analysis. The principal results were as follows. First, 15.15% of adolescents reported depression symptoms, and 15.57% reported somatic symptoms. Second, levels of depression were significantly different among classes with a different level of private educational expenditure. Third, depression level was significantly negatively associated with private educational expenditure, in that the higher the private educational expenditure, the lower the depression level. Fourth, the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression was significant at the 70~90th quantile regression, suggesting that private educational expenditure was associated with a higher level of depression symptoms. The results indicate that private education was viewed as a consumption commodity rather than a complementary educational practice or investment in human capital. Private education as a commodity might induce the highly developed and costly private education market. In turn, there is an increased financial burden for education at one end of the social-economic continuum and depression caused by relative deprivation at the other end.

The Effect of Child Abuse and Neglect on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Aggression in Korean Adolescents: Exploring Gender Differences.

We analyzed gender differences in the effects of child abuse and neglect experienced during adolescence on depressive symptoms and aggression in Korean adolescents using a representative sample of participants over a three-year period. We applied a latent growth model to a sample of 1797 adolescents aged 14–16 from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Our findings revealed that abuse increased depressive symptoms in early adolescence, while lowering the rate of increase in depressive symptoms over time. Neglect adversely affected depressive symptoms in boys, but not in girls. Abuse increased the initial value of aggression in girls more than in boys, but reduced the increase rate of aggression over time in girls. Neglect increased the initial value of aggression only in boys. Consequently, abuse and neglect experienced during adolescence can affect depressive symptoms and aggression in the individual differently, depending on gender. This study suggests that, in order to reduce depressive symptoms and aggression in adolescents, work should be undertaken to solve the problems of abuse and neglect, and different approaches should be taken according to the gender of the individual.

How does perceived parental rejection influence cyberbullying by children? A serial mediation model of children’s depression and smartphone addiction

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the relationships between perceived parental rejection and cyberbullying by children and the independent and sequential mediating roles of children’s depression and smartphone addiction. The study used data from the 2019 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, which included 2,364 children. The relationships between the variables considered in this study were tested using hierarchical regression analysis and Hayes’s PROCESS macro (Model 6). We found that perceived parental rejection was positively linked with cyberbullying perpetration, and that the relationship between these variables was independently and sequentially mediated by children’s depression and smartphone addiction. These results suggest that when assessing cyberbullying by children, parenting behaviors, children’s psychological state, and media use should be considered simultaneously.

The Relationship between Korean Parents' Smartphone Addiction and That of Their Children: The Mediating Effects of Children's Depression and Social Withdrawal.

With the number of smartphone users growing around the world, children are using smartphones from an increasingly early age. Consequently, a significant number of children are being exposed to the risk of smartphone addiction, which is emerging as a serious social problem. Smartphone addiction can negatively impact children’s physical, cognitive, and social development. Previous studies have demonstrated that parental smartphone addiction influences that of their children. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between parental smartphone addiction and children’s smartphone addiction and the mediating effects of children’s depression and social withdrawal. Data are drawn from National Youth Policy Institute’s 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Respondents comprise 2011 fourth-grade elementary school students and their parents. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 software. Results show that the relationship between parental smartphone addiction and that of their children has a significantly positive mediating effect on children’s social withdrawal, but no such effect on children’s depression and there were no serial effects of children’s depression and social withdrawal. Consequently, educational programs that control parents’ smartphone usage, improve the parent–child relationship, and engender social sensitivity should be developed to reduce and prevent smartphone addiction among children.

The Analysis of a Causal Relationship between Career Maturity and Academic Achievement on Korean Adolescents Using Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling.

Academic achievement and career maturity are closely related, but an understanding of the causal direction is lacking. The purpose of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between career maturity and academic achievement using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. This study analyzed the data of 888 adolescents (mean age = 15.90) from the Youth Panel Survey. Autoregressive modeling indicates that academic achievement and career maturity remained stable over time. Higher academic achievement at a previous time point was associated with higher academic achievement at the next time point and similarly for career maturity. Moreover, as a result of cross-lagged effects, academic achievement at one time had a positive effect on career maturity at the next time point, while career maturity at one time had a positive impact on academic achievement at the next time point. In other words, there was a bidirectional effect between academic achievement and career maturity. This study implies that researchers and educators should consider career maturity as well as academic achievement for career guidance.

