Volatile Yield Research Articles

Do foreign investors have a positive impact on the domestic government bonds market? A panel pooled mean group approach

This study examines foreign investors’ impact on the domestic government bond market’s yield and volatility by employing a pooled mean group (PMG) approach. The study uses the panel data of 38 countries from 2004 to 2018. The study finds that in the whole sample and the sub-set of developing countries, both in the long and short run, a large proportion of foreign investors is associated with a reduction in domestic government bond yields. However, an analysis of foreign investment’s effect on the bond yield’s volatility brought significant results only in the short run, while there is no substantial evidence of any long-run effects. The PMG methodology in this study allows differentiation between the long- and short-run relationships between foreign ownership and bond yield and yield volatility. Our sample allows the analysis and comparison of these relationships in developed and developing countries. We further apply nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to test for potential asymmetry in the relationship, which has not been done in other studies.

Optimization of Steam Distillation Process for Volatile Oils from Forsythia suspensa and Lonicera japonica according to the Concept of Quality by Design

In this study, the process of steam distillation to collect volatile oils from Forsythia suspensa (F. suspensa) and Lonicera japonica (L. japonica) was optimized according to the concept of quality by design. First, the liquid/material ratio, distillation time, and collection temperature were identified as critical process parameters by a review of the literature and single-factor experiments. Then, a Box–Behnken design was used to study the quantitative relationship between the three process parameters, two raw material properties, and the yield of volatile oil. A mathematical model was established with an R2 value exceeding 0.90. Furthermore, the design space of the volatile oil yield was calculated by a probability-based method. The results of a verification experiment showed that the model was accurate and the design space was reliable. A total of 16 chemical constituents were identified in the volatile oil from mixtures of F. suspensa and L. japonica. The content of β-pinene was the highest (54.75%), and the composition was similar to that of the volatile oil of F. suspensa. The results showed that when F. suspensa and L. japonica were distilled together, the main contribution to the volatile oil was from F. suspensa. The volatile oil yield from the combination of F. suspensa and L. japonica was not higher than that from L. japonica.

Modeliranje volatilnosti globalne cene zlata primenom ARCH/GARCH modela

The purpose of this article is to analyse the trend of global gold price yields and volatility with the aim of making effective financial decisions about investments in this precious metal, by applying and comparing the results of ARCH and GARCH competing models, using the lowest values of the chosen information criteria. ARCH and GARCH models are intended for the time series' analysis, with the observed instability of the conditional variance. Gold usually has the function of a safe haven, also serving as a warrantor of monetary stability, especially in times of crisis. On the example of 1,151 daily observations on the gold global price and yield rates, the E-GARCH model was applied, the results of which suggest investors to be cautious in their decision-making since the impact of negative shocks (losses) on yield volatility has a strong long-memory effect, making this investments highly risky, especially in bad economic circumstances.

ВОЛАТИЛЬНОСТЬ ДОХОДНОСТИ АКЦИЙ ПАО «НК «ЛУКОЙЛ» В ТЕЧЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ КРИЗИСОВ

This scientific article devoted to forecasting the stock quotes of PJSC “NK “Lukoil” based on their yield volatility is relevant because it reflects the prospects for investing in the Russian stock market. The purpose of the presented scientific work is to determine the level of volatility of the profitability of shares of PJSC “NK “Lukoil” during periods of economic crises in a globalized world. In accordance with the purpose, the tasks of scientific research have been solved: theoretical approaches to determining the volatility of stock market indicators have been studied; the volatility of the profitability of shares of PJSC “NK “Lukoil” during the global economic crises has been determined and analyzed. In the process of work, general and special scientific methods have been used: analysis, synthesis, and sta-tistical (graphical, tabular, standard deviation, logarithm) methods. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: the values of high volatility of the profitability of shares of PJSC “NK “Lukoil” during peri-ods of global economic crises are determined, on their basis it is possible to predict the beginning of a long-term upward dynamics of the stock quotations of PJSC “NK “Lukoil” after a significant drop in the prices of investment assets of the Russian stock market. The results of the study have practical applica tion because they can help investors build trading strategies, determine the minimum value of the secu-rities of the analyzed Russian oil company, and orient themselves regarding the purchase of shares of this company after a fall in their value accompanied by high volatility of profitability.

