Yield Of Liquid Products Research Articles

Transformation of Paraffin and Olefin Hydrocarbons on a Modified Zeolite-Containing Catalyst of Cracking

Industrial zeolite-containing OMNIKAT-210P catalyst modified with Ni, Co, Cr is used as a catalyst to study the conversion of hydrocarbons contained in catalytic cracking gases. The aim of the study is to obtain a high-octane component of gasoline. The metals are deposited on nanosized particles of a zeolite-containing catalyst. The particle size is at a level of (5–10) × 10−9 m. The particle size allows metals Ni, Cr, Co to be applied evenly on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. The particles then form balls 2–3 mm in size that are dried (120°C) and calcined (450–500°C). The yield of liquid products is at a level of 48.3–30.3 wt %, depending on the time of sampling.

Application of Nanoheterogeneous Molybdenum Sulfide Catalysts to the Hydrofining of the Semicoking Tar of Coal from the Shubarkul Deposit

The hydrofining of semicoking coal tar from the Shubarkul deposit (Republic of Kazakhstan) in the presence of nanoheterogeneous molybdenum sulfide catalyst systems (Mo content, 0.025–0.12%) was studied in order to intensify processing technology. The catalysts were in situ prepared in the coal tar with the addition of a sulfidizing agent—elemental sulfur in an amount of 0.03 –0.09 wt % on a raw material basis. It was found that the effective Mo content of the catalyst was 0.025%, and the amount of sulfur was 0.03%, which made it possible to obtain a maximum yield of total liquid products (76.8%), which mainly contained diesel fuel fractions, at 5 MPa and 400°C.

Mild hydrogenation of bio-oil and its derived phenolic monomers over Pt–Ni bimetal-based catalysts

Mild prehydrogenation of phenolics in bio-oil is known to effectively alleviate the severe coking that occurs on the surface of the cracking catalysts. This study investigated the hydrogenation of phenolic monomers (i.e., phenol, catechol, and guaiacol) over Pt–Ni/SiO2 at different Ni/Pt ratios. The results show that the hydrogenation of aromatic rings preferentially occurred over the Pt–Ni/SiO2 catalyst, with a slight hydrogenolysis of the Caryl–OR bond. The prepared Pt–Ni/SiO2 catalysts not only offered a good dispersion of the Pt and Ni species on SiO2, but also promoted spontaneous dissociation of H2 and facile diffusion of the resulting H atoms on Pt–Ni/SiO2, thereby contributing to its remarkable catalytic performance. The optimized 3Pt6Ni/SiO2 catalyst not only achieved a high phenolic conversion of 66%−99% and a high liquid product yield of 80%, but also significantly inhibited the side reaction of the products leading to gas formation. Furthermore, a stable phenolic conversion of ~80% within 24 h indicates the superior stability of 3Pt6Ni/SiO2. Subsequently, catalytic cracking of the hydrotreated bio-oil was investigated. The results indicate that mild hydrogenation benefits the formation and aromatization of light olefin intermediates, leading to increased formation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil phase yield of the bio-oil fraction was 38.6%, comprising entirely hydrocarbons, of which 82.2% were monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Hence, this study provides a promising approach for converting the phenolics in bio-oil into highly hydrogenated products, which are ready for the subsequent catalytic cracking.

Palm Oil Conversion to Bio-Jet and Green Diesel Fuels over Cobalt Phosphide on Porous Carbons Derived from Palm Male Flowers

Porous carbon was successfully synthesized from palm male flowers (PMFs), using microwave-assisted potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation and was used as a catalyst support for the conversion of palm oil into bio-hydrocarbons, in fractions of green diesel and bio-jet fuel. Palm male flower-derived porous carbon (PC), consolidated with well dispersed cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles, was synthesized by simple wet-impregnation with subsequent thermal treatment. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized CoP/PC catalysts were evaluated by various techniques including proximate and ultimate elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, N2 sorption, SEM, TEM–EDS, and NH3-temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The effects of the pyrolysis temperatures (600−900 °C), used for the impregnated samples before the reduction process, on catalyst properties and catalytic performance were investigated. Moreover, the effect of a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5–1.5 h−1 and reaction temperatures of 340–420 °C was studied in the palm oil conversion. The catalyst pyrolyzed at 600 °C possessed the greatest particle dispersion and surface area, and showed the highest yield of liquid hydrocarbon product (C9–C18). We also found that the high pyrolysis temperature above 800 °C partially transformed the Co2P phase into CoP one which significantly exhibited higher cracking activity and bio-jet selectivity, due to the improved acidity of the catalyst.

