Yield Of Shallot Research Articles

Effect of additive intercropping with peanut and organic-silicate-biofertilizer combinations on growth and yield of shallots

Allium crops including shallot have been reported to have a high dependency on symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and have a high requirement for fertilizers. This study aimed to examine the effects of additively intercropping shallot with peanut and application of different combinations of organic-silicate-mycorrhiza-bio-fertilizer on growth and yield of several varieties of shallots. The field experiment for this study was designed according to Split Split-Plot design, with three blocks and three treatment factors, namely additive intercropping as the main plots (T0 = without; T1 = with shallot-peanut intercropping), shallot varieties as the subplots (V1 = Bima Brebes; V2 = Ketamonca; V3 = Super Philip), and fertilizer combinations as the sub-subplots (P1 = NPKS fertilizer only; P2 = NPKS+organic+silicate; P3 = NPKS+organic+silicate+mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer). Results indicated that among the treatment factors, fertilizer combination showed the most significant effects on growth and yield of shallot, and both fertilizer combinations containing silicate and organic fertilizer (P2 and P3) significantly increased yield of shallot, especially the P3 fertilizer combination, which contained mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer. Although intercropping with peanut showed no significant effects on all observation variables, there was a significant three-way interaction effect on shallot yield, which indicated different responses between varieties to intercropping and fertilizer combinations, in which yield of Ketamonca (V2) was not affected by intercropping but yield of Bima Brebes (V1) was reduced by intercropping, whereas yield of Super Philip (V3) was increased by intercropping it with peanut, especially under fertilizer combination containing mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer (P3).

The responses of soil enzyme and microbial activities of shallot plantation under treatments of Liquid Organic Biofertilizer and sprout extract and its effect on the yield

Soil enzymes activities can be used to measures of microbial activity, soil productivity, soil ecology and fertility. Soil enzyme and microbial activities act as the indicators of soil health. The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of liquid organic biofertilizer and sprout extract on soil enzyme and microbial activities and their effect in shallot yield. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with three different treatments as following liquid organic biofertilizer (LOB), sprout extract (SE), and mixed of liquid organic fertilizer and sprout extract. The result showed that treatment of LOB gave the highest activity of phosphomonoesterase and urease measured, and followed by SE, LOB+SE and control. The LOB treatment showed the highest microbial respiration as also indicated in the highest population number of total bacteria. However, LOB + SE treatment gave the highest number of IAA producing bacteria as well as the yield of shallot. Therefore, it is confirmed from this work that application of liquid organic biofertilizer and sprout extract potentially could increase soil enzyme activities, microbial population number and the yield of shallot.

IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC MULCH EFFECTS ON WEED DIVERSITY AND SHALLOT (Allium ascalonicum L.) PRODUCTIVITY

Shallot cultivation in North Kalimantan has not been implemented properly. This is because the soil in North Kalimantan is acid so the yield of shallot is low. One effort to increase soil pH using organic mulch. Organic mulch has the function of maintaining soil moisture and inhibiting the growth of weeds so that shallot cultivation can grow well. This study aims to determine the effects of organic mulch on weed diversity and yield of shallot. The study was conducted using Randomized Block Design with the treatment without mulch (P0), Imperata cylindrica mulch (P1), Cyperus rotundus mulch (P2), Eleusine indica mulch (P3) and Cynodon Dactylon mulch (P4). The results showed that the parameters of shallot using Cyperus rotundus mulch and Eleusine indica mulch increased the number of tubers is 11.57%. In this study, species of weeds had the highest a on each treatment were species Elusine indica on without mulch (21.93%), Cyperus rotundus mulch (54.26%), and Eleusine indica mulch (28.79%). Then, species Borreria latifolia on Imperata cylindrica mulch (28.79%), and species Cynodon dactylon on Cynodon dactylon mulch (47.21%).

Flowering and yield of true shallot seed from bulb and different seedling age vernalized at low temperature

True Shallot Seed (TSS) is an alternative source of shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) seeds. The constraint of TSS production currently being developed is bulb seeds availability which is limited in a timely manner, amount and quality. The study aim was to observe flowering response from bulb-to-seed method compared to seedling (seed-to-seed method). The study was conducted in Margahayu Experimental Field, IVegRI, Lembang (1,250 m asl) from February to December 2017. The randomized block design with 4 replications was used. The treatments include bulb seeds that are vernalized at 10 °C for 4 weeks, vernalized TSS then 6 weeks sowing, vernalized seedlings aged 4, 5, 6, and 7 weeks at 10 °C for 3 weeks, and non-vernalized seedlings aged 6 weeks. The variety used is Trisula. Observations included vegetative and generative parameters. Data were analysed with ANOVA and DMRT test at the 5% level. The results showed that TSS plant material resulted in higher flowering and TSS production compare to that derived from bulb. Six-weeks vernalized seedling produce the highest florets number per umbel, seed weight per umbel and per plant. Results of the experiment indicate that TSS from seedling showed potential for further development.