Bihevioralne finansije - testiranje hipoteze efikasnog tržišta na Beogradskoj berzi

The goal of this paper is to highlight the limitations and reasons for the failure in modeling and materialization of scientific findings due to the assumption of rational behavior by investors. The confirmed inefficiency in the capital market affects investors in such a way that their decisions are not based on a proper evaluation of financial instruments. The results of the conducted empirical research disprove the hypothesis of traditional finance, which assumes rational decision-making. Therefore, to comprehend the process of investment decision-making, it is necessary to adopt the approach offered by behavioral finance, which incorporates a component of irrationality. The purpose is to analyze Belex15 yields and volatility with the aim of making effective investment decisions by applying and comparing the results of ARCH and GARCH models. These models are designed for time-series analysis, considering the observed instability of conditional variance. Using 2,517 daily logarithmic returns of Belex15, the E-GARCH model was selected, and the results suggest that investors must be cautious in their decision-making as the impact of negative shocks on yield volatility has a strong long-memory effect, making these investments highly risky, especially during unfavorable economic conditions.

Вплив сировинних та технологічних факторів на сорбційні властивості доменного коксу.

The influence of raw material factors (component composition of batches, petrographic characteristics, indicators of proximate and plastometric analyses, granulometric composition) and technological factors (coking period, process temperature) on the sorption properties of the carbonized product (coke) has been studied. Based on the research results, it is shown that such characteristics of coke as low humidity and ash, minimal yield of volatile matters, developed pore system and low cost make its use as a sorbent promising and economically justified. Standardized methods for studying the technological properties of coal and coal blends (particle size distribution, technical analysis, petrographic analysis), as well as special methods for determining the sorption capacity (for alkali and acid) and adsorption activity (for iodine and methyl blue) were used in the study. The qualitative characteristics of coke were studied using physical, mechanical and thermochemical methods to investigate standardized indicators: particle size distribution, fractility (M25), abrasion (M10), reactivity (CRI), and post-reaction strength (CSR). Mathematical statistics methods were used to analyze the influence of raw material factors on the characteristics of coke sorbent. The conducted research made it possible to establish the dependence of the sorption characteristics of coke on the structural features and nature of coal raw materials (yield of volatile matters, vitrinite content) and the structure and degree of readiness of coke (yield of volatile matters coke). The obtained dependences for predicting the alkali and acid sorption capacity and iodine adsorption activity, taking into account the vitrinite content and the volatile matter yield of the charge, are characterised by high correlation coefficients r (0.912 and 0.927 and 0.937, respectively), so they can be recommended for predicting these indicators. Keywords: carbon adsorbents, coke sorbent, sorption capacity, adsorption activity, activation. Corresponding author: D.V. Miroshnichenko, e-mail: dvmir79@gmail.com

Визначення теплоти згоряння рослинної сировини та деревинного вугілля.

DETERMINATION OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF PLANT MATERIAL AND CHARCOAL © D.V. Miroshnichenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences, I.K. Malik (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 61002, Kharkov, Kirpichev str., 2, Ukraine) It has been shown that the calorific value of plant material is related to its elemental composition, in particular the content of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Different types of plant material are characterized by different elemental compositions and, therefore, have different calorific values. The purpose of the work presented in this article was to establish the relationship between the data of rapid analysis (moisture, ash content, volatile matter yield, non-volatile carbon content) and elemental (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen) composition of various types of plant material and charcoal with the value of their higher heating value, as well as the impact of changes in the indicators of technical and elemental analysis on the value of the higher heating value of the studied samples. For the analysis, we used a unique database containing information on the composition and properties of plant material that can be used for the production of biogas, charcoal and torrefied biomass. A total of 362 samples were analyzed. Mathematical dependencies for predicting the higher calorific value of vegetable raw materials and charcoal based on the carbon and oxygen content and the atomic ratios between carbon and oxygen were developed. A statistical analysis of the relationship between the indicators of technical and elemental analyses, as well as the calorific value of 73 charcoal samples was carried out. The analysis of the studied dependencies has shown that they are generally characterized by satisfactory accuracy, as evidenced by the high values of the correlation and determination coefficients. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the calorific value can be predicted with satisfactory accuracy based on the data on the yield of volatile substances or non-volatile carbon. The coefficient of determination in this case is 0,8002. Key words: vegetable raw materials, biomass, charcoal, elemental composition, quality indicators, calorific value, mathematical dependencies. Corresponding author: Denis Viktorovych Miroshnychenko, e-mail: dvmir79@gmail.com

Експериментальне дослідження залежності питомого електричного опору коксу від кінцевої температури

