Yield Of Liquid Products Research Articles

Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Castor Residue: Effect on Product Yield and Distribution of Liquid Product

Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Castor Residue: Effect on Product Yield and Distribution of Liquid Product

Transformation of paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons on the modified on the zeolite-containing cracking catalyst

As a catalyst for studying the conversion of hydrocarbons contained in catalytic cracking gases, a modified Ni, Co, Cr industrial OMNIKAT-210P zeolite-containing catalyst was used. The purpose of the research is to obtain a high-octane component of gasoline. The deposition of metals was carried out on nano-sized particles of a zeolite-containing catalyst. Particle size was at the level of (5÷10)·10–9m. The particle size allows you to evenly apply the metals Ni, Cr, Co on the surface of the nanoparticles. Then the particles are molded in the form of balls with a size of 2–3 mm and subjected to drying (120 °С) and calcining 450–500 °С. The yield of liquid products is at the level of 48.3–30.3 % of the mass.

Effects of the novel catalyst Ni-S2O8 2--K2O/TiO2 on efficient lignin depolymerization.

To improve the utilization of lignin, much effort has been devoted to lignin depolymerization with the aim to decrease waste and enhance profitability. Here, a dual property (acid and base) catalyst, namely S2O82−–K2O/TiO2, was carefully researched. Upon loading S2O82− and K2O onto TiO2, acid and base sites emerged, and S2O82− and K2O mutually enhanced the acid and base strengths of the catalyst enormously; this indeed facilitated lignin depolymerization. Under appropriate conditions, the yields of liquid product, petroleum ether soluble (PE-soluble) product and total monomer products were 83.76%, 50.4% and 28.96%, respectively. The constituents of the PE-soluble fraction, which are mainly monomers and dimers, can be used as liquid fuels or additives. In addition, after the catalyst was modified by Ni, better results were obtained. Surprisingly, it was found that the Ni enhanced not only the hydrogenation capacity but also the acidity. The highest high heating value (HHV) of the liquid product (33.6 MJ kg−1) was obtained, and the yield of PE-soluble product increased from 50.4 to 56.4%. The product can be utilized as a fuel additive or be converted to bio-fuel. This catalysis system has significant potential in the conversion of lignin to bio-fuel.

ИЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЕЯКИХ ЯКІСНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПРОДУКТІВ СПІКАННЯ ШИХТ З САПРОПЕЛІТОВИМ ВУГІЛЛЯМ

There have been considered issues of using of the sapropelic coals, which are mining from the working layers of the State Enterprise "Lvivvugillya", located within the Lviv-Volyn coal basin. A significant amount of bad-quality raw materials accumulated at the enterprises of the coal processing industry in this region requires to be involved in the treatment technique. The technical characteristics of the sapropelic coals of the kennelys class hinders to use it in the energy industry. We have proposed to use the low-ash grades of sapropelic coals as a component of the coking blends to improve its technical properties. For this purpose, samples of such coal were removed from the Mezhirechenskaya mine, coal layer n8 v (thin 2, lava No. 595), sampling depth 437.1 m. The second material for testing was samples of so named "gas " coal” (G), taken from the Lesnaya mine, layer n7 N , which has the ability to coke formation. Samples of the blends of different composition, including individual components, were tested for swelling number in a crucible according to ISO 501-81 and for the volatiles matter yield. Tests have shown that the swelling number of the blend samples does not exceed 3 on the standard scale, decreasing with an increase of the mass fraction of sapropelic coals, and the yield of volatile substances naturally decreases with an increase of the content of G in the mixture. Blends have also been tested for caking power by Gray-King method in accordance with ISO 502-82. At the same time the yield of liquid (the sum of tar and water) and gaseous (in summary) coking products were determined. It has been established that the formation of tar depends upon the composition of the blend, its maximum is observed when the ratio of the components by weight is 25 parts of sapropelic coal and 75 parts of G. It is shown that the addition of sapropelic coals to G improves coke quality and reduces the swelling number. The coking tar has been fractionated and investigated by IR- and UV-spectroscopy. It has been found that it is a mixture of aromatic compounds (represented by mono- and polycondensed structures) and alkanes. Oxygen-containing structures are represented by phenolic hydroxyl and ethers.

