Yield Of Liquid Products Research Articles

Pyrolysis of pine wood and characterisation of solid and liquid products

Pyrolysis of pine wood was carried out at different temperatures and the yields of solid (biochar), liquid (tar and pyrolysed water) and gas products were determined. Temperature around 500 ºC was determined as an optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis and approximately 27.1% hard residue (biochar), 21.46% tar, 20.04% pyrolysed water and 31.30% gas were obtained by pyrolysis. The thermal stability indices of pine wood are relatively low, which are indications of its low thermal stability and high yield of volatile matter (Vdaf = 90.3%). The thermal stability indices of pyrolysis of solid residue show that it is characterised by a very high thermal stability than its initial sample, for example, there was an increase of Т5% 7.7 and Т15% 3.8 times. The chemical composition of pyrolysed tar of pine wood has also been determined. Were obtained 4 different fractions with varying boiling temperature ranges of pine wood pyrolysed tar and have determined the yields of each fraction. Neutral tar was analysed by GC/MS and 20 aliphatic compounds, 25 aromatic compounds and 18 polar compounds were determined.

КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ПАРОВОЙ КРЕКИНГ ГУДРОНА В ПРИСУТСТВИИ ДИСПЕРСНЫХ КАТАЛИЗАТОРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью разработки альтернативных водородным технологий переработки тяжелого нефтяного сырья для вовлечения последнего в структуру нефтепереработки и увеличения глубины переработки остатков (мазут, гудрон) с повышением выхода светлых дистиллятов и минимизацией выхода побочных продуктов. Цель: исследовать процесс каталитического парового крекинга гудрона западно-сибирской нефти в присутствии дисперсных катализаторов на основе различных металлов. Объекты: каталитический паровой крекинг – термокаталитический процесс облагораживания тяжелого нефтяного сырья в присутствии воды. Методы. Для оценки эффективности катализаторов на основе различных металлов использовали совокупность физико-химических показателей: фракционный состав жидких продуктов каталитического парового крекинга (ASTM D716991-1–1), содержание S, соотношение H:C (HCNS-О анализ), плотность и кинематическую вязкость (ASTM D7042) жидких продуктов. Результаты. Установлены особенности парового каталитического крекинга гудрона при 450 °C в присутствии дисперсных катализаторов на основе различных металлов (при концентрации металла в исходной эмульсии 0,5 мас. %). Выявлено, что применение Mo-содержащего дисперсного катализатора приводит к увеличению соотношения H:C (до 1,56) в жидких продуктах по сравнению с паровым крекингом без катализатора (1,32), также происходит снижение содержания серы в жидких продуктах (на 0,22 мас. %), что свидетельствует об увеличении глубины взаимодействия воды и сырья при использовании дисперсного катализатора. В случае использования дисперсного катализатора на основе железа отмечено увеличение выхода светлых фракций (29,3 мас. %), поскольку данный катализатор характеризуются высокой активностью в процессах окислительного крекинга. Остальные дисперсные катализаторы на основе Ni, Al, и Co не превосходят Mo- и Fe-содержащие катализаторы по выходу и качеству жидких продуктов облагораживания. Вязкость продуктов облагораживания снижается по сравнению с исходным гудроном приблизительно в 90 раз.