The dependence of the resistivity on the final coking temperature was studied on cokes obtained from the charge of one of the leading coke plants in Ukraine in a laboratory furnace designed by SE "UKHIN" with electric heating. The increase in the final temperature naturally contributes to an increase in coke readiness and the degree of orderliness of its structure. This is manifested in an increase in coke strength (increased resistance to grinding forces and post-reaction strength, reduced abrasion), increased coke density and porosity, reduced reactivity, volatile substance yield and specific electrical resistance. The increase in the final temperature contributes to the deepening of thermochemical polycondensation processes of coke formation, which causes the loss of additional low-molecular weight products, resulting in a slight decrease in the yield of gross coke and its sulphur content with a simultaneous increase in ash content. The previously theoretically substantiated hypothesis about the exponential nature of the dependence of the decrease in the specific electric coke with an increase in the final coking temperature was experimentally confirmed. Processing of the obtained experimental data made it possible to determine the numerical characteristics of this dependence, which makes it possible to determine the rational level of final coking temperatures when producing coke for various applications. In particular, to produce coke with a resistivity not exceeding 0.1 ohm∙cm, the final coking temperature should not be less than 957 oC. This is in line with the practice of coke production. To produce blast furnace coke with a lower resistivity, a higher temperature is required, while to produce ferroalloy coke with a higher resistivity, on the contrary, a lower temperature level is sufficient. Keywords: coal coke, electrical resistivity, final coking temperature, coke readiness, blast furnace coke, ferroalloy coke. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua

Удосконалення приладу для визначення показника питомого електричного опору коксу .

The two-probe method is the most acceptable for an objective assessment of the resistivity of coke, as it allows obtaining a representative sample with minimal time and labor. However, the standards developed on the basis of this method are characterized by large values of random errors, difficulties in taking them into account and eliminating the influence of transient electrical resistances between the electrodes and the coke powder sample due to the inability to ensure the stability of the bulk mass of its column at constant pressure. Elimination of the influence of transient resistances on the measurement result was ensured by improving the pressing unit and the design of the two-probe matrix, as well as replacing the potentiometer, milliammeter, voltmeter, rheostat and battery with a modern measuring unit. DSTU 8831:2019 was developed and put into effect, which makes it possible to obtain the most reliable results of the coke resistivity. To determine the value of the absolute total error, a series of measurements were made on industrial coke from two leading coke plants in Ukraine and laboratory coke produced in the experimental coke oven of the SE "UKHIN" with electric heating. The obtained results show that the values of the resistivity determined from the same sample but at different size classes differ significantly. The requirement to limit the content of the prepared analytical sample to a class of less than 0.05 mm is substantiated. In several cases, the resistivity of samples with the same volatile yield differs significantly, which confirms the thesis that the resistivity of coke is related to its readiness. The confidence interval of the measured resistivity values is significantly lower than its limit value provided by the standard. This makes it possible to use the improved device in studies of the resistivity of coke. Keywords: hard coal coke, resistivity, determination method, measurement error, coke readiness. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua

Modelling Asymmetric Sovereign Bond Yield Volatility with Univariate GARCH Models: Evidence from India

Modelling Asymmetric Sovereign Bond Yield Volatility with Univariate GARCH Models: Evidence from India

Дополнительное освещение как фактор повышения экономической эффективности производства продукции овощеводства защищенного грунта

Due to the imposition of sanctions against Russia, domestic agriculture is faced with the urgent task of providing the population with high-quality food of its own production, reducing the country’s dependence on imported supplies. Particular importance should be given to the development of a vegetable-growing subcomplex that provides the population with fresh vegetables and processed products throughout the year. The authors analyzed the state of the Russian vegetable growing industry. Using the example of the Saratov region, it was revealed that despite the good material and technical base and the level of infrastructure development in greenhouse vegetable growing, one of the main problems of producers of vegetables of protected soil is unstable yields. Yield volatility leads to an insufficient volume of output, which causes significant financial losses for agricultural producers. The key to solving this problem may be modern additional lighting systems, the use of which will help to stabilize the yield of cultivated crops and improve product quality. The article presents the comparative characteristics of greenhouse lamps, as well as the calculation of the economic efficiency of their implementation.

