Yield Of Shallot Research Articles

Salicylic Acid Stimulates Defense Systems in Allium hirtifolium Grown under Water Deficit Stress.

Nowadays, the use of the growth regulator salicylic acid for improving a plant’s resistance to environmental stresses such as drought is increasing. The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid on the physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, yield, and quality of Allium hirtifolium (shallots) under drought conditions for three years (2016–2017, 2017–2018, and 2018–2019). The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four repeats. Irrigation as the main factor in four levels of 100% (full irrigation), 75% and 50% of the plant water requirements with non-irrigation (dryland), and salicylic acid as the sub-factor in four levels of 0, 0.75, and 1 mmol, were the studied factors in this research. The combined analysis of three-year data showed that drought reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content, onion yield, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline content, tang, and allicin of shallots. Shallot spraying with salicylic acid improved leaf RWC, MSI, chlorophyll content, and onion yield. The highest yield of onion (1427 gr m−2) belonged to full irrigation and foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid. The lowest yield (419.8 gr m−2) belonged to plats with non-irrigation and non-application of salicylic acid. By improving the effective physiological traits in resistance to water deficit, salicylic acid adjusted the effects of water deficit on the yield of shallots. Foliar application of 1 mmol salicylic acid in dryland and irrigation of 50% of the plant water requirement increased onion yield by 15.12% and 29.39%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without salicylic acid.

No Effect of Biostimulants on the Growth, Yield and Nutritional Value of Shallots Grown for Bunch Harvest

Shallots (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) are cultivated on small areas, mostly to harvest mature bulbs with dry scales. Due to their exceptional taste and nutritional value, and a short growing season, they can also be grown for early bunch harvest. New shallot cultivation strategies are being sought to meet consumers’ growing expectations regarding the quality of vegetables, and their increasing awareness of global food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected biostimulants on the biometric parameters, yield and nutritional value of shallot bulbs and leaves. The experimental factors were as follows: two biostimulant types—Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Goëmar Goteo (GG), two shallot cultivars—Bonilla F1 and Matador F1, grown for bunch harvest, and year of the study. Shallot leaves had a higher content of L-ascorbic acid, reducing sugars and nitrates than bulbs. Young bulbs had a higher content of DM and total sugars than leaves. The leaves and bulbs of shallot plants treated with EM accumulated the highest amounts of minerals. Macronutrient ratios were closer to optimal in shallot leaves than bulbs. The nitrate content of bulbs was inversely proportional to the nitrate content of leaves. Therefore, an increase in the nitrate content of leaves by around 330% led to an approximately 40% decrease in the nitrate content of bulbs. The correlations between the parameters of the chemical composition of shallots and shallot leaves show that the increase in the dry matter content of the bulbs (by approx. 60%) was accompanied by an increase in the L-ascorbic acid content in the leaves (by approx. 240%). The use of biostimulants in the cultivation of A. cepa L. Aggregatum group contributed to the reduction of L-ascorbic acid content in bulbs and had no positive effect on the leaves. Moreover, no positive effect of biostimulants on the reduction of nitrate content in shallot leaves and bulbs was observed, which is undesirable from the consumer’s point of view. After the use of biopreparations, the yield of shallots was lower than that of the control—by approx. 14% (EM) and approx. 4% (GG). Therefore, the measurable benefits of biostimulants in the cultivation of shallots grown for early bunch harvest do not balance the costs of their purchase and use.

Effect of shelter and fertilization on shallot yield, peat properties, and CO2 fluxes in peatlands

Peatlands are potential for cultivating horticultural plants including shallot. This research aims to study the effect of shelter and fertilization on shallots and CO2 emissions in peatlands. This study was conducted on peatlands in Landasan Ulin village, North Banjarbaru District, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. We used a split-plot design with main plot was shelter (R1) and without shelter (farmer’s practice) (R2), and subplot was fertilization consist of 100% recommended dosage (P0), 50% recommended dose + Liquid organic fertilizer (P1), 75% recommended dose + Liquid organic fertilizer (P2), 100% recommended dose + Liquid organic fertilizer (P3), and 125% recommended dose + Liquid organic fertilizer (P4). Observations included soil periodic of pH, available P, available K, CO2 emissions, growth and yield of shallot. The results showed that shelter application increased the availability of P and K in peatlands. A combination of shelter and 75% recommended dose+Liquid organic fertilizer could increase the shallot yield in peatlands up to 25.7% compared to P0. The highest cumulative flux CO2 were shown by the treatment without rain shelter (treatment R2PO) reaching 6.2 t CO2/ha/year and the lowest was in the rain shelter application plot (treatment) R1P4 (i.e., 4.5 t CO2/ha/year) which was not significantly different from treatment R1P2 (4.7 t CO2/ha/year).