Simulation of Reaction Kinetics and Heat Transfer Effects on Product Yields from Fast Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biomass in Fluidized Bed Reactor

The present work aims to optimize the operating conditions for biofuel production from fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biomass in a fluidized bed reactor. The coupled model of global reaction kinetics and heat transfer was applied to investigate the effects of operating conditions (reaction temperature in the range of 748–798 K, vapor residence time in the range of 0.5–2 s, and particle size in the range of 150–500 μm) on the yields of products (liquid (bio-oil), gas, and char) and particle heat transfer of the OPEFB biomass fast pyrolysis. The simulation results of the present model validated the reported experimental data of the product yields of OPEFB biomass fast pyrolysis. The results showed that the maximum yield of high-quality liquid product was obtained at a vapor residence time of 1 s and a reaction temperature of 773 K. Moreover, the OPEFB particle size in the range of 300–350 μm gave the highest yield of liquid product and the good heat transfer of particles. The optimum operating conditions from the simulation of the coupled model can be utilized for the experimental work of fast pyrolysis for different kinds of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor.

Metal Sulfide Assisted Coal Catalytic Hydrogenated Microwave Pyrolysis

The efficient cleaning conversion of coal is more and more attracted due to resource exhaustion and environmental pollution. To improve the yield and quality of products of coal pyrolysis, the catalytic hydrogenated microwave pyrolysis was introduced, and the effects of metal sulfide on hydrogenated microwave pyrolysis were focused on discuss via the detection methods of proximate and ultimate analyses, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and GC-MS in this work. The results shown that because of the “hot-spot” effect and the characteristics of electromagnetic loss of metal sulfide, the temperature-rising rates with catalysts were obviously higher, but the final pyrolysis temperatures with or without catalyst were almost close. Higher temperature-rising rate with catalysts made the yield of liquid product more, which the yields of liquid product with MoS2 and FeS2 catalyst were 28.4 wt.% and 27.1 wt.%. The carbon distributions indicated that carbon in solid and gaseous products transferred into liquid product, when the catalysts added into pyrolysis reactions. The quality of tar with catalyst was improved, and the component content of light oil, intermedium oil and heavy oil were 67.55 wt.%, 27.98 wt.% and 4.47 wt.% for MoS2 catalyst, in which the content of light oil increased by 10.30 times than that without catalyst. The thermal effect and catalysis of metal metal sulfide made complex aromatic compounds more thorough cracking, improved the amount and active of free hydrogen. Actived free hydrogen further enhanced cracking of heavy oil, resulting in the content of hydrogen in gaseous with catalysts decrease, and the content of light oil increased.

Numerical Studies on Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell in a Fluidized Bed Reactor

Numerical studies using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of thermal decomposition of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) have been conducted in a fluidized bed reactor under atmospheric pressure of nitrogen as fluidization gas. To investigate the effect of temperature, the fast pyrolysis temperature was varied in a range from 400 °C to 650 °C. Furthermore, the effect of PKS feeding rate was also studied in a range from 300 g/h to 1500 g/h combined with variations of nitrogen superficial velocities. It was found that the increase of temperature results in the greatening of conversion efficiency and non-condensable gas product yield. The maximum 60.5 % liquid/tar product yield was obtained in 500 °C. The increase of PKS feeding rate led to the reduction of conversion efficiency due to the thermal energy shortage for the decomposition process. However, the increase of PKS feeding rate could reduce the non-condensable gas product with the insignificant change in liquid product yield. The rising superficial velocity of nitrogen favoured the shorter residence time resulting in the increasing tar product yield.