Issues in deep peak regulation for circulating fluidized bed combustion: Variation of NOx emissions with boiler load

In order to improve the consumption of renewable energies, certain amounts of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler units should assume the task of deep peak regulation. However, the effect of CFB boiler load on pollutant emissions such as NOx still needs to be clarified. In this paper, the NOx emission characteristics of two industrial-scale CFB boilers within a wide load range (35%–100%) were further analyzed by using a comprehensive one-dimensional, two-phase CFB mathematical model. Simulation results reveal that, when the load ratio decreases, the NOx emission decreases first and then increases. The non-monotonic variation trend is also confirmed by the operational data collected from the SC-350 boiler. However, for different boilers, the load ratio corresponding to the turning point of NOx emission may be different, e.g., for the 135 MWe super high steam pressure boiler, it is about 40%, while for the 350 MWe supercritical boiler is 50%. On the one hand, the decrease in boiler load leads to a decline in the furnace temperature, which contributes to reducing NOx emission due to the decrease of volatile yields, the lower conversion rate of Vol-N to NOx, and the enhancement of the overall NO reduction on chars. On the other hand, at low loads, the excess air coefficient is generally set to high values, and air staging is weakened, resulting in adverse effects on the NOx emission control. In addition, when the CFB boiler operates at low loads, the solid circulation loop performance usually worsens, and the heat loss caused by incomplete combustion may increase. This study points out that high NOx emission is an unavoidable issue in the process of deep peak regulation for CFB boilers.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and salicylic acid spraying on growth and volatile oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

A field study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of the Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University (located in southern Iraq) , during season growth 2022.The study aims to know the effect of two factors, first one : adding nitrogen at three levels (0, 75 and 150 Kg. N. ha-1 ), second factor : spraying salicylic acid with three different concentrations (0, 100, 200 mg. SA. L-1 ) and their interaction on growth and essential oil yield of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Results showed the significantly superiority of nitrogen fertilizer level 150 Kg. N. ha-1 in all studied characteristics : plant height, branches number, leaves number, fresh weight of the shoot , dry weight of the shoot, volatile oil content and volatile oil yield (46.92cm, 16.89 branch plant-1 ,153.7 leaves plant-1 , 17.49 g plant, 2.66 g plant, 1.02% and 271.0 µL plant-1 , respectively. The peppermint plants sprayed with a concentration (200 mg SA. L-1 ) were significantly superior in plant height, branches number, leaves number, shoot fresh and shoot dry weight (42.88cm, 13.52 branch plant-1 ,129.9 leaf plant-1 , 12.97 g plant-1 and 1.98 g plant-1 ), respectively. While plants treated with concentration (100 mg. SA. L-1 ) gave the highest significant values of volatile oil content and yield of volatile oil ( 0.96 % , 291.9 µL plant), respectively. The interaction treatment (150 Kg. N. ha-1 , with 200 mg SA. L-1 ) gave the highest rates for all the studied except yield of essential oil was a highest in treatment (150 Kg. N. ha-1 , with 100 mg SA. L-1 )

Effect of using activated carbon and graphene oxide on the microwave assisted pyrolysis of expanded polystyrene waste

Polymers are increasingly present in everyday life to replace other materials. Because they are cheap and have attractive mechanical properties, they were and still are produced on a large scale and, consequently, their large volumes in landfills present a challenge for their recycling. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the depolymerization of expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste through the use of microwaves using two agents that have carbon in their constitution to assist in depolymerization: graphene oxide (GO) and activated carbon (AC). Different amounts of GO and AC (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 g) were used, always keeping the mass of the EPS sample constant at 1 g. The tests in the microwave oven were performed in 3 cycles of 4 minutes each, with a total time of 12 minutes per batch. Inside the oven, the sample was placed inside a round-bottomed flask wrapped with rock wool. To characterize the material obtained from depolymerization, a mass balance was performed to evaluate the depolymerization yields associated with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For the sample containing 0.125 g of GO, it was observed the formation of a larger solid fraction, little gaseous fraction and no liquid fraction. The sample with 0.25 g of GO showed the best yield of volatiles, with 22.58% of volatiles, and it was possible to observe both the liquid and the gaseous fractions. When AC catalyst was used the depolymerization extension was lower than GO. Samples containing with 0.125, 0.250 and 0.5 g of AC yielded gaseous fractions of 5.13; 9.16; and 3.06, respectively. In FTIR analysis it was not possible identify the formation of new bands for samples treated with GO or AC, when compared with EPS. Some new degradation peaks, when compared with EPS, were observed in TGA for samples that used GO as catalyst; which can be associated with the formation of more volatile compounds after depolymerization. The samples treated with AC showed a less pronounced reduction in its thermal stability. This study suggests that the heat transfer from the dark particle to the EPS sample is more effective when GO is used which may contribute to the depolymerization of EPS wastes.