The Optimization of Plasma Catalytic Liquefaction Technique for the Conversion of Sawdust Into Value-Added Chemicals

Non-thermal plasma is an alternative technology of exploiting biomass for efficient production of value added energy carriers. In this study, plasma catalytic liquefaction (PCL) system is successfully developed to achieve rapid and efficient liquefaction of sawdust in the presence of co-solvent polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and glycerin as well as the acid catalyst H 2 SO 4 . The influences of different operating factors such as the catalyst concentration, reaction time, molar ratio of PEG 200 and glycerin and the power supply are investigated in terms of the liquefaction yield and solution temperature, while the roles of the applied voltage and the duty cycle of power supply in the PCL process are discussed in detail. Experimental results show that the sawdust could be completely liquefied into crude bio-oil with a high heating value (HHV) of 19.18 MJ/kg in the mixture containing sawdust and solvent in a ratio of 1/7, and 1 wt.% catalyst H 2 SO 4 . Increasing the applied voltage and duty cycle are more efficient giving higher yield of liquid products. Based on the analysis of the processing conditions, suggested that the enhanced performance of the PCL process is linked to the superiority of heating that induced by electric field and the presence of quantities reactive species during the plasma discharge. The physiochemical characteristics of the biomass sample and the liquefied products are interpreted by using elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the identities and concentration of the liquid products are determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

The catalytic cracking of the off-spec polyisoprene rubber thermolysis products

The catalytic cracking of the off-spec polyisoprene rubber thermolysis products over a mesoporous zeolite has been studied on a laboratory unit with a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of the reaction temperature and the feed space velocity on the feedstock conversion degree and the yield of gas and gasoline has been studied. The data obtained has shown that at rates below 2 h-1, a high gas generation and a low yield of liquid products are observed, while at rates above 3 h-1, the total yield of gas and gasoline decreases. In the course of the work, it has been noted that the reduction in conditional conversion occurs with an increase in the feed rate. The maximum yield of gasoline observed at a feed rate of 3 h-1 and amounted to 35.6 %, gas yield was inversely proportional to the feed rate, and the coke yield changed slightly. With an increase in the feed rate, the content of C3-C4in gas increases. To achieve high conversion or a high gasoline yield, the optimal feed rate should be 2 and 3 h-1, respectively. The products obtained in this process can be used as the motor fuel components.

Process parameter optimization study on thermolytic polystyrene liquid fuel using response surface methodology (RSM)

Due to the accumulation of plastic wastes in solid waste and scarcity in the inventory of fossil fuel, plastic waste is necessary to recycling for fulfilling energy demand of modern civilization. Pyrolysis is the most significant recycling technique which has proved most effective and efficient in the conversion of plastic waste to sustainable energy such as liquid fuel and pyro gas. The present study incorporates developing the pyrolysis process for the conversion of waste poly-styrene to liquid fuel by optimizing the operating parameter using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the assistance of design expert-12 programming. The four effective parameters such as size of poly-styrene (2–6 mm), weight of poly-styrene feedstock (250–750 gm), reaction temperature (350–500 °C) and retention time (10–90 min) for maximizing the liquid fuel responses achieved by 30 run of experiments using central composite design (CCD) matrix. A quadratic model was aliased to correlate the independent variables for maximizing the liquid product yield with the help of analysis of variances (ANOVA). Thus this investigation revealed that, reaction temperature and time was the most effective parameters on maximizing liquid fuel production for fulfilling objective followed by weight and size of poly-styrene. The characteristics of liquid fuel were analyzed by ultimate and proximate analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for affirmation of liquid product.

Co-Pyrolysis and Co-Gasification of Biomass and Oil Shale

Abstract The European Union has set an ambitious goal to transform to a carbon neutral economy. The present paper focuses on thermal treatment of oil shale and biomass blends that could be considered as an important pathway for achieving the carbon neutral goal locally in Estonia. The concept of co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of biomass and oil shale offers various advantages such as higher liquid product yield and higher char conversion than if the oil shale and biomass particles were processed individually. In the paper, an overview of the planned actions for merging oil shale industry carbon neutral economy is given. The selected approaches are justified with information found in scientific literature and initial experimental results. Further, the possible future developments for gasification and pyrolysis in Estonia are also highlighted.

Insights into pyrolysis of waste tire in fixed bed reactor: Thermal behavior

This study examines the thermal behavior of pyrolysis products of waste tire. The pyrolysis of solid waste tire was conducted under N2 atmosphere in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. Three different factors were investigated, which were the operating pyrolysis temperature (300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C), particle size (80, 40 and 18 mesh size of particles) and carrier gas flow rate (1 and 5 L/min). The optimized liquid product yield was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C for a feedstock of 80 mesh size waste tyre, with a carrier gas flow rate of 5 L/m. The waste tire pyrolysis oil was then characterized via fuel properties determination, elemental, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The fuel properties of the tire pyrolysis oil encourage the product as a potential replacement of conventional liquid fuel. The analytical results of the optimized pyrolysis oil showed that the liquid product consists of the complex mixture of C5-C16 organic compounds, with high contents of light hydrocarbon benzene, toluene, xylene and limonene. The present research is a promising approach for an alternate, renewable energy and better environment in the future.