Термохимическая переработка лузги подсолнечника

The article discusses the study of the process of thermochemical processing of sunflower husk into liquid, solid and gaseous products. According to the statistics provided by Rosstat, sunflower is the traditional largest agricultural oil crop in Russia. To date, the gross seed collection of about 12 million tons per year. In the process of industrial production of sunflower oil during the entire production cycle, a large amount of plant waste, including husk seeds. Currently, there are many areas for the use of sunflower husk, the main of which is the production of feed additives for cattle. However, the presented areas of industrial application do not allow to fully process this valuable resource into cost-effective products, which leads to its accumulation. Analysis of the physical properties of sunflower husk showed a high calorific value of this biomass due to the high lignin content. Sunflower husk has a low ash content. These facts indicate the possibility of effectively using the husks as raw materials for the production of coal briquettes, liquid biofuels and gaseous products by the thermochemical method. Using standard techniques, the properties and chemical composition of selected samples of sunflower husk were determined. In order to identify the optimal parameters for the maximum yield of liquid and solid products of pyrolysis of sunflower husk, the experimental ways were determined dependences of the yield of products on the temperature of thermal decomposition. The study of the thermal decomposition of sunflower husk was carried out in isothermal conditions at temperatures of 450, 500, 550 and 600 ° C. The experiments were carried out in a periodic pyrolysis reactor of plant biomass. The results of studies on the yield of process products from the temperature of thermal decomposition of sunflower husk showed that the maximum yield of liquid product up to 43% occurs at a temperature of 550 ° C, and that of a solid product up to 35% at a temperature of 450 ° C. A further increase in the temperature of the pyrolysis process leads to an increase in the yield of the gaseous product.

Study of the Influence of the Source Biomass Moisture Content on Pyrolysis Parameters

This paper presents the results of studying the influence of the biomass moisture content on basic pyrolysis parameters. The studies have established that the yield of biomass pyrolysis products strongly depends on the moisture content of the raw material. The paper gives graphs of the dependence of the mass yield of liquid pyrolysis products on the process temperature and biomass moisture content.

Computer aided modelling of low density polyethylene pyrolysis to produce synthetic fuels

The pyrolysis of waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is an excellent method of converting waste materials into useful products. Aspen HYSYS 2006 was used to develop a computational steady-state model to simulate the pyrolysis of LDPE. The Peng-Robinson fluid package was used for the simulation. A continuous stirred tank reactor with an Arrhenius kinetic expression was used to predict reaction extent and product yield. At a pyrolysis temperature of 450 0 C and atmospheric pressure, 92.88% liquid yield was obtained. From the given feedstock, the char obtained was composed of only elemental carbon. The synthesis gas was composed mainly Hydrogen and C 1 -C 4 hydrocarbons with traces of n-C 5 and n-C 6 . The Pyrolysis oil was composed of higher hydrocarbon fractions (C 8 -C 24 ). The conversion temperature relationships from the simulation are in good agreement with experimental results. This proved that pyrolysis of waste LDPE can give an excellent yield of liquid product and is a viable recycling technique. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Simulation, LDPE, Synthetic fuels, Aspen HYSYS

Computer Aided Simulation of the Pyrolysis of Waste Lubricating Oil Using Aspen Hysys

The pyrolysis of waste lubricating oil is an exciting technique of converting waste materials into useful products by thermal decomposition at elevated temperature under inert conditions. Aspen HYSYS 2006 was used to develop a computational steady-state model to simulate the pyrolysis of waste lubricating oil and analyze its performance. The Peng-Robinson fluid package was used for the simulation. The pyrolysis reaction was modeled by a combination of the yield-shift reactor and the Gibbs reactor. At a pyrolysis temperature of 3500C and atmospheric pressure, 77.92% liquid yield was obtained. The product composition and chemical properties of the pyrolysis oil were also predicted by the simulation and are in good agreement with experimental results. This has proved that pyrolysis of Waste lubricating oil can give a very good yield of liquid product and is a viable recycling technique.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.74.2.20537

BASF's Luminate FCC catalyst helps refiners increase liquid product yields

BASF's Luminate FCC catalyst helps refiners increase liquid product yields

Catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene using Ahoko kaolin from Nigeria