The The Effect of Doses Quail Manure on The Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Research on the effect of Quail Manure on the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.), has been carried out in Jorong Lima Ninik, X Koto Singkarak District, Solok Regency with an altitude of ± 400 m above sea level. This study aims to obtain the best dose of quail manure for the growth and yield of shallots. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 6 treatments, 4 groups. The treatment given was the dose of quail manure namely, as follows: P1=0 g/polybag, P2=30 g/polybag, P3=60 g/polybag, P4=90 g/polybag, P5=120 g/polybag, P6=150 g/polybag. The research data were analyzed for variance if the calculated F was greater than F table 5%, followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% significance level. Parameters observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), number of tubers (fruit), wet weight (g), dry weight (g). The results showed that the application of quail manure had a very significant effect on plant height, the number of leaves, wet weight, and dry weight of shallot bulbs. The best results were obtained from the P5 treatment (120 g/polybag) with a production of 78.25 g/plant.

Extract of Nerium oleander L. Effectively Inhibit Population of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner.) on Palu Shallot

One of the obstacles in shallot cultivation is the S. exigua Hubner larvae attack, reducing crop yields. The efforts to control larvae attack using chemical pesticides are often carried out. One of the alternatives chosen to control the larvae attack is the use of Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) leaf extract. This plant has the potential as a larvicide because it is toxic. The study's main goal was to figure out what effect a certain concentration of N. oleander leaf extract had on the population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae. The investigation was carried out between December 2018 and February 2019. P0= 0 g/l (without treatment), P1= 2.68 g/l (0.268%), P2= 5.37 g/l (0.537%), P3= 10.75 g/l (1.075%), P4= 21.5 g/l (2.15%), and P5= 43 g/l (4.3%) were employed in the study. The randomized block design (RBD) was utilized in the study, and it was repeated four times. The findings revealed that increasing the quantity of N. oleander leaf extract may reduce the population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae while simultaneously increasing the output of Lembah Palu shallots. Generally speaking, the higher the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract, the lower the population density of S. exigua larvae, and the larger the shallot yield. It is necessary to use the effective concentration of N. oleander leaf extract, which is P3 (10.75 g/ha) with a production rate of 7.29 tons/ha in order to get the desired results.

Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bawang Merah Pada Berbagai Dosis Trichokompos Kotoran Sapi

Increasing production and productivity of shallots currently must be done by expanding the area of shallot planting. The expansion of shallot planting in Jambi is constrained by Ultisol land which has low soil fertility. This study aims to look at the response of shallots to the application of cow dung trichocompost doses, and to get a dose which will provide the most effective growth and yield of shallots. The research design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with one factor, namely the dose of cow dungtrichocompost consisting of: 0 tonha-1; 7.5 tonha-1; 15 tonha-1; 22.5 tonha-1; and 30 tonha-1. The results showed that the applying of cow dung trichocompost increased plant height, number of leaves, number of bulbs, tuber weight per clove, and bulb weight per clove of shallot. The dose of trichocompost that gave the most effective growth and yield was 22.5 tonha-1, with production 8.5 tonha-1dry bulbs, almost close to BimaBrebes production (9.9 tonha-1 dry bulbs), or 85.8% of the potential yield.Keywords: doses,production, response,Ultisol

Respons Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bawang Merah yang Ditanam pada Lahan Kering Ultisol terhadap Aplikasi Kompos Kiambang

Shallots are vegetables that have high economic value. Shallots market demand in Indonesia increase over years in order to fulfil national consumption and exports. It is necessary to increase production by cultivating shallots in Utisol dry land which has low fertility and limited water availability. The fertilization with Salvinia molesta compost is an effort to increase the production and productivity of shallots in Ultisol dry land. This study aims were to investigated the effect of Salvinia molesta compost on the growth and yield of shallots, and to obtain the highest yield of Salvinia molesta compost. The study used a randomized block design (RAK) with one factor, the dose of Salvinia molesta compost were 0 ; 5; 10 ; 15 ; 20 ; and 25 tons ha-1. Each treatment was repeated four times. Salvinia molesta compost has no effect on growth, but is able to increase the yield of shallots. The dose of Salvinia molesta compost of 25 tons ha-1 resulted in the highest shallot bulb weight of 589.07 g m-2 (equivalent to 5.89 tons ha-1) an increase of 253.77% compared to the dose of 0 tons ha-1 (without Salvinia molesta compost). Addition of Salvinia molesta compost up to a dose of 25 tons ha-1 still continues to increase tuber yields per m2.Keywords: organic matter, shallots, production