Исследование кинетики термодеструкции сшитого полиэтилена

This paper presents a study of the process of thermal degradation of crosslinked polyethylene. The kinetics of polymer decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry. Crosslinked polyethylene showed high heat resistance to temperatures of 400 °C. The temperature range of 430–500 °C was determined for the loss of the bulk of the sample. According to thermogravimetric data, the decomposition process proceeds in a single stage and includes a large number of fracture, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and other reactions. The process of pyrolysis of a crosslinked polymer in a stationary-bed metal reactor was investigated. The influence of the process temperature on the yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous pyrolysis products was investigated. The optimum process temperature was 500 °C. At this temperature, the yield of liquid and gaseous products was 85.0 and 12.5% (mass.), Respectively. Samples of crosslinked polyester decomposed almost completely. The amount of carbon–containing residue was 3.5% by weight of the feedstock. With increasing temperature, the yield of liquid products decreased slightly and the yield of gaseous products increased, but their total yield did not increase. For gaseous products, a qualitative and quantitative composition was determined. The main components of the pyrolysis gas were hydrocarbons C1–C4. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas obtained at a temperature of 500 °C was 17 MJ/m3. Thus, the pyrolysis process can be used to process crosslinked polyethylene wastes to produce liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases.

Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Conversion of Lignin to Liquid Products

The catalytic pyrolysis of lignin under microwave (MW) irradiation in the presence of iron-containing systems deposited directly on the lignin surface from various precursors has been studied using iron acetylacetonate, diacetylferrocene, and potassium trioxalatoferrate(III) as the precursors. The study has been focused on the effect of the argon eluent gas flow rate (300–60 mL/min) on the yield of the liquid product fraction. The effect of the gaseous medium (Ar, H2/Ar, O2/Ar) on the yield of liquid products formed by MW treatment has been studied. It has been shown that a maximum yield of liquid products is achieved in a medium of the inert gas argon or in a hydrogen/argon mixture (33 or 36%), whereas this yield in an oxygen/argon mixture is twofold lower (17%). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method has been used to determine the qualitative composition of the liquid product fraction, which is mostly represented by phenol and anisol, the derivatives of the monomeric units of lignin (coumaryl and coniferyl alcohols). In studying the effect of the iron precursor deposited on the lignin surface, it has been found that the liquid yield increases twofold from 18 to 36 or 34% in the presence of iron acetylacetonate Fe(C5H7O2)3 or potassium trioxalatoferrate K3[Fe(C2O4)3] ⋅ 3H2O, respectively, at a feed gas flow rate of 300 mL/min and a temperature of 700°C.

Hydrogenation of Abies Wood and Ethanol Lignin by Hydrogen in Supercritical Ethanol in the Presence of Bifunctional Catalyst Pt/ZrO₂

The effect of bifunctional catalyst Pt/ZrO₂ on the yield and composition of products of abies wood and ethanol lignin hydrogenation in supercritical ethanol at temperature of 250 °C was established. In the process of abies wood hydrogenation, the catalyst Pt/ZrO₂ increases the degree of conversion of wood from 52.0 to 65.7 wt.%, the yield of liquid products from 31.0 to 38.1 wt.%,.%, and also increases the content of monomeric compounds in the liquid products. In the presence of catalyst, the cellulose content in the solid product of wood catalytic hydrogenation reaches to 77.1 wt.%, and the content of lignin and hemicelluloses decreases to 21.2 wt.% and 1.7 wt.%, respectively. In the process of ethanol lignin hydrogenation the catalyst Pt/ZrO₂ increases the degree of lignin conversion from 86.0 to 99.4 wt.%, the yield of liquid products from 75.0 to 90.0 wt.%, and also reduces the yield of solid residue from 14.0 to 0.6 wt.% and the yield of gases from 4.7 to 3.3 wt.%. Thus, the polysaccharides of wood biomass complicate the reductive depolymerization of native lignin in comparison with the depolymerization of isolated ethanol lignin. The use of the catalyst Pt/ZrO₂ makes it possible to fractionate the abies wood in supercritical ethanol at 250 °C on solid product with a high content of cellulose, as well as liquid and gaseous products from lignin and hemicelluloses