Methodological features of long-term forecasting of grain crop yield

The article presents the results of analysis, modeling and formation of long-term forecasts of grain crop yields based on observations of the dynamics of time series of yields in the Russia and USA for a period of more than a century and a half. To increase the reliability and reliability of the forecasting results, it is proposed to use a generalized logistic function, which allows reducing the "error corridor" for large (ten or more years) forecast horizon. This is especially important in conditions of low predictability of climatic environmental factors, environmental crises, sanctions and the accompanying high volatility of yields over significant observation periods.

Electronic Nose Analysis and Statistical Methods for Investigating Volatile Organic Compounds and Yield of Mint Essential Oils Obtained by Hydrodistillation

A major problem associated with the development of medicinal plant products is the lack of quick, easy, and inexpensive methods to assess and monitor product quality. Essential oils are natural plant-derived volatile substances used worldwide for numerous applications. The important uses of these valuable products often induce producers to create fraudulent or lower quality products. As a result, consumers place a high value on authentic and certified products. Mint is valued for essential oil used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health industries. This study investigated the use of an experimental electronic nose (e-nose) for the detection of steam-distilled essential oils. The e-nose was used to evaluate and analyze VOC emissions from essential oil (EO) and distilled water extracts (DWEs) obtained from mint plants of different ages and for leaves dried in the shade or in the sun prior to hydrodistillation. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and artificial neural networks (ANN) were performed on electrical signals generated from electronic nose sensors for the classification of VOC emissions. More accurate discriminations were obtained for DWEs sample VOCs than for EO VOCs. The electronic nose proved to be a reliable and fast tool for identifying plant EO. The age of plants had no statistically significant effect on the EO concentration extracted from mint leaves.

Study on gas content variation and main controlling of low-rank coal in Huanglong Jurassic coalfield

In order to study the controlled factors and variation of gas content in deep low-rank coal reservoirs, taking No.4 coal of Jurassic Yan’an Formation in Huanglong coalfield as an example, collects the production data and prepares the coal samples. Carrying out the coal rock and coal quality test and multi-temperature methane isothermal adsorption experiment to explore the influence of different temperature and pressure conditions on coal adsorption capacity, and analyzes the variation characteristics of gas content with burial depth combined with geological conditions. The results show that the sedimentary, structural and hydrogeological conditions have a certain influence on the formation and preservation of coalbed methane. The gas content increases with the increase of coalification degree and vitrinite content, and decreases with the increase of inertinite content, ash yield and volatile yield. With the increase of moisture, the gas content increased first and then decreased. When the pressure is less than 4 MPa, the adsorption capacity increases about 4-4.7m3/t with the increase of pressure, and the increasing trend slows down when the pressure is greater than 4 MPa. The adsorption capacity decreased more obviously with the increase of temperature when the temperature increased from 25°C to 35°C. Based on the prediction model of saturated adsorption capacity of deep coal reservoirs, it is found that there is a gas content critical conversion depth 800-900 m. The gas content shows a process of rapid increase (<800 m)-slow increase (800–900 m)-gradual decrease (>900 m) with the increase of burial depth. Below 800 m, the positive effect of reservoir pressure is dominant, and the gas content increases with burial depth. Above 900 m, the negative effect of reservoir temperature is dominant, and the gas content decreases with burial depth. The study results provide a theoretical basis for the development of deep low-rank coalbed methane resources.

Manures, vermicompost, and chemical fertilizer impacts on the yield and volatile compounds of the damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) flower petals