Depolymerization of Pine Ethanol Lignin in the Medium of Supercritical Ethanol in the Presence of Catalysts NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO₂

The regularities of thermocatalytic transformation of pine ethanol lignin in supercritical ethanol in the presence of catalysts NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO2 in the temperature range 250–400 °C were established. The composition and structure of ethanol lignin, liquid and solid products of its conversion were studied by methods of elemental analysis and gel-permeating chromatography (GPC). The composition of gaseous products – by method of gas chromatography. At the process temperature of 250 °C the catalysts do not have a significant effect on conversion of ethanol lignin. The maximal yield of liquid products (83.5 wt. %) was obtained at temperature 300 °C in the presence of catalyst NiCuMo/SiO₂ containing 8.8 wt. % of molybdenum. At temperature 350 °C NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO2 catalysts contribute to the almost complete conversion of ethanol lignin into liquid and gaseous products, and the yield of solid products does not exceed 1 wt. %. In liquid products of catalytic conversion there is a decrease in the atomic ratio of O/C and the increase of H/C atomic ratio as compared to initial ethanol lignin due to catalytic intensification of reactions of deoxygenation and hydrogenation of lignin and products of its depolymerization. According to GPC data on the curves of molecular mass distribution (MMD) of liquid products of thermocatalytic conversion of ethanol lignin at 300 °C there are peaks with highs at 160 and 380 Da, probably related to guiacyle monomers and dimmers, respectively. From the comparison of MMD of liquid products obtained by ethanol lignin depolymerization at 300 °C over catalysts NiCu/SiO₂ and NiCuMo/SiO₂ it follows, that the introduction of molybdenum in the catalyst promotes the formation of monomeric guaiacyl products

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of native and organosolv lignins of aspen wood to liquid products in supercritical ethanol medium

Catalytic hydrogenolysis in the medium of supercritical organic solvents is a promising way of wood lignins depolymerization into liquid products.In this study, for the first time, the catalytic properties of bifunctional catalysts Ru/C, Pt/ZrO2, NiCuMo/SiO2, containing nanosized metal particles on acidic groups are compared in the processes of aspen wood and ethanol lignin hydrogenolysis in supercritical ethanol.The most active catalysts are Ru/C and Pt/ZrO2 which provide the high conversion of wood (to 78.0 wt%), significant yield of liquid products (to 50.6 wt%) and low yield of solid rest (to 22.0 wt%) at temperature 250 °C and H2 pressure 9.0 MPa. These catalysts increase the yield of monomeric compounds in liquid products from 10.5 % to 50.4 % on mass of lignin.GC–MS analysis shows that alkyl derivatives of methoxyphenols (mainly propyl syringol and propyl guaiacol) are dominated in liquid products. Solid products of aspen wood catalytic hydrogenolysis contain mainly cellulose (to 82.2 wt%). Therefore, the catalytic hydrogenolysis in supercritical ethanol in the presence of by functional catalysts Ru/C and Pt/ZrO2 allows to fractionate the aspen wood biomass on cellulose and liquid products enriched with propyl syringol and propyl guaiacol.In catalytic hydrogenolysis of ethanol lignin the yield of alkyl derivatives of methoxyphenols is lower compared to wood. This is probably due to the reduced content of reactive β-O-4 bonds in the structure of ethanol lignin compared to native lignin of aspen wood. As follows from the results obtained, native lignin of wood is easier depolymerized to monomeric compounds in the process of catalytic hydrogenolysis than ethanol lignin, isolated from wood.According to GPC data, the catalysts shift to the region of lower molecular mass the molecular mass distribution of liquid products of aspen wood and ethanol lignin hydrogenolysis.

THERMOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF POLYPROPYLENE IN PRESENCE OF ALUMINUM SILICATES

The process of thermocatalytic conversion of polypropylene into liquid hydrocarbons using amorphous aluminum silicates with aluminum content of 1.6-12.9 wt.% as catalysts was studied. The aluminum silicates were synthesized by sol-gel method using hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in a presence of aluminum salt at pH=9. All samples possessed acidic sites with pKa value of 3.46-5.00 and had a developed surface. Textural properties of the aluminum silicates were determined. Thermocatalytic conversion of polypropylene was carried out in a flow fixed-bed reactor with a fixed layer of the mixture of the catalyst and the reagent at a mass ratio of polymer : catalyst of 3 : 1 in argon atmosphere with a gradual rise of temperature in the range of 300 – 450 ºС. The sample of silica, which did not contain aluminum, was demonstrated to be inactive in polypropylene degradation, while other catalysts provided conversion of polypropylene into liquid products. The highest yield of liquid products was 80% for a catalyst with an aluminum content of 8.1 wt.%. According to the results of GLC saturated hydrocarbons were identified among the products for all samples. The effect of the concentration of acidic centers on the chemical and fractional composition of the target products was shown. For the studied aluminum silicates with the same pKa values, an increase in the aluminum content favored the formation of a lighter hydrocarbon fraction. For the catalyst with the highest aluminum content the n-alkanes of С5-С10 composition were identified. These products were closest to gasoline oil fraction. This provides a possibility to consider secondary polyolefins as an alternative source of motor fuels. An influence of catalyst composition on maximal temperature of polyethylene degradation was determined by differential thermal analysis.

Characterization of Slow Pyrolysis Products of Macaranga motleyana: Effect of Sample Size

The characterization of biocrude oil produced by slow pyrolysis of fast growing wood Macaranga motleyana has been conducted. Slow pyrolysis was carried out in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at 500 °C for 1 hour with a variety of wood sample size. The decrease of a sample size from 20 to 40 mesh resulted in an increased in the percent yields of liquid product, which were 28.5 wt.% and 36.1 wt.%, respectively. Characterization of the biocrude oil showed that the pH of the biocrude oil was 2, the density of biocrude oil was 1.132 g/mL, while the viscosity value of the biocrude oil was 53.6 cSt. Analyses of the biocrude oil using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the biocrude oil derived from Macaranga motleyana wood contained phenol and its derivatives, such as eugenol and compounds resulted from thermal degradation of cellulose or hemicellulose. The use of sample with a smaller sample size resulted in biocrude oil containing more chemical compounds.

Plastic Fuel Conversion and Characterisation: A Waste Valorization Potential for Ghana

AbstractPlastics generally play a very important role in a plethora of industries, fields and our everyday lives. In spite of their cheapness, availability and important contributions to lives, they however, pose a serious threat to the environment due to their mostly non-biodegradable nature. Recycling into useful products can reduce the amount of plastic waste. Thermal degradation (Pyrolysis) of plastics is becoming an increasingly important recycling method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and oil products. In this work, waste Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles were thermally converted into useful gaseous and liquid products. A simple pyrolysis reactor system has been used for the conversions with the liquid product yield of 65 % at a temperature range of 400°C to 550°C. The chemical analysis of the pyrolytic oil showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenyl ring substitution bands. The main constituents were 1-Tetradecene, 1-Pentadecene, Cetene, Hexadecane, 1-Heptadecene, Heptadecane, Octadecane, Nonadecane, Eicosane, Tetratetracontane, 1-Undecene, 1-Decene). The results are promising and can be maximized by additional techniques such as hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation to obtain value-added products.

Understanding the pyrolysis behavior of agriculture, forest and aquatic biomass: Products distribution and characterization

Pyrolysis studies on agricultural (rice straw), forest (pine) and aquatic (Ulva lactuca) biomass were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at different temperature range of 300–550 °C. The product distributions and their characterization of products were compared among these biomasses. The maximum liquid product yield 29.4, 57.5 and 25.6 wt% obtained at 400, 500 and 400 °C respectively from rice straw (RS), pine (PN) and Ulva lactuca (UL) biomass. However, the higher conversion was observed in the case of pine wood biomass 77.0% at 550 °C. From the GC-MS analysis, it is observed that RS and PN bio-oil mostly composed of derivatives of phenolic compounds, while UL bio-oil composed of cyclopentenone derivatives compounds. The highest higher heating value (HHV) was found in pine bio-oil 34.8 MJ/kg. Also PN pyrolytic bio-oil had higher boiling point differences compounds. The bio-char analysis showed that the PN bio-char is a carbon rich and porous in nature as compared to the RS and UL bio-char.

