Total Oil Yield Research Articles

Ash-pretreatment and hydrothermal liquefaction of filamentous algae grown on dairy wastewater

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wastewater microalgae is constrained by the high ash content in the biomass. High ash content causes slagging, fouling, and catalyst deactivation. In this study, batch experiments for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of filamentous algae were carried out in a 1.8-L autoclave reactor to measure the effects of reaction conditions and demineralization on the yields and quality of the products. Nitric acid was the most efficient demineralization acid, halving ash content (27.1 to 13.5 wt%). HTL of untreated algae showed that, as temperature increased from 310 to 350 °C, total bio-crude oil (light + heavy) yield slightly increased (25.4 to 28.0 wt%, dry ash-free). HTL of demineralized algae gave higher total bio-crude oil yields (27.2 to 43.4 wt%, dry ash-free), greater energy recovery (29.5 to 50.9%), higher char yields (22.1 to 32.5 wt%, dry ash-free), and decreased energy consumption ratios (from 1.0 to 0.6) compared to HTL of untreated algae. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the feedstocks revealed slightly higher carbohydrate content in the acid-treated biomass compared to the untreated biomass. Both FT-IR and FT ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy of the bio-crude oils showed no significant difference in the functional groups and heteroatoms in the hexane-soluble bio-crude oil derived from untreated and acid-treated biomass. These results demonstrate that demineralization of wastewater algae is relevant for improving the feasibility of algal wastewater-treatment-to-biofuel systems.

Pyrolysis of Microalgae Chlorella sp. using Activated Carbon as Catalyst for Biofuel Production

Microalgae, as a potential raw material for biofuel, has several advantages compared to other biomass. One effective way to convert microalgae into biofuel is by thermal cracking or pyrolysis, and using a catalyst or not. So far, studies on the use of microalgae, that are converted into biofuels, is still use highly concentrated catalysts in packed bed reactors, which is not economical. Therefore, the aim of this study is to convert Chlorella sp. into biofuels with conventional pyrolysis without and using an activated carbon catalyst using packed bed reactor with bubble column. The reaction temperature is 400–600 °C, pyrolysis time is 1–4 hours, and the active carbon catalyst concentration is 0–2%. The 200 grams of Chlorella sp. and the catalyst was mixed in a fixed bed reactor under vacuum (−3 mm H20) condition. Next, we set the reaction temperature. When the temperature was reached, the pyrolysis was begun. After certain time was reached, the pyrolysis produced a liquid oil product. Oil products are measured for density and viscosity. The results showed that the conventional pyrolysis succeeded in converting microalgae Chlorella sp. into liquid biofuels. The highest yield of total liquid oil is obtained 50.2 % (heavy fraction yield, 43.75% and light fraction yield, 6.44%) at the highest conditions which was obtained with 1% activated carbon at a temperature and pyrolysis time of 3 hours. Physical properties of liquid biofuel are density of 0.88 kg/m3 and viscosity of 5.79 cSt. This physical properties are within the range of the national biodiesel standard SNI 7182-2012. The packed bed reactor completed with bubble column is the best choice for converting biofuel from microalgae, because it gives different fractions, so that it is easier to process further to the commercial biofuel stage. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

PENGARUH PEMUPUKAN N, P DAN K TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS DAN MUTU MINYAK Mentha arvensis

Mentha arvensis is an annual herbaceous plant that produces cornmint oil used for pharmaceutical and food industries. As a source of menthol and dimentolized oil, M. arvensis has a profitable opportunity to be cultivated in Indonesian agroclimate. The research was conducted to obtain the optimal dosages of N, P and K fertilizers, for increasing the yield and oil quality of M. arvensis, planted in Cicurug Research garden (latosol soil, 550 m asl.), by using randomized block design, with two factors, arranged factorially, with 3 replications. First factor was M. arvensis promising number (Mear 0010 and Mear 0012), and fsecond factor was NPK fertilizer, included: a). control, b). 69 kg N + 54 kg P2O5 + 94,5 kg K2O, c). 69 kg N + 72 kg P2O5 + 94,5 kg K2O, d). 69 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 94,5 kg K2O, e). 92 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 126 kg K2O, f). 92 kg N + 72 kg P2O5 + 126 kg K2O, and g). 138 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 + 126 kg K2O per ha. Variables observed were plant height, number of leaf and branch, biomass weight, oil content, free menthol content, and total menthol content. The results showed that application of 92 kg N + 72 kg P2O5 + 126 kg K2O/ha equivalent to 200 kg Urea+ 200 kg SP-36 + 200 kg KCl/ha to M. arvensis, resulted better herb biomass, oil content, total menthol content and oil yield at first harvest compared with other fertilizer treatments. At first harvest, oil and menthol yield were 41 and 25 kg / ha. The uptake of N, P, K nutrients were N > K > P, respectively.