The Importance of Parenting in the Development of Self-control During Childhood, Early Adolescence, and Late Adolescence

The current investigation tested changes in low self-control and the developmental links between parenting and the developmental course of self-control. It was hypothesized that (1) low self-control would change over time (within individual changes); (2) parenting would negatively predict both the intercept and slope of low self-control during childhood; (3) parenting would negatively predict only the intercept during early and late adolescence. Self-report data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) were used, from the (1) first-grade elementary school panel (childhood; N = 2342), (2) the fourth-grade elementary school panel (early adolescence; N = 2378), and the (3) first-grade junior high school panel (late adolescence; N = 2351). Second-order latent growth curve models provided support that low self-control decreased over time. Findings also partially supported hypothesis 2, as parenting negatively predicted the intercept of low self-control, not the slope. Finally, they supported hypothesis 3, as a significant negative parenting effect predicted the low self-control intercept during both early and late adolescence. The current study contributes to research on the link between positive parenting and low self-control development, tested across three distinct developmental periods or age groups and by studying these questions among Korean youth.

Associations between obesity and academic enthusiasm and social emotional competence: Moderating effects of gender and sleep quality

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to report if there is a difference in obesity according to the gender and sleep quality of primary school students. The participants of this study were 2,607 primary school students in the 4th grade shown in the 2018 (Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey) data. The results of this study are as follows: First, obesity showed a difference according to gender, and there was no difference in terms of sleep quality according to obesity. Second, obesity impacts academic enthusiasm, aggression, and attention of primary school students. In contrast, it was shown that obesity did not impact children’s physical symptoms and self-esteem. Third, according to gender, the associations between obesity and social emotional development and self-esteem were different except for primary school children’s academic enthusiasm, attention, and aggressions. Fourth, sleep quality showed a moderating effect on the social emotional development, including the relationship between obesity and academic enthusiasm and self-esteem.

Predicting multicultural adolescents' depression in South Korea: Roles of ego-resilience and social support

PurposeDepressive symptoms among adolescents are a major concern for increased risk of adverse health condition outcomes later in life. Specifically, previous studies have reported that multicultural adolescents experience more depressive symptoms than non-multicultural ones. Using the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, this study examined the relationships between ego-resilience, social support, and depression among multicultural adolescents in South Korea, as well as the moderating effect of social support on the association between ego-resilience and depression. Design and methodsA total of 1500 multicultural adolescents were included in the analyses, where generalized estimating equation models were employed. ResultsDepression scores increased slightly from 2012 to 2015. Higher levels of ego-resilience, family support, and friend support were associated with lower levels of depression, while teacher support was not a significant predictor. The moderating effect of friends and family support on the association between ego-resilience and depression was not statistically significant. ConclusionsTo reduce the level of depression among multicultural adolescents, future research should develop interventions that enhance ego-resilience ability, as well as necessary social systems that strengthen family and friend support. Practice implicationsSupportive interventions, such as enhancing ego-resilience to reduce depression should be provided to multicultural adolescents. It is recommended to include family and friends to develop effective intervention programs for multicultural adolescents who are suffering from depression.

Exploration of the differences in positive-negative psychological factors influencing the life satisfaction and depression of college students by gender and family economic level

This study identifies the factors affecting life satisfaction and depression of Korean college students and analyzes the differences between gender and family economic level in positive (self-esteem, ego-resilience, self-identity, life satisfaction) and negative emotions (attention deficit, aggression, depression, social withdrawal). The data from the 7th year of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) conducted by the Korea Youth Policy Research Institute (KCYPS) with a total of 2,351 university students were used, and finally, 1220 subjects were selected. The statistical analysis methods of T-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were utilized with SPSS 23. The male students had significantly higher positivity than female students except for attention deficit. Those who said that they had a higher family economic background had significantly higher positive emotions and lower negative emotions except social withdrawal. Aggression had the greatest influence on depression, and the higher the satisfaction of life and self-esteem, the lower the depression. In terms of life satisfaction, self-esteem and self-resilience were identified as positive factors and depression as a negative factor. In other words, to increase the life satisfaction of college students, an intervention program to increase self-esteem and lower depression will be needed.

Precarious Employment and Self-Rated Health in Young Adults

To investigate the relationship between employment changes including sustained precarious employment (PE) and poor self-rated health (SRH) in young Korean adults. Methods: A longitudinal study was performed using follow-up data from the Korea Youth Panel Survey 2007 (3rd-12th). Overall, 1265 young adults were included. Multiple logistic regression analyses estimated the poor SRH risk according to employment changes. Poor SRH risk was significantly higher in sustained PE than in fulltime permanent employment in young male adults and overall. However, in young female adults, PE was not clearly associated with poor SRH risk. The proportion of new cases of poor SRH was increased by PE, particularly in young male workers. This finding emphasizes the importance of improving the health of young workers with PE and employment quality for young people vulnerable to PE.

A Path from Traditional Bullying to Cyberbullying in South Korea: Examining the Roles of Self-Control and Deviant Peer Association in the Different Forms of Bullying.