Energy recovery by fast pyrolysis of pre-treated trommel fines derived from a UK-based MSW material recycling facility

In this experimental study, a physically pre-treated trommel fines feedstock, containing 44 wt% non-volatiles (ash and fixed carbon) and 56 wt% volatile matter (dry basis), was subjected to fast pyrolysis to recover energy from its organic load, using a 300 g h−1 bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) fast pyrolysis rig. A physical pre-treatment method (including crushing, grinding and sieving) was used to prepare a 0.5–2 mm sized trommel fines feedstock to make it suitable for fast pyrolysis in the BFB reactor. Experimental results from the fast pyrolysis process showed that the highest yield of organic liquid was obtained at around a temperature of 500 °C. However, both char and gas yields increased dramatically at temperatures above 500 °C, as a result of enhanced cracking of organic vapours, which reduced the yield of liquid products. Overall, energy recovery from the pyrolysis products (liquid and gas products as well as char pot residues) ranged from 63 to 70%, generally increasing with temperature. A large proportion of the high ash content (36 wt%) of the feedstock was found in the char pot (>62%), while smaller proportions were found in the reactor bed and some liquid products. The char pot ash residues composed mostly of non-hazardous earth materials and may be applied in bulk construction materials e.g. cement manufacture. Although, there was no problem with the pyrolysis rig during 1 h of operation, longer periods of operation would require periodic removal of accumulated solid residues and/or char pot modification to ensure continuous rig operation and process safety.

Pyrolysis of coconut cloth in a microwave reactor: Effect of pyrolysis parameters on product yield and characterization of liquid product and biochar

Pyrolysis of coconut cloth was investigated with the influence of pyrolysis process parameters on the maximum products yield and their chemical compositions. With the microwave reactor, the process parameters were as follows: temperature (450 °C to 650 °C), heating rate (10 °C/min to 30 °C/min), and nitrogen flow rate (80 °C/min to 120 cm3/min). The highest liquid yield of 38.3% was observed at 550 °C for the heating rate of 20 °C/min. The characteristics of bio-oil and biochar were analyzed using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HNMR), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The bio-oil contained a higher amount of phenolic compounds at 79.6%. The obtained biochar had a calorific value of 27.8 MJ/kg, which made it a promising candidate for solid fuel.

Effect of Calcium-Based Catalysts on Pyrolysis Liquid Products from Municipal Sludge

Aimed to obtain high-quality pyrolysis liquid products, the effects of different calcium-based catalysts and temperatures on liquid products from catalytic pyrolysis of municipal sludge (moisture of 50%) were studied. Results showed that the liquid product yield reached maximum at 600 °C and then decreased. The catalyst capability of catalysts decreased the yield of liquid products in the order of poorly soluble in water (Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaO) > soluble in water (CaCl2, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O). High temperature strengthened the aromatization, and the breaking of the oxygen-containing functional group in liquid products resulted in the decrease of O/C and H/C molar ratios and the increase of four components yield in gaseous products. At 600 °C, the catalysts significantly reduced the O content of liquid products and increased hydrocarbon content. Meantime, CaO additive increased the content of C to 85.34%, and the relative content of aromatics reached 83.99% at 800 °C, which is suitable as chemical raw materials. However, the Ca(OH)2 group had the highest aliphatics content, and the H/C molar ratio was 1.42 at 400 °C, which is suitable as fuel.

Demetallization of Heavy Oils of High Metal Content through Pyrolysis under Supercritical Water Environment

Through pyrolysis under a supercritical water (SCW) environment, the demetallization of Tsingtao vacuum residuum (VR) and Tahe atmospheric residuum (AR) with a total vanadium and nickel content above 300 ppm was studied. By introducing SCW, pyrolysis of heavy oil can be carried out in an emulsion structure in which heavy fractions rich in metals are concentrated in oil droplets. A metal removal rate higher than 90 % could be obtained in 2 h, which is faster than the pyrolysis under the nitrogen environment. Although two heavy oils have similar apparent properties, Tsingtao VR is characterized by the metal enrichment in the heaviest asphaltenes and the higher condensation activity of asphaltenes. Because of the preferential condensation of heavy fractions rich in metals, the liquid product yield of Tsingtao VR could be 15 wt% higher than that of Tahe AR at the metal removal rate of 70 to 90%.