The aim of this study is to convert polypropylene waste into usable liquid fuel via pyrolysis technique using kaolin as a low-cost catalyst. Waste polypropylene was thermally and catalytically degraded in a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) horizontal glass reactor at a temperature of 450 °C, residence time of 30 min, and heating rate of 30 °C/min. The kaolin clay was characterized by XRF analysis while the ultimate and proximate analysis of the polypropylene feed carried out gave combustible materials content of 93.77 wt%, fixed carbon of 1.62 wt%, calorific value of 45.20 MJ/kg and elemental composition with carbon (83.65%), hydrogen (14.27%), oxygen (0.15%), sulphur (0.1%), chlorine (1.16%), and nitrogen (0.67%). Thermal cracking was carried out in the absence of catalyst and the process gave a yield of liquid, gaseous, and solid products of 67.48, 8.85, and 23.67 wt%, respectively. Furthermore, kaolin clay was employed as a catalyst in catalytic pyrolysis of the same feedstock for catalyst-to-plastic ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 at the same operating parameters as in thermal cracking. Optimum yield was obtained at a catalyst-to-plastic ratio of 1:3 with a yield of 79.85, 1.48, and 18.67 wt% for liquid, gaseous, and solid products, respectively. The liquid products obtained for both thermal and catalytic cracking at optimum conditions were characterized for their suitability as fuel. The properties determined were density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, pour point, and calorific value. The results suggest that catalytic pyrolysis produced liquid products, whose properties are comparable to conventional fuels (gasoline and diesel oil) than that produced through thermal pyrolysis. FTIR analysis of the liquid product from catalytic pyrolysis also shows that it contains hydrocarbons with different functional groups such as aromatics, olefins, carbonyl, amines, sulphides, and hydroxyl.

Yield and Composition of Semicoking Tars from Low-Quality Coal

Analytical methods are used to derive data regarding the yield and composition of liquid semicoking products from coal of limited metamorphic development (D, DG, and G coal). With greater metamorphic development of the coal, the yield of liquid semicoking tar increases, and the content of tar–asphaltene components in the tar rises. Chromatography combined with mass spectrometry shows that, in low-temperature pyrolysis, the liquid product formed consist of a complex mixture of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and heteroorganic compounds. In all the tars, normal and branched n-alkanes and n-alkenes are identified. The aromatic hydrocarbons include mono-, di-, and trisubstituted n-alkylbenzenes and alkylated naphthalenes. The heteroorganic compounds consist predominantly of oxygen-bearing compounds in the form of phenols with alkyl substituents. The different quantities of these components in the liquid products may be attributed to differences in the chemical structure of the coal’s organic mass.

Ozonolysis of the Semicoking Tar of Coal from the Shubarkol Deposit

The results of studies on the determination of the effect of ozonization on the hydrofining of coal tar from the coal of the Shubarkol deposit are reported. It was established that preliminary ozonization for 60 min makes it possible to increase the total yield of liquid products by 44.8% in the subsequent catalytic hydrogenation conversion of tar (5 MPa, 450°C, and a pseudo-homogeneous Mo-containing catalyst) and to increase the yield of a fraction with boiling points to 180°C by 17.7%, as compared with their concentrations in the parent tar.

Production of liquefied fuel from depolymerization of kraft lignin over a novel modified nickel/H-beta catalyst

In this study, a novel modified nickel/H-beta (Ni/DeAl-beta) catalyst, which has active acidic sites and hydrogen binding sites, was prepared and used to produce liquefied fuel from lignin. The bifunctional Ni/DeAl-beta catalyst efficiently converted kraft lignin into liquefied fuel due to the synergistic effect of aluminum Lewis acid sites and nickel hydrogen binding sites. At a nickel content of 0.6 mmol/gzeolite, the Ni/DeAl-beta catalyst gave a high liquid product yield of 88.6% at 300 °C for 36 h. Most of the liquid product was dissolved in petroleum ether (73% of 88.6%), which was mainly composed of monomeric and dimeric degradation products. Under these conditions, the higher heating values (HHV) increased from 24.9 MJ/kg for kraft lignin to 32.0 MJ/kg for the liquid product. These results demonstrated the bifunctional Ni/DeAl-beta catalyst could be an efficient catalyst for lignin to liquefied fuel conversion.