Gamma Irradiation Induced High Yield Mutant Genotype Samosir Local Shallot in the Third Generation

The gamma irradiation can promote the agronomic characters of plant. This study aims to obtain putative mutant genotype of the 3rd generation Samosir local shallot (M1V3), which highly yields. The study used the augmented design in which 8 mutant genotypes of Samosir local shallot from the 2nd generation after gamma (γ)-ray treatment were planted along with untreated. The differences between the irradiation plants and untreated were tested by t-test: Similarity distance and dendrogram were analyzed using the hierarchical cluster. The results showed that almost all the mean values made by all quantitative agronomic character changes in the M1V3 populations were higher than those made in M1V2. The expected high heritability value with a broad coefficient of genetic diversity was found in the character of fresh and dried bulb’s weight resulted from genotype populations treated with γ rays irradiation with doses 3, 4 and 5 Gy. High heritability values were also found in the fresh weight and dry weight of bulb in genotype populations treated with doses 1 and 2 Gy with moderate genetic diversity coefficients. Selection based on the dried bulb’s weight from each mutant genotype population with a selection intensity of 30 % was obtained 39 genotypes that showed the highest selection index. The highest number of genotypes were selected from the application of γ-rays with a dose of 1 to 2 Gy, each of 10 genotypes. Therefore, application at the dose of 1 - 2 Gy in M1V3-generation for Samosir local shallot can still improve the yielding character through breeding to archive shallot in national.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 The low doses (1 to 5 Gy) of gamma rays increased the growth and yield of shallots in the third generation
 The dose at 2 Gy of gamma ray resulted in the highest plant length, number of tillers, number of bulbs, fresh- and dry weight of bulbs in mutant M1V3 of Samosir local shallot
 The results found that 38 of 39 shallot mutants had greater characters compared to the control
 The application of 1 - 2 Gy gamma rays on local shallots in the third generation can be used as an effort to increase the yield character
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SHALLOT (Allium cepa L. var. Aggregatum) UNDER DIFFERENT MULCH AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Shallot plant is an important commodity in Central Sulawesi because it functions as a raw material in the fried onion home-industry. <strong>Objective.</strong> The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mulch and organic fertilizers on the agronomic performance of the “Lembah Palu” variety of shallot (<em>Allium cepa </em>L. var. <em>Aggregatum</em>) on dryland. <strong>Methodology.</strong> The experiment consisted of three types of mulch (no mulching, rice straw, and <em>Gliricidia sepium</em> leaf) and four types of organic fertilizers (no fertilizer, bioculture, biourin and cattle manure compost). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. A total of 36 plots were used for the experiment. The agronomic performance measured were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, fresh weight, dry weight, bulb diameter and bulb yield of shallot. Environmental parameters include temperature and humidity. <strong>Result.</strong> Results showed that the application of rice straw mulch plus bioculture organic fertilizer had positive significant effect (<em>P≤ 0.05</em>, respectively) on next agronomic parameters: plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, fresh weight, dry weight, bulb diameter and yield bulb of shallot. <strong>Implications. </strong>Significantly positive results on the agronomic parameters of shallots indicate that the application of mulch and bioculture organic fertilizers can be used on other crops to increasing the efficiency of dryland.<strong> </strong><strong>Conclusion.</strong> The highest production of shallots was 9.46 t<sup>.</sup>ha<sup>-1</sup>. Thus, it can be recommended that straw mulch at a dose of 5 t<sup>.</sup>ha<sup>-1</sup> and bioculture at a dose of 750 L<sup>.</sup>ha<sup>-1</sup> is better for the growth and yield of shallot in dryland. The use of rice straw mulch and bioculture as organic liquid fertilizer provides benefits to increase productivity, add value to the crop and livestock waste, reduce environmental pollution, and application to plants will produce healthy products.</p><strong></strong>

The Growth and Yield Responses of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) to Plant Spacing and Tuber Cutting by NFT Hydroponic