Influence of parameters of delayed asphalt coking process on yield and quality of liquid and solid-phase products

Paper studies the effect of excess pressure during delayed coking of asphalt, obtained by propane deasphaltization of tar, on yield and physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbon fuels' components and solid-phase product – petroleum coke. Asphalt was coked at a temperature of 500 °C and excess pressure of 0.15-0.35 MPa in a laboratory unit for delayed coking of periodic action. Physical and chemical properties of raw materials and components of light (gasoline), medium (light gasoil), and heavy (heavy gasoil) distillates obtained during experimental study were determined: density, viscosity, coking ability, sulfur content, iodine number, pour points, flash points, fluidity loss and fractional composition. Quantitative group hydrocarbon and microelement compositions and properties of obtained samples of petroleum coke (humidity, ash content, volatiles' yield, sulfur content, etc.) were also studied. Comparative assessment of their quality is given in accordance with requirements of GOST 22898-78 “Low-sulfur petroleum coke. Specifications”. In addition, patterns of changes in excess coking pressure on yield and quality indicators of distillate products and petroleum coke were revealed. With an increase in excess pressure of coking process from 0.15 to 0.35 MPa, content of paraffin-naphthenic hydrocarbons in light and heavy gasoils of delayed coking decreases. Common pattern in asphalt coking is an increase in yield of coke and hydrocarbon gas with an increase in excess pressure from 0.15 to 0.35 MPa.

Review of catalyst materials in achieving the liquid hydrocarbon fuels from municipal mixed plastic waste (MMPW)

Present study aims to highlight the recent developments and challenges associated with catalytic pyrolysis technology for converting municipal mixed plastic waste (MMPW) to valuable hydrocarbon fuels. The study identifies gaps between conventional-thermal and catalytic pyrolysis technologies. Catalyst plays major role in pyrolysis reactions that would reflect yield of liquid product. Scale-up of pyrolysis process with MMPW is viable if catalyst used in the current existing pyrolysis process. A wide scientific literature indicates that catalyst used in pyrolysis has seen changing faces from commercial catalyst to designing of catalyst to synthesis of cheaper catalyst. However, tailored catalyst found to be very effective in processing the waste to fuels. In addition, discussion extended on the yields of liquid hydrocarbon fuel variation with the use of different catalysts in thermal pyrolysis.

Pyrolysing Horse Manure via Microwave-Induced Heating for Bioenergy Recovery

Transforming waste to energy is essential in view of the need to search for greener and more sustainable energy sources. Such transformation of energy is also aligned with the aim of reducing excessive waste generation whilst creating potential biofuel pathways for power generation. In the present study, animal waste in the form of horse manure is being used as feedstock to undergo microwave-induced pyrolysis via a fixed-bed pyrolysis rig. The relationship of the pyrolysis parameters such as pyrolysis temperature of 350 and 550 ?C, carrier gas flow rate of 0.5 and 1.5 L/min and ratio of horse manure to activated carbon blend of 1:2 and 1:1, with the yield of pyrolysed products is studied. The derived pyrolysis products in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous are characterised and quantified. Result shows that the highest yield of solid, liquid and gaseous products obtained are 78.8 wt%, 24.7 wt% and 34.2 wt%. Solid yield is observed to decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature while gaseous yield shows a reverse trend. Higher carrier gas flow rate is observed to lower the generation of gaseous and liquid yield while increasing the solid yield. Higher amount of activated carbon within the feedstock is seen to lower the solid yield but increase the gaseous and liquid yields. The liquid yield is found to contain 55.78 wt% of phenolic compounds while gaseous product consists of up to 55 vol% of syngas. The control of the operating conditions in pyrolysis rig enables the production of pyrolysis end products in different phases, generating useful bioenergy and biofertilizer products in the context of circular economy.