Synthesis of Ce-Mesoporous Silica Catalyst and Its Lifetime Determination for the Hydrocracking of Waste Lubricant

The synthesis of Ce/mesoporous silica (Ce/MS) and its lifetime determination for the hydrocracking of waste lubricant has been carried out. The MS was synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and gelatin extracted from bovine bone as a template. Cerium was impregnated onto the MS by wet impregnation method using Ce(NO3)3.6H2O. The MS and Ce/MS were then characterized by means of acidity using ammonia base vapor adsorption, Fourier Transform Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDX), and surface area analyzer (SAA) based on the BET and BJH equation. The Ce/MS catalyst was tested in hydrocracking of waste lubricant in three runs. Lifetime of Ce/MS catalyst was determined using a linear regression of the liquid product yields vs hydrocracking time. The Ce/MS catalyst showed an acidity of 2.79 mmol/g, BJH desorption pore diameter of 3.84 nm, BET surface area of 246.55 m2/g, and total pore volume of 0.44 cm3/g. The yield of liquid product obtained from hydrocracking of waste lubricant using the Ce/MS catalyst for the first, second, and third runs was 21.42, 17.23 and 10.54 wt.%, respectively for 2.5 h per each run. Lifetime of Ce/MS catalyst in hydrocracking of waste lubricant was 12.54 h.

Optimization of Phenolic Monomer Production from Solvent Liquefaction of Lignin

Process conditions used for solvent liquefaction of technical lignin in mixtures of o-cresol and tetralin were explored for optimizing the yield of phenolic monomers (PM) and liquid products. The effects of solvent mixture, reaction temperature, solids loading, and residence time were evaluated using a central composite response surface statistical model. Six response variables were monitored to evaluate the influence of the four factors. Liquid and solid yield were tracked via mass balance. The yield of distillable products (distillate) was determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Gas chromatography (GC) was used to monitor the individual yields of phenol, guaiacol, and 2,6-xylenol. Tetralin, which served as a hydrogen donor, was most effective in enhancing liquid production, reducing solid products, and increasing selectivity toward PM when present at less than 30 wt % of the solvent mixture. The interaction of solids loading and solvent mixture further indicated o-cresol was more effective ...

The synergistic mechanism on microwave and MoS2 in coal pyrolysis

Microwave pyrolysis has been widely studied as a new type of coal thermal processing. In this research, we applied different amounts of MoS2 to the coal microwave pyrolysis and observed the consequent product effects to see if a higher pyrolysis efficiency and tar quality can be achieved. The catalytic action of MoS2 in solid, liquid, and gas products was further studied using both conventional and microwave pyrolysis, and a synergistic mechanism of microwave and MoS2 for coal pyrolysis was proposed. In a self-developed coal-gas microwave co-pyrolysis system, Proximate and ultimate analysis methods, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Gas analyzer were all employed to test and analyze pyrolysis products. The experimental results showed that when the amount of MoS2 was 8.3%, in microwave pyrolysis, the yield of liquid product was 28.4% with the light oil yield of 67.55%, and the yield of hydrogen was 22.19%. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, conventional pyrolysis with 8.3%MoS2 and microwave pyrolysis, a tighter structure of solid product, a higher yield of liquid product with an obvious light oil content increase could be obtained. The content of hydrogen in gas product decreased, while the valuable content of gas (CH4+CO+H2) and calorific value increased. The contrast experiments of coal pyrolysis showed that there was a synergetic effect of microwave and MoS2, and it improved the coal pyrolysis efficiency and tar quality.

Catalytic co-cracking of waste polypropylene and residual fuel oil

Industrial waste polypropylene (PP) homopolymer and residual fuel oil (RFO) were pyrolyzed together in presence of catalyst ZSM-5 under the atmospheric pressure with different mixing ratios of the feedstocks. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor at two different temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C with the blended mixture (PP/RFO) to catalyst (ZSM-5) ratio of 4:1. The effects of blending ratios between the two feedstocks and temperature with respect to the yield of the products oil, gas, and residual coke were determined. The optimum blending ratio of PP and RFO with respect the higher quantity yield of liquid product was found to be 1:1 at 500 °C. The percentages of liquid fuel, gas, and coke were observed to be 74.8%, 10.2%, and 15% at 500 °C.

Production of Bio-oil through Fast Pyrolysis of Baobab Waste Shells

The increasing demand for transportation fuel, due to increased urbanization, is now compounded by depleting and unstable crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the volatile market and the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the usage of biomass as a potential energy source. Of particular interest are biomass waste and baobab shells present an interesting option. The objective of this study is to produce bio oil by a fast pyrolysis process from baobab shells. The effect of reaction temperature, biomass particle size and fluidizing gas flow rate on the liquid product yield are investigated. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 36.6% at 500 OC at a N2 gas flowrate of 11.6 l/min and a particle size of less than 0.5 mm.

Production of Bio-oil through Fast Pyrolysis of Baobab Waste Shells

The increasing demand for transportation fuel, due to increased urbanization, is now compounded by depleting and unstable crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the volatile market and the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the usage of biomass as a potential energy source. Of particular interest are biomass waste and baobab shells present an interesting option. The objective of this study is to produce bio oil by a fast pyrolysis process from baobab shells. The effect of reaction temperature, biomass particle size and fluidizing gas flow rate on the liquid product yield are investigated. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 36.6% at 500 OC at a N2 gas flowrate of 11.6 l/min and a particle size of less than 0.5 mm.

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass (Xanthium strumarium) to energetic materials and comparison with other thermochemical methods

In the present study, the biomass was converted into liquid and solid residues by using hydrothermal liquefaction method at 250, 300 and 350 °C with (FeCl3, NaOH) and without catalyst. The resultant products were examined using GC–MS, FT-IR, 1H NMR, SEM, and elemental analysis methods. According to the performed analyses, the highest liquid product yield (total bio-oil) was found to be 38.08% at 300 °C by using FeCl3 as catalyst. In the experiments carried out at 350 °C, the highest HHV value was found to be 32.35 MJ kg−1 by using NaOH catalyst. The energy values of products obtained at the end of experiments were compared to the values obtained from pyrolysis and supercritical liquefaction method, and it was determined that the liquid products having higher level of energy value were achieved by using hydrothermal liquefaction method.

Product distribution of pyrolysis of polystyrene foam waste using catalyst of natural zeolite and nickel/silica

Polystyrene, especially polystyrene foam product, has been widely utilized in daily life that lead to generate polystyrene foam waste in the environment. The waste is very hard to degrade in the nature. The aims of this study are to investigate pyrolysis for polystyrene foam waste that can produce liquid products for fuel. The study comprises characterization of polystyrene foam and pyrolysis process with and without catalyst (zeolite and nickel/silica). The decomposition of polystyrene foam occurred at a temperature of 360-460 °C. Pyrolysis was carried out at the range of 360-460 °C based on the decomposition temperature. The yield of the liquid product increases with increasing temperature. Catalyst has boosted the increase of yield. The nickel/silica shows better performance than zeolite on boosting the yield of liquid product. The liquid product contains many aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, styrene and others

Thermo-catalytic degradation of different plastics to drop in liquid fuel using calcium bentonite catalyst

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of individual plastics such as polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and mixture of all three plastics (PP + LDPE + HDPE) were carried out in the presence of calcium bentonite as catalyst in a batch reactor to obtain suitable liquid fuel. The dependencies of process temperature, effect of catalyst, feed composition on yield of the fuel fraction were determined. The major product of both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis was condensable fraction in the temperature range 400–550 °C. The reaction rate, quality and quantity of the major products changed with change of temperature and catalyst concentration. The highest yield of pyrolysis liquid product was 88.5 wt% from PP, 82 wt% from LDPE, 82.5% from HDPE and 81 wt% from mixed plastics at 500 °C with 1:3 catalyst to plastic ratio. The oil obtained in this process was analyzed using FTIR and GC–MS for its composition. Fuel properties of the oil are evaluated to understand its uses as a fuel or chemical feedstock.