The Use of Dispersed Catalysts in Catalytic Steam Cracking of Heavy Oil

In this paper the influence of dispersed catalysts obtained in situ based on various metals (Mo, Ni, Fe, Co) has been studied on the yield and properties of liquid products in a slurry-reactorat a temperature of 425 °С and a pressure of 20 MPa. The most active catalytic compositions for the process of catalytic steam cracking of oil (Mo and Mo-Fe) were selected. In the presence of dispersed Mo and Mo-Fe catalysts the samples of the semisynthetic oils were produced. In the rectification process the gasoline, diesel, oil and residual fractions were allocated. The selected fractions were analyzed by physicochemical methods for a wide range of performance in comparison with the initial heavy oil. The efficiency of Mo-Fe catalysts for obtaining semisynthetic oil with an increased content of light fractions (i.b.p. – 360 °С) during the catalytic steam cracking of heavy oil was shown

Pyrolysis of polystyrene plastic waste using bentonite catalyst

Polystyrene is one type of plastic that is widely used in industrially and daily life. Polystyrene properties are difficult to be degraded by nature. Hence it produces a problem for the environment. Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste is one of methods for plastic recycling. Pyrolysis polystyrene in a batch reactor for the recovery of styrene monomers (C8H8). This study aims to investigate the effect of bentonite in catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene waste. Pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 300-550°C in a batch reactor with a mixture of polystyrene waste and catalyst of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of polystyrene. The liquid product was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the components. The maximum yield of liquid product was obtained at 88.78% (wt%), using 25% of catalyst. The result of liquid analysis by GC-MS contains styrene compounds (C8H8), Toluene, Benzene, were the major components. Pyrolysis with a catalyst weight of 25% and temperature of 400°C obtained the maximum yield of styrene compounds (C8H8) at 32.34%.

Effect of the temperature on the spent coffee grounds torrefaction process in a continuous pilot-scale reactor

Several studies in Literature have analyzed the torrefaction treatment process of biomass in batch reactors. Nevertheless, in order to check the industrial applicability of a process, it is more interesting to carry out torrefaction tests in continuous pilot plant reactors. Thus, the present study reports the results of continuous semi-industrial scale (500 kg/h) torrefaction experiments employing spent coffee grounds (SCG) as a feedstock in a horizontal rotary reactor. Torrefaction tests were carried out at three different temperatures (210 °C, 235 °C, and 260 °C) for 90 min, in order to evaluate the yields of solid, liquid (water and tar) and gaseous products and their composition. In particular, the effectiveness of the decarbonization and deoxygenation processes was investigated, analyzing the carbon and oxygen distribution. Within the temperature range, torrefaction yielded solid of 55.2–85.8 wt% with an increase of the higher heating value (HHV) of 5.1–15.4% compared to the raw material. Liquid fraction yield was in the range of 11.3–34.3 wt%, with a moisture content of 73.7–91.9% and HHV between 18.8 and 23.4 MJ/kg on dry basis. Gas fraction represented 2.9–10.5 wt% of the raw biomass withHHVbetween 1.95 and 3.55 MJ/Nm3. Acids (mainly acetic acid) were the major compounds in the tar fraction, accounted up to 68 wt%, while CO2 was the main product of the deoxygenation reactions in the gaseous fraction (76.6–86.9 vol%). From the perspective of mass yield and energy density enhancement, 260 °C was considered to be the optimal temperature for torrefaction of SCG.

Thermocatalytic Biomass Processing

The main achievements and procedures in the field of catalytic thermal processing of biomass are considered. Preparation of various valuable liquid products by catalytic biomass pyrolysis is described. The effect of various cations and anions on the yield of liquid and gaseous products of biomass pyrolysis is demonstrated. Catalytic treatment of biomass pyrolysis vapor allows improvement of the quality of liquid products. Modern procedures for catalytic biomass gasification to obtain syngas are analyzed. Production of resin-free syngas requires additional treatment steps. Problems of using catalysts in thermal biomass processing are discussed.