Abstract Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a kind of horticultural commodity, which has good development potential in Indonesia. In order to overcome the uncertainty of climatic conditions and demand that continues to increase as the population of Indonesia increases, it is necessary to develop shallot cultivation techniques using the NFT hydroponic system. This study aimed to determine the effect of the interaction between plant spacing and tuber cutting on the growth and yield of shallots. The study was conducted in February-April 2021 at Hidroponikpedia, Pandowoharjo, Kab. Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta 55512. The study used a two-factor split-plot design replicated 3 times. The main plot used plant spacing consisting of 3 levels (10x10 cm, 10x15 cm, and 10x20 cm) and the subplot used the tuber cutting consisting of 3 levels (without cutting, cutting 1/3 parts, and cutting 1/4 parts). Record data on growth and yield parameters, and perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level of significance. The results showed that there was no interaction between plant spacing and tuber cutting on the growth and yield of shallot. The tuber cutting treatment has obvious growth and yield, but the difference in plant spacing between the kinds of plant spacing is not significant.

Utilization of Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Pineapple Peel Waste for Shallots Cultivation (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Pineapple peel waste can be used as liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) to add organic matter and improve soil quality for cultivating crops such as shallots. Shallots re vegetable crops that have great prospects for farmers because of the high demand for shallots that were not in accordance with their production. This study aimed to determine the effect of concentration and frequency of application of LOF of pineapple peel waste on the growth and yield of shallots. This research had conducted in farmer’s land in Perlang Village, Lubuk Besar District, Central Bangka Regency, from January to April 2021. This research used experimental method with a split plot design. The main plot is the concentration of LOF of pineapple peel waste which consists of 30 ml/l and 60 ml/l. Sub-plots are the frequency of application LOF of pineapple peel waste which consists of once in 7 days, once in 14 days, and once in 21 days. The results showed that the concentration of LOF of pineapple peel waste had no significant effect on all observed variables. The frequency of application LOF pineapple peel waste had a significant effect on the number of tillers per clump, but had no significant effect on the other variables. The interaction between the concentration and frequency LOF pineapple peel waste had no significant effect on the growth and yield of shallot plants. LOF application of pineapple peel waste with a concentration of 30 ml/l and a frequency of once every 7 days tends to be better for the growth and yield of shallot plants.

Effect of Gamma Radiation on Genetic Diversity Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) M4 Bauji Variety For Varieties Improvement

Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a horticultural commodity that has high economic value in Indonesia. Efforts to increase the productivity and quality of shallots will continue to be carried out through plant breeding programs. One of the efforts is through mutation breeding with the aim of improving the Bauji variety so that it has high yields, good quality and is resistant to major pests and diseases. One of the factors that play a role in increasing shallot production is superior varieties. For the assembly of superior varieties, it is necessary to expand genetic diversity, one of which can be done by radiation mutation. With radiation mutations, new genetic diversity is created so that it provides more opportunities for selection. This research was carried out using the single plant method and using the T-test, with the yield of shallots with radiation doses without radiation doses or 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 2 Gy, 3 Gy, 4 Gy, 5 Gy, 6 Gy. Observation parameters included plant length, number of leaves, number of tillers, tuber diameter, and tuber weight. This study aims to obtain the value of genetic diversity and heritability on the agronomic characters of shallots of bauji variety with 60Co gamma-ray radiation treatment. Gamma-ray irradiation of 60Co affects the growth and yield characteristics of the fourth generation Bauji variety of shallots. Irradiation treatment with a dose of 4 Gy (B4) had better results on the parameters of plant length, number of leaves, tuber diameter, and number of tillers than control plants or without irradiation.

The Effect of Application Method and Dosage of Manure on Growth and Yield of True Shallot Seed in West Sumatera

To increase shallot productivity, it is necessary to apply true shallot seed (TSS) cultivation technology. This study aimed to determine the suitable method of application and dosage manure in increasing the bulb yield of true shallot seed. The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden of Sukarami AIAT, West Sumatera (altitude 1000 m above sea level and soil type Andosol). The research arranged using a Split Plot Design in randomized blocks, each with 3 replications. Main plot treatment (A) is a application method of manure which consists of 2 types, namely: A1 (given in a spread) and A2 (given in the planting hole). While the treatment of subplots (B) was the dosage of cow manure consisting of 6 types, namely: B1 (0 t/ha), B2 (5 t/ha), B3 (10 t/ha), B4 (15 t/ha), B5 (20 t/ha) and B6 (25 t/ha). The seeds of the Lokananta variety were six weeks after sowing, planted at a spacing of 10x10 cm, 1 seedling/planting hole, on a plot measuring 5x1 m. The results showed that there were highly significant interactions were only found in bulb weight per clump and bulb diameter. The highest dry bulb yield was obtained at a dosage of 15-25 t/ha of manure. In order to make farming activities more efficient, it is recommended to use 15 t/ha of cow manure with the application method by spreading or in planting holes in the cultivation of true shallot seed in West Sumatera.

Effect of Difference Bulb Size Seedling and Application of Various Doses Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Shallots are plants that are very responsive to changes in environmental conditions. Onion production data shows that several regions in Indonesia experienced a decline in production. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of differences in the size of the bulbs of shallot seedlings and the application of various doses of nitrogen on the growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). The research was carried out in Laden Village, Pamekasan District, Pamekasan Regency, Madura on 10 February 2021 - 4 April 2021. The tools used included hoes, water can, nameplates, permanent markers, cutters, rulers, digital scales, writing instruments, and camera. The materials used include shallot seeds of the Blue Lancor variety, urea fertilizer, KCL, SP-36, and fungicides. The study used a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications, the first factor being seed tuber size, consisting of 3 levels and doses of nitrogen fertilizer. S1 = small tubers (< 5 g), S2 = medium tubers (8-10 g), and S3 = large tubers (≥ 13 g). The second factor is the dose of nitrogen fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely D1 = 150 kg ha-1, D2 = 200 kg ha-1, D3 = 250 kg ha-1, and D4 = 300 kg ha-1. 5% and further tested with BNJ level 5%. The results showed that increasing the size of the onion seed bulbs could increase growth and yield. the use of nitrogen dose can be increased along with the increase in the size of the tubers used. Based on the yield and quality of tubers, the treatment of medium seed tubers (8-10 g) with a nitrogen dose of 200 kg ha-1 gave good results

Improvement The Fertility of Sandy Soil Amended using Bagasse and Different Type of Soil to The Yield of Shallot

The sandy soil in Samas Beach, Yogyakarta is characterized by the dominance of sand fraction, high leaching of nutrient, and high soil temperature. Shallot cultivation is possible in coastal sandy land through modification of microclimate and improvement of soil fertility. This study aimed to determine the effect of improving physical and chemical fertility of sandy soil amended by clay soil and bagasse to the yield of shallot. The study was conducted using Randomized Block Design with four treatments and four replications: Sandy Soil (S), Sandy soil + Bagasse (SB), Sandy soil + Latosol + Bagasse (SLB), Sandy Soil + Grumusol + Bagasse (SGB). Amendment increased moisture contents and decreased the permeability of sandy soil. SGB improved the highest water holding capacity, organic C and Total N of sandy soil. The highest yield of shallot reached at application of SLB and SGB, these treatments produced total dry weight of shallot, which were 19.63 and 23.85 g clump-1. The combination of clay soil and bagasse was recommended as the amendment technology to improve the fertility of sandy soil.

PENGARUH DOSIS KOMPOS TONGKOL JAGUNG TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum (L.))

This study aims to determine the effect of the dose of corncob compost on the growth and production of shallots. The research was conducted in Pateguhan Village, Pasuruan Regency from January to April 2021. The soil used had a pH of 5.8 with a c-organic content of 2.41%, N-total 0.17%, P2O5 38.46 ppm, and K2O 0.80 ppm. This study was arranged in a one-factor randomized block design (RBD) with six replicates with the following treatment with doses of corncob compost: P0 = control, without corncob composting P1 = treatment with compost at a dose of 10 tons.ha-1 P2 = treatment giving compost at a dose of 15 tons.ha-1 P3 = treatment with compost at a dose of 20 tons.ha-1. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using analysis of variance (F test), if there was a significant effect, then continued with the 5% level BNT test. The results showed that the dose of corncob compost treatment had an effect on the growth and yield of shallots. Treatment of corn cobs compost at a dose of 20 tons.ha-1 gave the highest yield on the observation of growth components, growth analysis and yield components. Treatment of corncob compost at a dose of 20 tons.ha-1 produced a tuber weight of 8.74 tons.ha-1, at a dose of 15 tons.ha-1 corn cobs compost treatment produced a tuber weight of 6.49 tons.ha-1, at a dose of 10 ton.ha-1 corn cobs compost treatment yielded tuber weight of 5.26 ton.ha-1 and the lowest yield was found in the control treatment with yield of 4.17 ton.ha-1.

The Effect of Watering Techniques for Increasing the Yield of Shallots (Allium cepa L) in Dry Land

Climate change that occurs requires secondary irrigation, to meet water needs by plants from existing water sources (springs, or existing irrigation. This study aims to see the effect of irrigation on increasing the production of shallot bulbs of the Lansuna variety. The study was conducted in the dry season of 2017 in Minahasa Regency. The layout of the experiment used a Randomized Block Design 2 treatment with 5 replications per plot measuring 4m x 4m. Pressurized watering was carried out per day for 4 hours with watering intervals every 3 days. For comparison, the existing technology only depends on the rainfall that occurs. randomized so that there are 250 clumps to be analyzed. This can also be seen in the existing 0.5 ha technology. Observation parameters include the weight of stover at harvest, the average number of tubers per plant, and tuber yield of tons/ha. Data were analyzed using the T-test The results of the analysis showed that the weight of shallots at harvest was 3.4g heavier and real eda by way of farmers (1.48g). The number of tubers per plant was not affected by irrigation techniques, but the weight of the shallot bulbs increased by 48.9% and the yield per ha increased by 48.40% from the rainfall that occurred during the study.

Response of Growth and Yield of Shallots to Various Types of Fertilizer in North Minahasa regency

Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is one of the strategic horticultural commodities in North Sulawesi which has high economic value with increasing demand Increased demand must be balanced with increased production that can meet the community's need for shallots. Increasing the production of shallots can be done by fertilizing. The study aimed to examine the growth and yield response of shallots to various types of fertilizers. The research was conducted in Pamuli Village, North Minahasa Regency, with an altitude of 100 m above sea level from April to December 2018. The study used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatments. The treatment was repeated four times so that 16 experimental plots were obtained. The results showed that from 4 fertilization treatment used, the best treatment was D = NPK Ponska + KCl + Feripos + Manure 10 t ha-1 gave the highest growth, gave the highest growth, namely, plant height, number of leaves and number of t bulb and also the highest yield.

EFFECT OF THE COMBINED APPLICATION OF MANURE COMPOST AND Trichoderma sp. ON PRODUCTION PARAMETERS AND STEM ROT DISEASE INCIDENCE OF SHALLOT

Manure compost is a type of organic fertilizer derived from animal feces. Even though compost has a slow-release nature, it can be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. The addition of Trichoderma sp. as a decomposer microorganism can accelerate nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the combined application of different types of manure compost and doses of Trichoderma sp. on the growth performance, yield as well as stem rot disease incidence of shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum). The study was carried out using a split-plot design (P 0.05) with the types of manure compost as the main plot with five levels (no compost, cattle manure, chicken manure, goat manure, and petrogenic compost), and different doses of Trichoderma as subplots with three levels (no Trichoderma, 200 kg ha-1, and 400 kg ha-1). In general, the combined application of manure compost and Trichoderma significantly increased growth performance and yield of shallot compared to no compost (B0) and Trichoderma (T0). However, no differences were observed between manure compost and the addition of Trichoderma. Growth performance of shallots grown in soil amended with cattle manure compost was better compared to the other treatments. The use of 5 t ha-1 cattle manure compost combined with 400 kg ha-1 Trichoderma increased yield by 10.02 t ha-1 and reduced stem rot diseases incidence by 0.67%.

Effectiveness of Indigenous Rhizobacteria Formulations in Increasing the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.)

The use of beneficial microbes in increasing plant growth and yield is a very appropriate choice to reduce synthetic chemicals that can cause negative impacts on the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of post-save formulations of Wakatobi indigenous rhizobacteria in increasing the growth and yield of shallots. The study was conducted in Jati Bali Village, Konawe Selatan District, using a Randomized Block Design, consisting of 10 rhizobacterial formulation treatments, a combination of three types of biological agents, namely Pseudomonas sp. LP03, Pseudomonas sp. TWB02 and Pseudomonas sp. TWB11, and three types of formulation materials: ground brick powder, ground burned rice husk powder, and bentonite; one control using NaCl 0.85%. The experiment was repeated three times so that there were 360 treatment units. The results showed that of the three types of rhizobacteria tested, only Pseudomonas sp. TWB02 and Pseudomonas sp. LP03 can display better performance in increasing the growth and yield of shallots. These rhizobacteria are more compatible using the ground burned rice-husk powder formulation. Increased shallot yield (tuber fresh weight) in seed treatment using Pseudomonas sp. TWB02 and Pseudomonas sp. LP03 in the formulation of ground burned rice-husk powder reached 121% and 117% compared to controls. Further research needs to be done on a broader scale and different environmental conditions to see the stability of these biological agents' effects on the growth and yield of shallots.