Volatile oil from the flower petals of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is one of the most valuable and important raw materials in the perfumery, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the impacts of vermicompost, animal manures, and chemical fertilizer on the flower yield, quantity, and chemical compositions as well as the quality index of the volatile oils from the R. damascena flower petals were assessed during three experimental years (2016–2018). Results indicated that the influences of the organic manures and chemical fertilizer during three experimental years were significant on the volatile oil content and yield and the percentages of some major constituents of the volatile oil. The maximum value of the fresh flower petals weight was obtained from the vermicompost, horse dung manure, and N-P-K fertilizer in the third experimental year. In addition, chemical fertilizer treatment followed by the vermicompost and horse dung manure had the highest essential oil content in the second and third experimental years. The vermicompost, horse dung manure, and N-P-K fertilizer improved the volatile oil yield by 102.6%, 99.9%, and 107.9%, respectively in the third experimental year (2018) with control (non-amendment) in the first experimental year (2016). Furthermore, the main compounds of the R. damascena volatile oils analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS were β-citronellol, geraniol, nonadecane, heneicosane, 1-nonadecane, E-citral (geranial), Z-citral (neral), and α-pinene, which the experimental treatments had significant impacts on their percentages. The highest concentration of monoterpene alcohols (such as β-citronellol and geraniol), as an important quality index, which contributes mainly to the perfumery value of rose oil, were obtained from the vermicompost and animal manures in the third experimental year (64.35%, 65.47%, and 61.53%; vermicompost, horse dung manure, and cow dung manure, respectively). Moreover, the best treatment for β-citronellol/geraniol (C/G) ratio, as a typical characteristic of rose oil, was the cow dung manure in the third experimental year by 1.3. On the other hand, the highest values of hydrocarbons such as heneicosane, n-nonadecane, 1-nonadecene, and docosane were obtained from control and N-P-K fertilizer in the first and second experimental years. In conclusion, to improve the quantity and quality of the damask rose volatile oil and also aromatic plant, applying organic sources such as vermicompost and animal manures are recommended in the semiarid climate.

Micro-pyrolysis of various lignocellulosic biomasses in molten chloride salts

In fast pyrolysis, the use of molten salts (i.e. eutectic mixtures) has shown potential for improving the heating rates of biomass, which is essential when targeting high bio-liquid yields. Techniques that allow faster screening of suitable eutectic salt mixtures for biomass pyrolysis before scaling up, are thus necessary. To validate a technique for rapid molten salt pyrolysis, micro-scale pyrolysis (py-GC-MS) has been carried out at 350 °C. Different chloride salt compositions (melting point of ∼ 200 °C) were tested in micro-pyrolysis of cellulose, pinewood, wheat straw, and softwood/hardwood Kraft lignin, at biomass to salt ratios from 1 to 20 (wt% biomass/wt% salts). Chloride molten salts pyrolysis highly promoted the depolymerization and dehydration of cellulose resulting mainly in the production of furfural and acetic acid, which are of interest when targeting the production of value-added chemicals. However, some of the eutectic mixtures used were not stable because they hydrolyzed (HCl detection) and volatilized during pyrolysis. Hydrolysis of salts was counteracted partially by adding ZnO, and fully by using less ZnCl2 in the eutectic mixture. On the other hand, the volatilization of salts inside the micro-reactor was suppressed by limiting the time at which the salts were kept at reaction temperatures. It was observed that the salts had a major catalytic effect on the pyrolysis volatiles when compared to those from pure lignocellulosic biomass. Molten salts pyrolysis of Lignoboost Kraft lignin selectively produced guaiacol and syringol, whereas pinewood and wheat straw, like cellulose, resulted mostly in the production of furfural and acetic acid. Overall, the yield of volatiles from all lignocellulosic feedstock was less in the presence of chloride molten salts, which indicated that the salts favored the production of char and/or non-condensable gases, instead of volatiles.

Petroleum coking additive is a raw material for production of metallurgical coke. Part 1. Formation of sintering properties of petroleum coking additive (review)

A significant proportion of the entire mass of waste from the oil refining industry is accounted for heavy sour oil residues, and one of the most common solutions in the world is the recycling of these wastes to obtain petroleum cokes. However, the high sulfur content often does not allow to find a qualified application and a market for the obtained sulfide carbon materials. In this work, a review of the scientific and technical literature on the industrial use of petroleum coking additive (PCA) - petroleum coke with a volatile matter yield of 15 to 25%, as a partial replacement for scarce coking coals in the charge in the metallurgical coke production. As a result of the review and analysis of scientific and technical literature, indicators were established that affect the formation of sintering properties of PCA and the boundary conditions for its use as part of a coal charge. It is shown that the use of petroleum coke with a volatile matter yield of less than 15% (wt.) worsens the quality of the obtained metallurgical coke, reducing its strength characteristics CSR and increasing its reactivity CRI, and the introduction into the coal charge from 5 to 50% (wt.) PCA with a content of volatile substances of 15–25% (wt.) provides an improvement in the quality of the resulting metallurgical coke. It is noted that, along with an important indicator, as the yield of volatile substances, which affects the formation of sintering properties of PCA, its group chemical composition, determined by solubility in various solvents (α-, β- and γ-fractions), plays an equally decisive role.The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on NIR 0792-2020-0010 "Development of scientific foundations for innovative technologies for processing heavy hydrocarbon raw materials into environmentally friendly motor fuels and new carbon materials with controlled macro- and microstructural organization of the mesophase."