Pyrolysis of Polypropylene Plastic Waste into Liquid Fuel

Plastic is overused in every life application resulting in the accumulation of plastic waste that takes a long time to decompose. An alternative way of handling plastic waste today is to convert plastic waste into fuel oil or called plastic pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is a chemical decomposition of organic matter through a process of heating without or little oxygen in which the raw material will break the chemical structure into a gas phase. One of the factors affecting the pyrolysis process is the heating temperature in the reactor. In this research, the design of the plastic waste pyrolysis tool using the thermal cracking method with a capacity of 500 grams using infrared heating element. The raw materials used are Polypropylene type plastic. The independent variables are temperature variations in the reactor, i.e., 250°C, 300°C, and 350°C. The dependent variable is the mass of plastic waste, operating time, and operating pressure. From the research results, the higher the heating temperature in the reactor, the higher the % yield, density, specific gravity, and volume of liquid product produced. Conversely, the higher the temperature, the lower API Gravity, Heating Value, and Flash Point are.

Catalytic Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Olefins and Alcohols in the Presence of Fe/C Catalysts

Effect of the chemical composition of catalysts for synthesis gas conversion to liquid olefins (carbon fiber-supported iron catalyst (Fe/CF) with promoting additives) and monohydric fatty alcohols (Fe–Co/C carbon-containing composite catalysts) on the main synthesis parameters has been studied. Characteristics of the pore structure and the morphology of test samples of catalysts for the synthesis of liquid olefins and monohydric fatty alcohols have been determined. It has been found that the introduction of promoters leads to significant changes in the characteristics of the pore structure of Fe/CF catalysts, in particular, to an increase in the surface area and average pore diameter of the catalyst. The highest efficiency for liquid olefins is achieved in the presence of a 15%Fe + 1%K/CF catalyst containing 15% Fe2O3 and 1% K2O. The study of synthesis gas conversion to monohydric alcohols has revealed that, for a 20%(Fe–Co)/C catalyst, the optimum ratio is Co : Fe = 1 : 1. This catalyst has a large specific surface area and provides the highest yield of liquid products, the highest efficiency for them, and a high selectivity for monohydric aliphatic fatty alcohols.

Oil Residue Pyrolysis Process in the Presence of Aluminosilicates

This paper presents a study of the pyrolysis process of oil residues in the presence of catalysts based on natural and synthetic aluminosilicates. The process of fast thermal decomposition was studied in a continuous reactor at a residence time of feedstock in the reaction zone less than 20 s. The optimum temperature of oil-sludge decomposition was determined taking into account the yield of gaseous and liquid pyrolysis products. The optimal pyrolysis temperature for the studied feedstock was found to be 600 °C. The study of the effect of the aluminosilicates on the oil-sludge thermal decomposition showed that among the studied catalysts, zeolites were found to be the most active. The highest yield of gaseous and liquid products was observed In the presence of three-dimensional porous pentasil zeolite H-ZSM-5. H-ZSM-5 was found to provide the 40 wt. % yield of liquid and 13.5 wt/ % of gaseous products during the fast oil-sludge pyrolysis at the optimal temperature. In order to reduce the cost of the catalyst used, a catalyst representing a mixture of zeolite H-ZSM-5 and bentonite clay was synthesized. This catalyst also showed high activity in the process of oil-containing residue composition providing 36 w. % yield of liquid products and 10 wt. % of gaseous products. It is interesting to note, that in the presence of the mixed catalyst the highest yield of light liquid fraction (50 wt. %) was obtained.

Simulation of Batch Slow Pyrolysis of Biomass Materials Using the Process-Flow-Diagram COCO Simulator

The commercial COCO simulation program was used to mimic the experimental slow pyrolysis process of five different biomasses based on thermodynamic consideration. The program generated the optimum set of reaction kinetic parameters and reaction stoichiometric numbers that best described the experimental yields of solid, liquid and gas products. It was found that the simulation scheme could predict the product yields over the temperature range from 300 to 800 °C with reasonable accuracy of less than 10% average error. An attempt was made to generalize the biomass pyrolysis behavior by dividing the five biomasses into two groups based on the single-peak and two-peak characteristics of the DTG (derivative thermogravimetry) curves. It was found that this approximate approach was able to predict the product yields reasonably well. The proposed simulation method was extended to the analysis of slow pyrolysis results derived from previous investigations. The results obtained showed that the prediction errors of product yields were relatively large, being 12.3%, 10.6%, and 27.5% for the solid, liquid, and gas products, respectively, possibly caused by differing pyrolysis conditions from those used in the simulation. The prediction of gas product compositions by the simulation program was reasonably satisfactory, but was less accurate for predicting the compositions of liquid products analyzed in forms of hydrocarbons, aromatics and oxygenated fractions. In addition, information on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of biomass in terms of the variation of fractional conversion with time was also derived as a function of temperature and biomass type.