Utilization of biochar and Trichoderma harzianum to promote growth of shallot and remediate lead-contaminated soil

This study aimed to determine the effect of biochar and Trichoderma harzianum toward lead removal in soil, lead absorption, lead content in plant tissue also growth and yield of shallot cultivated on lead-contaminated soil. The experimental design used was a completely factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was corn cobs biochar which was applied 1 week after basic fertilizer treatment and consisted of 4 levels, namely B0: without biochar, B1: 2.5 t ha-1, B2: 5 t ha-1, and B3: 10 t ha-1. The second factor was the dosage of liquid of Trichoderma harzianum, namely TR0: without T.harzianum, TR1: 10 mL L-1, and TR2: 20 mL L-1, which was applied three times at 14, 28 and 42 days after planting. Data were analyzed using the F test and continued with DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) at P= 0.05 level. The results showed that the application of 5 t biochar ha-1 was able to remove lead and decreased lead uptake in plants. Application of T. harzianum could remove and decrease absorption in plant tissue biochar was not able to increase the growth of shallot while T. harzianum increased the number of leaves and the number of tubers.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Nerium oleander L. terhadap Populasi dan Intensitas Serangan Spodoptera exigua (Hubner.) dan Pengaruhnya pada Produksi Bawang Merah

Penggunaan insektisida dalam pengendalian hama telah menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif terutama terjadinya kerusakan ekosistem pertanaman. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan insektisida kimia sintetis adalah dengan memanfaatkan bahan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai pestisida nabati. Tumbuhan bunga mentega (Nerium oleander Linn.) memiliki potensi sebagai insektisida nabati karena mengandung zat oleandrin yang dapat bekerja sebagai racun perut dan penghambat daya makan larva. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak daun bunga mentega N. oleander pada pertanaman bawang merah verietas Lembah Palu Allium cepa var. aggregatum terhadap padat populasi dan intensitas serangan hama ulat bawang Spodoptera exigua dan hasil produksi bawang merah di lahan kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei 2018 sampai bulan Februari 2019. di Desa Sidera, Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 6 perlakuan yaitu K0: tanpa ekstrak, K1: ekstrak N. oleander 2,69 g/L, K2: ekstrak N. oleander 5,38 g/L, K3: ekstrak N. oleander 10,75 g/L, K4: ekstrak N. oleander 21,5 g/L, dan K5: ekstrak N. oleander 43,0 g/L. Variabel pengamatan meliputi padat populasi dan intensitas serangan ulat bawang S. exigua dan produksi bawang merah. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis varians yang dilanjutkan dengan uji BNJ 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi 43,0 g/L menekan populasi dan intensitas serangan larva S. exigua masing-masing sebesar 1,58 ekor menjadi 0,71 ekor dan 2,79% menjadi 0,71%. Produksi yang dicapai meningkat pada perlakuan K5 yakni dari 4,97 t/ha menjadi 8,67 t/ha.

Effect of Chicken Manure and Mulch Types to Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Lowland

Aims: The research aimed to study the interaction between chicken manure dose and mulch type to growth and yield of shallot in lowland.
 Study Design: Factorial design in Randomized complete block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in experimental garden of Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia from September-December 2019.
 Methodology: Factorial design with 3 factors in block randomized design was used in the research. The first factor chicken manure dose that consisted of three degrees (30 ton/ha, 40 ton/ha and 50 ton/ha). The second factor was type of mulch that consisted of two degrees (black plastic mulch and silver plastic mulch). The observed parameters were height of plant, number of leaves, number of bulb per clump and dry weight per hectare. The data was analyzed by using F test in 5% and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test in 5%.
 Results: The result showed that the interaction between chicken manure and mulch type did not affect the growth and yield of shallot.
 Conclusion: Chicken manure and mulch type were not effective to use for increasing the growth and yield of shallot in same time.

Increasing Shallot Production in Marginal Land Using Mulches and Coconut Husk Fertilizer

The study aimed to obtain the type of mulch and the doses of liquid organic fertilizer proper waste coconut husks in modifying microclimate around crops to obtain the maximum yield of shallot in the dryland. The research was used a factorial randomized complete block design consisting of two factors. The first factor consisting mulches, M1 = silver-black plastic mulch and M2 = straw mulch. The dose of liquid organic fertilizer from coconut husks was the second factor. It is consisting of S0 = without fertilizer, S1 = 500 L ha-1, S2 = 750 L ha-1 and S3 = 1000 L ha-1. The results showed that the application of a combination of mulch and liquid organic fertilizer coconut husk waste significantly affected plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, and the bulb yield. Straw mulch with coconut husks waste dose of 1000 L ha-1 resulted in plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers and highest bulb yield compared with other treatments. The highest bulb yield was obtained with 9.63 t ha-1.

Growth and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) on different types of media and nutrient solution on hydroponic wick system

Effect of planting media and nutrient solutions and their interaction on growth and yield of shallot on hydroponic wick system was studied. The study was conducted in a screen house. A two factor experiment with three replications, arranged in randomized completed block design, was carried out. First factor was types of planting media i.e. sand, sand+husk charcoal (1:1), and sand+sawdust (1:1). Second factor was types of nutrient solution i.e. AB Mix, fermented urine of rabbit, and fermented vermicompost. Observed variables were plant height, leaf, tiller, and bulb number, root volume, total root length, plant fresh weight, and bulb dry weight. Data were analysed by F test followed by DMRT at a 5% error level. Results showed that shallot grown on sand+sawdust was the lowest, but types of media did not have significant effect on the other variables; plants supplied with fermented vermicompost nutrient solution had the lowest values for all observed variables. It was concluded that 50% substitution of sand with husk charcoal or sawdust did not reduce yield of shallot; solution of fermented urine of rabbit could replace solution of AB Mix, but solution of fermented vermicompost could not replace AB Mix solution for growing shallot on wick system.

Growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) Lokananta in various doses of nitrogen fertilizers and number of plant per hole in coastal sandy land

This research aimed to determine the effect of N fertilizer dose, number of plant/hole, and their interaction on the growth and yield of shallots. The research used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors: various doses of N fertilizer (P) (P1=90, P2=180, and P3=270 N kg/ha) and number of plant/hole (T) (T1=1, T2=2, T3=3, and T4=4). The observed variables were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stomata opening width, stomata density, weight of fresh and dry leaf, root and tuber, fresh and askip tuber yield, root length, number of roots, number of tubers, and tuber diameter. Obtained data were analyzed using F test then followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) of 5% level if diversity occur. The results showed that N fertilizer of 180 kg/ha produced higher plant height (25.78 cm), density of morning and evening stomata (71.86/mm2 67.03/mm2, respectively) with fresh tubers yield of 8.48 t/ha. One plant/hole showed higher yield of tuber diameter (4.68 cm), two plants/hole showed higher height (25.67 cm), and four plants/hole showed higher number of leaves (9.38 strands), roots (73.56 strands), and tubers (4 pieces). There was no interaction between both factors to the observed variables.

Potassium fertilizer doses and local microorganism concentration affecting growth and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)

This study aimed to determine the effect of potassium fertilizer doses, Local Microorganism concentrations, and the interaction between the two factors on the growth and yield of shallots. The study applies Randomized Block Design with 3 x 4 Factorial and 3 replications. The observed factors were potassium fertilizer at 3 levels each of control, 100, and 200 kg ha-1 and Local Microorganisms at 4 levels each of 0, 75, 150, and 225 ml L-1). The highest yield potential of the shallots was found at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 potassium fertilizer. The highest diameter of shallot bulbs was initiated at 150 ml L-1 of Local Microorganism concentration, but it was not significantly different from the control treatment. The combination of a potassium fertilizer dose of 200 kg ha-1 and a local liquid microorganism concentration of 75 ml L-1 provide the highest growth and yield of shallots.

Amelioration and variety selection to increase shallot yield in peatlands

Productivity can be achieved by improving fertility and using adaptive varieties. The research aimed to determine the effect of ameliorant types and onion varieties on soil properties and shallot yield in peatlands. The research was carried out on degraded peatland in Kalampangan, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan from April to September 2017. The experiment was arranged using a factorial randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was the ameliorants type (A1 = 100% manure, A2 = 50% rice husk biochar + 50% manure, A3 = 50% rice husk ash + 50% manure, and A4 = compost formulated from 40% weeds + 40% manure + 20% agricultural lime). The second factor was the shallot variety of Bima and Bauji. Observation variables included available P, exchangeable K, plant growth and yields. Manure was better than others for increasing the availability of P and K. The highest yield of shallot obtained by Bauji variety which applied ameliorant 100% manure. Shallot yields in peatland were more influenced by ameliorant type than varieties so the ameliorant was very important for the success of shallot development in peatland. The Bauji variety is quite adaptive in peatlands, so it can be recommended for larger development.

Application of Mycorrhizae and Beauveria in Organic Farming System Effectively Control Leafminers and Enhance Shallot Production

An increasing studies related with the detrimental effects of agrochemicals suggested the advantage of biofertilizers and biopesticides uses to support the sustainable farming system. This study aimed to evaluate the response of shallot ‘Lembah Palu’ with the application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb) under organic farming system. A split-plot experiment was designed to combine Bb at two intervals (every 5 and 10 days) and AM with three rates (0; 5; and 10 g per plant). Leafminer population and infestation, root colonization, root biomass, and shallot yield were observed. Application of the AM and Bb affected shallot production and leafminer infestation, independently. Mycorrhizae application increased the root biomass and yield of shallot but gave negligible effects on population and leafminer attack. The shallot production with no mycorrhizae was significantly lower compared to both mycorrhizae application rates of 5 g and 10 g. The application of B. bassiana every 5 days was more effective in suppressing the population and infestation of leafminers compared to that every 10 day-treatment. The study points out the positive contribution of the mycorrhizae and B. bassiana in the shallot cultivation and supports the implementation of the organic farming system.

Response of shallots growth and yield to phosphate fertilizer and Trichoderma application on peat soil

Cultivating shallots on peat soils is quite challenging since it is considered less fertile regarding its high organic acid content and low nutrient availability. Trichoderma, as one of the plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF), is beneficial to promote shallots growth. However, there is still lack of information concerning its effectiveness and interaction effect with inorganic P fertilizer in peat soils. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Trichoderma application and P fertilization on the growth and yield of shallots on peat soils. A pot experiment arranged in a completely randomized design was conducted with two treatment factors. The first factor was P fertilizer comprised four application rates: 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha−1. Meanwhile, as the second factor, Trichoderma treatment consisted of four application rates: 0, 2, 4, and 6 g plant−1. The results showed an interaction effect of P treatment and Trichoderma on shallots growth and yield. A treatment combination of 2 g plant−1 Trichoderma without P fertilizer addition increased yield by 34% compared to control. This yield was relatively similar to 100 kg ha−1 P fertilizer without Trichoderma addition. It is proved that the Trichoderma application could reduce inorganic P fertilizer input.

The application of solar water pump for drip irrigation to increase shallot yield on dry land

Solar Water Pump Irrigation System (SIPTS) is a renewable energy to solve water problem in agriculture. SIPTS could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and draw water to agricultural lands through supplementary irrigation. The objectives of research are to design a SIPTS for drip irrigation and to calculate the irrigation efficiency of SIPTS and GHG emission reduction. The results of the study indicate that the use of SIPTS could save fuel consumption from 70 to 14 L ha−1 season−1, resulting in a savings of 400%. Furthermore, the use of SIPTS could reduce GHG emissions originating from the use of hydrocarbon materials from 0.176 to 0.035 t of CO2 which is more environmentally friendly. In addition, the results of water content analysis show that the use of SIPTS with streamline drip irrigation has relatively higher water content than that of farmers’ irrigation practices, this indicates that irrigation system is more effective in distributing water horizontally and vertically. Likewise, plant growth and shallot yield represented indicate higher growth and yield compare to farmers’ practices.

Innovation of chili and shallot technology in supporting to development of horticultural commodities of dry land with dry climate (case study in Sugian Village, Sambelia Subdistrict, East Lombok District)

Horticultural technology innovation is needed for agricultural development to fulfil nutrition and increase economic value. The research objectives were (1) Obtaining data on the socio-economic characteristics of agriculture on dry land, (2) Analyzing vegetable farming on dry land and (3) Identifying potential development of vegetables on dry land with a dry climate. The number of respondents was 31 peoples. Application of low external input technology for intercropping chili with shallots on dry land, carried out with farmer groups and extension workers on co-operators farmer lands. The results showed that intercropping between chili and tobacco was feasible with feasibility level of the R/C ratio was 3.01. Through this technology, the chili productivity was 10.67 t ha−1 and there is an additional of the yield of shallots one crop with the productivity of 17.33 t ha−1 of wet bulbs. Average productivity per ha for cayenne pepper is 6-7 t ha−1, while the average wet bulb productivity was 15 t ha−1 for sub-optimal land. This means that the application of horticultural technology on dry land can increase the productivity of cayenne pepper and shallots by 64.1 and 15.53%, respectively. Intercropping between chili and shallot is the best choice for chili cultivation on dry land.

Remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil by chelating agents in shallot plantation land in Bima, West Nusa Tenggara

Arsenic (As) contaminated agricultural land in Bima is due to the use of synthetic fertilizers and excessive pesticides in the shallot cultivation system. One of the efforts to remediate the contaminated soil by using the chelating agent. The research aims to study the ability of various chelating agents to remediate As contaminated soil and also examined the effect of chelating agents on arsenic concentration in shallot bulbs and production. The study was conducted at the shallot production center of Kalampa Village, Woha Subdistrict, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, which indicated As contamination. The experiment used a randomized block design with three replication and five chelating agents i.e. biochar-compost, chitosan, EDTA, ammonium thiosulfate, zeolite, and control. All treatment of chelating agents can reduce As in the soil up to 70% and significantly different with control. Arsenic content in shallot bulbs with chelating agents treatment is within the safe limit (<1 mg kg−1). Biochar-compost significantly increased the shallot yield. Meanwhile, EDTA treatment did not support shallot production. Biochar-compost and zeolite are recommended for application due to their ability to remediate arsenic in the soil, the lowest concentration of arsenic in shallot bulbs, and the ability to support optimal shallot production.

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum) DENGAN PUPUK KANDANG SAPI, TINJAUAN KEAMANAN PANGAN DARI ASPEK CEMARAN LOGAM BERAT

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of manure dosage treatment factors on shallot yield and heavy metal contamination of Pb, Cd, and Cu. Research factors include the use of cow manure, consisting of 9 levels of doses, namely: 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 kg/ha. The results showed that the increase in manure dose was followed by an increase in the yield of shallot bulbs. The highest yield of shallot tubers (3,897.76) kg/ha was achieved in the treatment of doses of cow manure 50 kg/ha, the treatment was significantly different from the yield of shallot bulbs (3,634.73 kg/ha at the dose of manure treatment. cattle 45 kg/ha. While the lowest yield of shallots (1,875.86) kg/ha was achieved in the treatment of 0 kg/ha without manure. Heavy metal contamination on shallot bulbs in the dose treatment of cow manure 50 kg/ha consecutively: Pb (15,350) ppm, Cd (undetectable) detection limit of 0.01 ppm, and Cu (4,255) ppm. Heavy metal contamination on the shallot bulbs, among others, comes from the medium where the plants grow. Heavy metal content in the soil (pre-research) respectively: Pb (33.612), Cd (undetectable), and Cu (52.251) ppm. Meanwhile, the heavy metal content in manure added to the land consecutively: Pb (15,659), Cd (undetectable), while Cu (35,118) ppm.

KARAKTERISTIK PETANI DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Studi Kasus di Desa Senden Kecamatan Selo Kabupaten Boyolali)

Central Java was the largest shallot producing province in Indonesia with the Boyolali Regency as one of the main producers. Selo sub-district was the main contributor to organic shallot production in Boyolali Regency. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of farmers who cultivate organic shallots and to determine the production factors that affect the yield of shallots in the Argoayuningtani Farmer Group. The data used in this research are primary data and secondary data. Sampling was done by using the census method and the data analysis method used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the respondent farmers were generally young people and had a good enough education to develop organic agriculture. Production factors in the form of labor and biological pesticides have a significant effect on the yield of shallots. Variables of seeds, manure, and the land area had no significant effect on onion production. Further guidance needs to be carried out and developed because generally, farmers who work and join farmer groups are young and educated farmers, making it easier to develop organic agriculture in Boyolali Regency. Training is needed to make organic fertilizers and biological pesticides with active microbial ingredients that have been tested to increase shallot production.

Organic fertilizer dosages and biofilmed biofertilizer formula on nitrogen uptake and shallot yields in slightly acid soil

Research aims to study the effect of organic fertilizer dosages and Biofilmed Biofertilizer formula on nitrogen uptake and shallot yield in Alfisols. Field experiment was conducted at Sukosari Village, Jumantono, Karanganyar district, Central Java, Indonesia. The experimental design used was Randomized Completely Block Design with two factors namely dose of organic fertilizers (D0, D1, D2) and Biofilmed biofertilizer formula (F0, F1, F2, F3). Each combination treatment repeated three times. Variables observed included N-uptake, plant fresh and dry weight, number and diameter of bulb, and shallot yield. Data was analyzed by F test at 95% of level confidence, followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if any significant influence. The result showed that organic fertilizer doses influence significantly on bulb weight, while the interaction of organic fertilizer dose and biofertilizer formula influence N uptake. Highest bulb weight achieved by the use of 20 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer (62,9 g clump-1), increase 348,65% from control treatment (14.04 g clump-1). The highest N-uptake was taken from the treatment combination of 10 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer and biofertilizer formula F1 (0,17 gr N/clumps), increase 183,33% from control treatment (0.06 g clump-1).