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and drought stress on fatty acids profile of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Abstract Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which influences plant growth and development; and limits plant production. Mycorrhiza-inoculated plants often have greater tolerance to drought stress than non-mycorrhizal plants. In the present study, the effect of drought stress together with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) was investigated on agro-physio-chemical characteristics and oil compositions of sesame. Irrigation level (normal irrigation, mild drought stress, and severe drought stress), and mycorrhizal inoculation (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, and non-inoculated plants) were included as treatments. Combined analysis of variance over 2 years of data revealed that the impact of irrigation and AMF was significant on mycorrhizal root colonization, non-enzymatic antioxidants, leaf phosphorus content, free amino acids and total soluble protein contents, oil yield and compositions, and plant seed yield. Mean comparisons indicated that with increasing severity of drought stress, mycorrhizal root colonization, seed yield, total chlorophyll, total soluble protein, oil yield and percentage, leaf phosphorus, total flavonoid and unsaturated fatty acids diminished. However, the amount of free amino acids, phenol, anthocyanin, carotenoids, saturated fatty acids and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids rose significantly. Severe drought stress diminished the seed yield and unsaturated fatty acids levels by about 65 and 10 %, respectively, but it augmented free amino acids by about 65 %. Both AMF species inoculation treatments increased mycorrhizal root colonization, seed yield, oil yield and percentage, total soluble protein, leaf phosphorus, total chlorophyll, unsaturated fatty acids and all non-enzymatic antioxidants; however, they reduced saturated fatty acids and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids significantly. Thus, for improving quantitative and qualitative traits of sesame, regardless of the drought stress level, AMF inoculation is recommendable.

Nutraceutical Properties of Pecan Kernels Are Affected by Soil Zinc Fertilizer Application

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) has high kernel antioxidant activity and unsaturated fatty acid content, which contribute to its nutraceutical properties. In the western United States, where soils are typically alkaline, pecan trees require frequent zinc (Zn) fertilizer applications to maintain normal canopy growth and nut production. Our objective was to investigate the effects of tree Zn fertilization on nutraceutical properties of ‘Wichita’ and ‘Western’ pecan kernels. Trees were fertilized with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelated Zn, which was applied to the soil at one of three seasonal rates for a total of three treatments: 0 (control), 2.2, or 4.4 kg·ha−1 Zn. Nut samples were collected and homogenized for analyses of kernel oil yield, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, and γ-tocopherol content. Although soil Zn treatments did not significantly affect antioxidant capacity of defatted pecan kernels, Zn application had significant positive effects on both total kernel oil yield and γ-tocopherol content compared with the control. In conclusion, soil application of Zn fertilizer may increase the human health-promoting aspects of pecan kernels, a valuable attribute among health-conscious consumers.

Screening of inexpensive and efficient catalyst for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of ship oil sludge

Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of ship oil sludge is a promising method of recovering oil and gas for further energy replenishment on board. In this study, experiments on catalytic pyrolysis of ship oil sludge with the presence of 10 inexpensive metal additives under microwave irradiation were carried out. The introduction of all metal catalysts enhanced the temperature rising rate of oil sludge. The catalysts promoted the cracking of organic components following the orders of Fe2(SO4)3 > CaO ≈ CaCO3 > NiO > CaSO4 ≈ γ-Al2O3 > CaCl2 ≈ TiO2 > CuSO4 ≈ NiCl2 in terms of total yield of pyrolysis oil and gas. Ca-based catalysts exhibited a better performance on accelerating the formation of alkanes and consequently elevated the heating values of pyrolysis oil. The addition of Fe2(SO4)3, γ-Al2O3 and NiO only gave rise to a mild improvement of oil quality. CaO addition remarkably increased the proportion of H2 and the molar ratio of H2/CO in syngas. In general, CaO was the most beneficial for conversion of ship oil sludge into fuel oil and gas with the characteristic of high heating values. The obtained results provide the references for development of microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of ship oil sludge while sailing.

Low chlorine oil production through fast pyrolysis of mixed plastics combined with hydrothermal dechlorination pretreatment

Fast pyrolysis of the mixed plastics (PE: PP: PS: PVC = 0.5: 0.3: 0.15: 0.05) with and without hydrothermal dechlorination pretreatment were investigated in a fixed bed reactor to determine the effects of pyrolysis parameters (temperature, carrier gas flow rate and particle size) on the distribution and the quality of the products. The results showed that high pyrolysis temperature, high carrier gas flow rate and small particle size promoted the migration of organic chlorine in condensable products to inorganic chlorine in gas products. And the optimal conditions for fast pyrolysis of mixed plastics to produce oil were the pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, carrier gas flow rate of 40 ml/min and particle size of 0.1–0.15 mm with the maximum oil yield of 67.88 wt%. Hydrothermal pretreatment of mixed plastics has shown an excellent dechlorination efficiency of 99.9 %. Furthermore, the total yield of oil and wax was increased by 7.06 wt%, meanwhile the content of C5-C9 components in the pyrolysis oil showed an upward trend when compared with fast pyrolysis without pretreatment. Besides, the concentration of methane achieved 50.68 % due to the possible weakening effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on CC bond energy of β-position.

Geochemical Evaluation of the Hydrocarbon Potential of Shale Oil and Its Correlation with Different Minerals–a Case Study of the TYP Shale in the Songliao Basin, China

Based on routine Rock-Eval experiments conducted on the source rock and dichloromethane-extracted portions of the same samples, total oil yield was calculated and compared with those obtained from the classic calculation equations. For shale in the early maturity and oil window, there is a large quantity of heavy constituents in the adsorbed state due to the carry-over and confinement effect, which leads to a lower calculated total oil yield. Therefore, S1e should be counted in the total oil yield when calculating the total oil yield. The original TOC was restored through a series of calculations. The ratio of the original TOC to the present-day TOC is between 1 and 1.79, with an average of 1.28. Therefore, it is not necessary to restore the original TOC through a series of complex calculations for shale source rocks with low to medium maturities and high residual TOC. Total oil yield is correlated with the siliceous and clay mineral to some extent, but it is poorly correlated with the carbonate mineral. Some special forms of organic sulfur may help enhance kerogen conversion to oil, which facilitates the shale to produce more oil during the early hydrocarbon generation stage.

Castor LPCAT and PDAT1A Act in Concert to Promote Transacylation of Hydroxy-Fatty Acid onto Triacylglycerol.

Oilseeds produce abundant triacylglycerol (TAG) during seed maturation to fuel the establishment of photoautotrophism in the subsequent generation. Commonly, TAG contains 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA), but plants also produce oils with unique chemical properties highly desirable for industrial processes. Unfortunately, plants that produce such oils are poorly suited to agronomic exploitation, leading to a desire to reconstitute novel oil biosynthesis in crop plants. Here, we studied the production and incorporation of hydroxy-fatty acids (HFA) onto TAG in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing the castor (Ricinus communis) FAH12 hydroxylase. One factor limiting HFA accumulation in these plants is the inefficient removal of HFA from the site of synthesis on phosphatidylcholine (PC). In Arabidopsis, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPCAT) cycles FA to and from PC for modification. We reasoned that the castor LPCAT (RcLPCAT) would preferentially remove HFA from PC, resulting in greater incorporation onto TAG. However, expressing RcLPCAT in Arabidopsis expressing FAH12 alone (line CL37) or together with castor acyl:coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 reduced HFA and total oil yield. Detailed analysis indicated that RcLPCAT reduced the removal of HFA from PC, possibly by competing with the endogenous LPCAT isozymes. Significantly, coexpressing RcLPCAT with castor phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase increased novel FA and total oil contents by transferring HFA from PC to diacylglycerol. Our results demonstrate that a detailed understanding is required to engineer modified FA production in oilseeds and suggest that phospholipase A2 enzymes rather than LPCAT mediate the highly efficient removal of HFA from PC in castor seeds.

Impact of Soil Rhizobacteria Inoculation and Leaf-Chewing Insect Herbivory on Mentha piperita Leaf Secondary Metabolites.

Secondary metabolites commonly play important physiological roles in plants and can be modified quantitatively and qualitatively by exposure to biotic and abiotic interactions. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and herbivory induce systemic resistance. In the present study, we analyzed the induction of secondary metabolites in peppermint plants in response to chewing insect herbivory on PGPR-inoculated Mentha piperita plants. The secondary metabolites of M. piperita plants were increased when plants were inoculated with PGPR and also exposed to caterpillar herbivory. It was found that the total essential oil yield in inoculated plants with insect damage was ~2.6-fold higher than in controls. The yield was similar to that of plants either damaged by insects or inoculated, indicating that there was no synergism. The same trend was observed for phenolic compounds. In contrast, VOC emissions were significantly higher in plants infested by insects, independent of whether they were inoculated. Insect damaged plants had 5.5 times higher monoterpene emissions than control plants, and ~ 2-fold higher emissions than on PGPR-inoculated plants without insects. To gain a better understanding of how herbivory on PGPR-inoculated plants can cause an increase in secondary metabolites of peppermint, we examined changes in plant defense hormones in inoculated plants after herbivory. We found that the combination of both treatments increased the endogenous jasmonic and salicylic acid levels to the same extent as in plants only inoculated or only insect-damaged. Because different interactions can alter the phytochemistry of plants such as M. piperita, this topic is both ecologically and economically relevant.

Effects of Solvent to Feed Ratio and Microwave Power on Extraction of Essential Oil from Red Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava l.) Using Microwave Hydro Distillation Method

Essential oils are typically hydrophobic liquid mixture of natural products containingoil, volatile, and aromatic compounds extracted from plant species. This experiment was used microwave hydro distillation as extraction method to obtain the essential oils due to its efficiency. The purpose of both treatments used to increase total yield of essential oil from red guava leaves. Completely randomized design was used as experimental design with two variables and run in triplicate. The first variable is solvent to feed ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1) and the second variable is microwave power (300W and 450W). The results showed that the ratio of solvent to feed (7:1) and microwave power (450W) has the highest yield and best quality of essential oils. The best variable has some parameters, particularly yield of 1.24%, refractive index of 1.49, and density of 0.78 g/ml. Analysis of essential oil profile has some abundance compounds, namely naphtalene or β-seline at 24.45%, neointermedeol at 17.97%, and caryophyllene at 16.04%. Moreover, the IC50 value has an antioxidant activity of 41.95 ppm.

Effect of Composition of Iron-Cobalt Oxide Catalyst and Process Parameters on The Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sugarcane Bagasse

Development of catalyst with high deoxygenation activity and optimum process parameters are the key for getting the highest biooil yield with the least oxygen content by hydrothermal liquefaction. With this view, iron-cobalt oxides of Co/Fe ratio 0.33, 1.09, 2.35, and 3.52 were prepared by co-precipitation method, and characterized by XRD, BET surface area, chemical composition by EDX method, and evaluated for hydrothermal liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse in a high-pressure batch reactor under subcritical conditions using CO as process gas to find the optimum Co/Fe ratio and process parameters. Optimum Co/Fe ratio was found to be 1.09 as it gave the highest bio-oil yield of 57.6% with the least oxygen content of 10.8%, attributed to the cobalt ferrite, the major phase present in it. The optimum temperature, initial CO pressure, water/biomass ratio, catalyst/biomass ratio and reaction time for the highest oil yield with the least oxygen content were found to be 250 °C, 45 bar, 28, 0.4, and 120 min, respectively. From the effect of reaction time, it was found that much of the hydrolysis of lignocellulose to water soluble oxygenates, its deoxygenation to bio-oil and its deoxygenation to low oxygen containing bio-oil took place in initial 15 min, 15 to 60 min, and from 30 to 120 min, respectively. Total oil yield (%) was lower by 21% and % oxygen in total oil was higher by 9.9% for spent catalyst compared to fresh catalyst indicating the erosion in the deoxygenation activity of catalyst and thus need for improving its hydrothermal stability. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Klasifikasi Opini Terhadap Pertanian Sawit (Palm Oil) Indonesia Menggunakan Naïve Bayes

Dalam tiga tahun terakhir ini produksi pertanian sawit dinilai sangat meningkat. Indonesia merupakan negara penyumbang sawit terbanyak Bersama Malaysia yakni 85-90% dari total kesluruhan hasil sawit dunia. Dengan banyaknya informasi terhadap sawit Indonesia di twitter sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk melihat opini masyarakat tentang sawit Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini berhasil mengumpulkan data tweet dari 28 Agustus 2019 sampai dengan 21 Juni 2018 menghasilkan 1015 tweet. Agar bisa melihat tweets tersebut maka dikelompokan perkategori menjadi postif, negatif dan netral, kemudian tweets tersebut diklasifikasikan dengan menggunakan metode naïve bayes dan menggunakan tools Orange. Sedangkan untuk melakukan crawling data memanfaatkan fasilitas API Twitter. Dari 1015 data tweets tersebut 70% digunakan untuk data training dan 30% untuk data testing. Dalam penerapan kalisifikasi dengan metode naïve bayes ini menghasilkan akurasi rata-rata akurasi 0.83337 % untuk rata-rata seluruh kategori, untuk precision memperoleh 0.80303% untuk rata-rata seluruh kategori, dan untuk recall menghasilkan 0.90853% untuk seluruh rata-rata kategori. Dengan tingkat akurasi tersebut metode naïve bayes berjalan sesuai dengan harapan.

Study on new decolorization technology of waste lubricating oil

The decolorization and regeneration of waste lubricating oil is an important measure to prevent pollution and protect the environment. In view of the serious pollution of the traditional decolorization process of waste lubricating oil, according to the reasons for the color of waste lubricating oil, the decolorization effect of waste lubricating oil under different experimental conditions was investigated by the combination of chemical method and adsorption method, taking the total decolorization rate and total oil yield rate as evaluation indexes. The experimental results showed that: in 150 g waste lubricating oil, the mass fraction of 22% ammonium chloride solution was added, the upper layer was taken after centrifugation, and the decolorization rate was up to 11.74%. 30 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide solution was added into the obtained upper layer solution, and the upper layer was centrifuged and the total decolorization rate was 19.19%. Then attapulgite clay was used to adsorb and depressurize the obtained upper solution, through single factor experiment, the better conditions of adsorption decompression filtration were obtained as follows: attapulgite clay content was 15% of the mass fraction of waste lubricating oil, decolorization temperature was 50°C, pressure of 65.6-66.7 kPa was reduced for 5 minutes. After the above decolorization steps, the total decolorization rate and total oil yield of waste lubricating oil are 84.31% and 79.32%, respectively.

Evaluation method for resource potential of shale oil in the Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, China

The widely distributed, thick Chang 7 Shale is the richest shale oil formation in China. A calculation method for the evaporative hydrocarbon recovery coefficient based on formation volume factor is proposed considering the correction of heterogeneity-based total organic carbon differences to improve the adsorbed oil calculation method, and light hydrocarbon evaporative sampling losses, which can make mobile and total oil calculations more accurate. The adsorbed oil, S1 evaporative loss, total oil yield, and movable oil yield of 200 shale samples from the Chang 7 Member were calculated using the new methods. Results show that S1 evaporative loss accounts for 29% of S1, total oil yield is 3.5 times S1, and movable oil yield accounts for 37% of total oil yield. Based on the calculated total oil yield and movable oil yield results, the relationships among total oil yield, movable oil yield, and total organic carbon of the Chang 7 were established yielding total oil yield and movable oil yield estimates of 11.12 × 109 t and 4.01 × 109 t, respectively, revealing its tremendous shale exploration potential.

Effect of Fe-modified ZSM-5 catalyst during microwave assisted pyrolysis of Mengdong lignite for the oil production

Microwave catalytic pyrolysis of Mengdong lignite by Fe-modified ZSM-5 catalysts was studied. The effects of pyrolysis method and the ZSM-5 molecular sieves loading different amounts of Fe2O3 on the total tar yield were investigated. The results show that the microwave heating technology could effectively improve the yield of lignite pyrolysis tar; In the conventional pyrolysis, the total yield of raw coal pyrolysis oil was 2.19%. When the Fe2O3 loading was 5%, the catalyst had the best effect with the yield of 3.56%, and the increase rate was 62.56%; Under microwave condition, the pyrolysis oil yield of raw coal is 6.43%. When the Fe2O3 loading increased from 0 to 10%, the total yield of tar increased from 7.02% to 9.47%. When the Fe2O3 loading was 10%, the catalyst had the best effect with the increase rate of 62.56%.

Melia dubia Cav. spatial geometries influence the growth, yield and essential oil principles content of Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees Ex Steud.) W.Watson

The present study was carried out to screen out the suitable spatial geometry of Melia dubia, an industrially important fast-growing multipurpose tree, for Cymbopogon flexuosus by evaluating its growth, physiology, herbage, and essential oil yield and major essential oil principles. The experiment was conducted in 2 years old M. dubia plantations of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 2, 4 × 4 and 4 × 2 m spatial arrangement. The study revealed that growth, physiological attributes, fresh and dry herbage production and essential oil yield were higher under silvi-medicinal (M. dubia–C. flexuosus) systems as compared to sole cropping. Among studied silvi-medicinal systems, C. flexuosus attained significantly maximum plant height (109.62 cm), number of tillers (36.25 tillers/clump), plant spread (75.83 cm2) and leaf area (cm2/leaf) under 4 × 4, 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 2 × 2 m spatial geometries, respectively. Leaf area index and specific leaf weight did not bear any significant effect due to land use systems. Chlorophyll content index (26.62) and leaf nitrogen (1.03%) was maximum under 3 × 2 and 3 × 3 m spatial geometries. Significantly higher total fresh (12.94 tonne/ha) dry herbage yield (6.53 tonne/ha) was highest in 3 × 3 m and 2 × 2 m spatial geometry, respectively. However, it was the least (8.21 tonne ha−1) in C. flexuosus sole cropping. M. dubia (3 × 3 m)–C. flexuosus tree–crop combination provided higher total oil yield (108.78 kg ha−1). The major essential oil principles viz., Citral-a, Citral-b and Geranyl acetate were higher under 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 2 × 2 m M. dubia spatial geometry. The study pinned out that tree–crop interactions under different M. dubia spatial geometries were positive and hence C. flexuosus could be adopted as intercrop for better quantitative and qualitative attributes.

Evaluating the total oil yield using a single routine Rock-Eval experiment on as-received shales

Shales in the early maturity and oil window stages contain a considerable amount of heavy hydrocarbons (S2oil) having strong interactions with kerogen/rock that make the accurate measurement of total oil (total extractable organic matter) more difficult from the routine Rock-Eval experiment. In this study, a fast method for evaluating the total oil yield using a single routine Rock-Eval experiment on as-received shales is proposed. First, the temperature threshold (TOK) of the S2oil and cracking hydrocarbons were determined by combining the pyrograms of the as-received shale with a solvent-extracted replicate. Then, the total oil yield was directly derived from the hydrocarbons evaporate at a temperature below than TOK in a routine Rock-Eval experiment. The results show that the TOK value is controlled by the sample’s maturity and pore structure. The higher the maturity, the larger the specific surface area and the smaller the pore size, the greater the TOK. A prediction model of TOK was proposed based on the sample’s production index (PI). The total oil yields estimated by the two methods of both the TOK prediction model and the average TOK value (465 °C) are consistent with those obtained by Jarvie (2012) using the thermal-extraction method with correlation coefficients of 0.983 and 0.9548, respectively. Compared with the previous methods, the single routine Rock-Eval experiment method proposed in this study is convenient and not requires an extraction experiment. In addition, there are archived routine pyrolysis data available that can be used to directly calculate the total oil yield based on the temperature threshold.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of Galdieria sulphuraria grown on municipal wastewater

Two strains of Galdieria sulphuraria algae, 5587.1 and SOOS, were grown on municipal wastewater to develop energy-positive treatment systems. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of 5–10 wt% algal biomass solids was conducted at 310–350 °C for 5–60 min to produce bio-crude oil. HTL product yields and energy recovery were compared to those from previous studies using G. sulphuraria grown on a modified Cyanidium medium. Total bio-crude oil yields were lower (11.2–23.0 wt%) and char yields were higher (22.6–36.4 wt%) for HTL of algae grown on actual wastewater compared with that grown on media (31.4 wt% and 4.8 wt%, respectively), indicating a potential limitation for using yields from media-based studies. High-resolution mass spectroscopy of bio-crude oil provides new insights into differences in composition based on growth media. Energy recovery in total bio-crude oil and char at 350 °C was 17–28% and 14–19%, respectively, for the 5587.1 strain, and 23–27% and 14–25%, respectively, for the SOOS strain.

Study on the process of oil recovery from oil sludge and tailing oil sands by blending extraction

The raw materials of this study were oilfield sludge and the tailings extracted from the oil sands of Yumen. The mineral composition and particle size distribution were characterized by X-ray diffraction and gradient screening. In this study, we put forward a new process of oil sludge and oil sand tailings blending extraction. Tailings mainly contained high crystallinity of quartz and calcium carbonate. Tailings with particle size greater than 75 μm accounted for more than 95%. Oil sludge mainly contained clay minerals. Through the co-extraction experiment of different proportions of oil sludge and tailings, we can get the best condition of blending extraction. The results showed that m (tailing oil sands): m (oil sludge) = 0.5, v (solvents): m (sample) = 2, temperature 60 °C and contact time 20 minutes were the optimum technological conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of the first stage co-extraction was up to 81.8%. The total yield of secondary co-extraction oil was up to 89.4%. This study overcame the problem of low yield of oil extracted from oil sludge.