Despite a recent growth in studies on cyberbullying, extant knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of cyberbullying remain limited. The objective of the present study is to explore the dynamics of cyberbullying via traditional bullying, self-control, and delinquent peer association. Specifically, the following hypotheses guide the present study: (1) traditional bullying, low self-control, and delinquent peer association are predictive of cyberbullying, respectively, (2) the interaction between traditional bullying and low self-control has a significant impact on cyberbullying, and (3) the interaction between traditional bullying and delinquent peer association has a significant impact on cyberbullying. The present study relies on five waves of the Korean Youth Panel Survey (KYPS), a representative sample of South Korean adolescents. Data collection occurred annually and respondents were 14years old at the first wave in 2003. KYPS is an almost gender-equal and racially/ethnically homogenous sample. Results of cross-lagged dynamic panel models show (1) significant effects of traditional bullying on cyberbullying with and without low self-control and delinquent peer affiliation, (2) the respective roles of self-control and delinquent peer association in the prediction of cyberbullying, and (3) an interaction effect between low self-control and traditional bullying on cyberbullying. These findings demonstrate the theoretical validity of self-control theory and social learning theory in online delinquent behavior as well as confirm their cross-cultural generalizability in a non-Western sample. The findings also highlight the importance of investing in early life-course prevention/intervention programs and policies to prevent and/or reduce the occurrence of bullying, regardless of whether it is being perpetrated face-to-face or online, and these programs and policies should also target components to improve self-control and reduce delinquent peer associations.

The Impact of Parental Economic Support and Housing Market on Young People’s Independence

This paper examines the impact of parental economic support and housing market on young people’s independence. Based on Youth Panel Survey data in 2015~2019, various panel models were estimated to understand young people’s independence. In empirical studies, it is important to account for the unobserved characteristics. The endogeneity problems may arise if the unobserved characteristics are not considered. Thus, this study apply a correlated random effect model(CRE) to deal with the endogeneity issue. The findings reveal that, with no consideration for endogeneity, most explanatory variables affect the independence of the young people. However, when applying the correlated radon effect model, the estimation results indicate that parental economic support and housing market such as the rate of change in housing price and chonsei price and the ratio of gift transaction are more likey to be the significant determinant, although young people’s economic status variables like income and debt are not statistically significant.

Association between smartphone addiction risk, sleep quality, and sleep duration among Korean school-age children: a population-based panel study.

Smartphone addiction is regarded as a public health threat to the lives of children and adolescents. However, its association with sleep quality and quantity is poorly understood in the Korean context. This study investigated the association between smartphone addiction, sleep quality, and sleep duration among Korean school-age children. Our study employed data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey of 2018-2019, which included 4287 participants. Smartphone addiction was assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale. A generalized estimating equation model was used to analyze the data. Children in the high-risk group showed an increased likelihood of poor sleep quality compared to those in the low-risk group (odds ratio (OR) = 1.59, confidence interval (CI) [1.06-2.38]). Children in the potential-risk and high-risk groups showed an increased likelihood of short sleep duration compared to those in the low-risk group (potential-risk: OR = 1.44, CI [1.09-1.90]; high-risk: OR = 2.25, CI [1.66-3.05]) Children who are at high risk for smartphone addiction are likely to have poor sleep quality and short sleep duration. Therefore, appropriate interventions and continuous monitoring are required to protect children from smartphone addiction and improve their sleep quality and duration.

An analysis of the factors affecting children and adolescent lifestyle in South Korea: A cross-sectional study with KCYPS 2018.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to identify lifestyle factors that affect the subjective health conditions of adolescents in South Korea by utilizing data from the Korean Children’s and Youth Panel Survey 2018 conducted in Korea.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from 4,490 students (2,399 students in the fourth grade of elementary school and 2,541 students in the first grade of middle school). The data obtained were evaluated using living time (sleep time, study time, leisure time), emotions (happiness, self-esteem, emotional problems), capabilities (cooperative attitude, grit), health (life satisfaction, exercise time, number of breakfasts, quality of sleep), media (smartphone use and dependence), school (school life satisfaction, relationship with friends and teachers), and home (time spent with parents, parenting attitude).ResultsWe confirmed that regardless of grade, living time (leisure time), emotion (happiness, self-esteem, emotional problems), capabilities (grit), health (life satisfaction, exercise time, quality of sleep), media (smartphone dependence), and school (school life satisfaction, friendly, and teacher relations) are related to subjective health conditions. These results confirmed that evaluation parameters are related to subjective health conditions regardless of grade.ConclusionThis investigation revealed that the higher the quality of sleep enhanced positive emotions while increased exercise

Identifying Important Factors to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency among Male and Female Adolescents: an Exploratory Analysis Using the LASSO Regression Algorithm in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS)

Identifying Important Factors to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency among Male and Female Adolescents: an Exploratory Analysis Using the LASSO Regression Algorithm in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS)