Yield Of Okra Research Articles

Effect of Irrigation Methods and Plastic Mulch on Yield and Crop Water Productivity of Okra

A field experiment was conducted during 2014-15, aiming to observe the efficiency of irrigation methods and plastic mulch on the yield and crop productivity of Okra. Okra seeds (cv. Subzpari) were grown on ridges with plastic under two different irrigation methods i.e. Every Furrow Irrigation (EFI) and Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI). The soil physical properties of ridges being affected by plastic mulched were analyzed before sowing and after harvesting. The results revealed that dry density of soil decreased by 0.03 g cm-3 and 0.04 g cm-3 for AFI and EFI methods, respectively. The total volume of irrigation water applied under AFI method (2169.70 m3 ha-1) was calculated to be half of the total irrigation water applied to EFI method (4340.91 m3 ha-1). Yield obtained under EFI method was 8518 kg ha-1 which was 10.5% greater than yield obtained under AFI method (7621 kg ha-1) and 31.40% when compared with traditional method. The crop water productivity (CWP) for AFI method (3.51 kg m-3) was calculated to be greater than CWP obtained under EFI method (1.96 kg m-3). The study concluded that both EFI and AFI methods, under plastic mulched ridges practices were beneficial to increase the crop yield with improved crop water productivity.

Innovative Land Arrangement in Combination with Irrigation Methods Improves the Crop and Water Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under Raised and Sunken Bed Systems

The underground water and water storage reservoirs are rapidly depleting due to nominal recharging by the rainfalls making water a scarce resource for irrigation resulting in poor crop growth and production. Irrigation water application should focus on the proficient use of each drop of water. Water productivity (WP) in agriculture can be improved through crop diversification, proper land and water management techniques. Considering this, a field investigation was carried out during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 to study the crop response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) + okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) system to land configurations and irrigation regimes. Three raised-sunken beds (RSB) having width (m) ratios of 1:3, 2:3, 3:3 and two irrigation schedules viz. continuous standing water (CSW) of 5 ± 2 cm depth and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) at 3 ± 1 days interval for rice in sunken bed were tested. Rice yield was more (4.36 and 4.89 Mg ha−1) under CSW irrigation than AWD irrespective of raised bed width. The highest okra yield was noted by 14.09 and 15.43 Mg ha−1 with AWD in 1:3 RSB systems, whereas the lowest yield was recorded in CSW 1:3 RSB systems. Rice equivalent yield (REY) was found as the maximum in AWD than CSW irrespective of raised and sunken bed configurations. The AWD in 3:3 RSB systems exhibited the highest WP of 1.02 and 1.01 kg m−3 during the first and second year of study, respectively. Wider RSB system of land configuration ratio of 3:3 saved about 40–45% of irrigation water. Such information will help in the planning of an innovative intercropping system of summer rice + okra in the field by changing the land configuration to the raised bed and sunken bed with the AWD irrigation system.

EFFECT OF SOWING METHODS AND PICKING INTERVALS ON THE FRESH YIELD AND SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.)

To study the effect of various planting beds and picking time on yield of okra, a research study was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Malakander, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Okra seeds of cultivar Swat Green were planted into two different types of sowing methods (ridges and flat beds), and reduced to various number of picking (3, 4, and 5 intervals). The results of the present study revealed that okra plants sown on the ridges recorded maximum germination percentage (96.9%), fruit weight (22.41g), pod length (14.44 cm), seed pod-1 (48), 100 seed weight (6.41 g), seed yield (102.2 kg ha-1) and fresh yield (0.165 tons ha-1). Data regarding number of picking intervals showed that maximum germination percentage (92.7%), fruit weight (20.97 g), pod length (12.25 cm), highest seed yield (103.3 kg ha-1), and seed pod-1 (43) were recorded in 3 pickings. Whereas, data for maximum 100 seed weight (6.6 g) for picking intervals was recorded in 4 pickings and maximum fresh yield (0.148 tons ha-1) in 5 pickings. Infestation of weeds can cause a significant loss in okra yield which needs urgent integrated management. Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Digitaria sanguinalis were the main weeds observed during the study against which local farmers used various manual, mechanical and chemical control methods. It is concluded that okra plant sown on ridges and almost 3 picking intervals have significantly affected the growth and seed yield. Excessive use of chemical herbicides should be avoided to prevent environmental and human health hazards.

Impact of seed treatments on emergence, growth, seed yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L.)

Okra is one of the most important summer vegetables, which is vulnerable to biotic and abiotic factors, which adversely affect its germination, growth, and yield. So, this study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of different chemicals alone and in combination on crop performance from seed germination to seed production. For this purpose, seeds of okra cv. Sabz Pari were treated with different chemicals (Thiophanate, Potash, Zinc sulphate, Rodamine and Humic Acid in combinations) along with non-treated control. Results of the present study showed that seed treatments with T7 {Potash (0.5 g) + Humic Acid (0.25 g) + Zinc sulphate (0.08 g) + Rodamine (0.5 g) + Thiophanate (0.5 g) per kg of seeds} took the minimum time (3 days) to attain 50% emergence, while non-treated seeds took 6.5 days with an emergence percentage 90.8% and 70.5%, respectively. Moreover, this combination of seed treatment in T7 depicted the highest seedlings shoot length (10.8 cm), root length (5.3 cm), seedling fresh (1.01 g) and dry weight (0.148 g) and chlorophyll contents (28.6 SPAD units) as compared to control. In field, T7 significantly increased plant height (120.7 cm), pod length (15.8 cm) and number of seeds per pod (68.7) and 1000 seed weight (58.56 g). Therefore, this combination {(Potash (0.5 g/kg of seed) + Humic Acid (0.25 g/kg of seed) + Zinc sulphate (0.08 g/kg of seed) + Rodamine (0.5 g/kg of seed) + Thiophanate (0.5 g/kg of seed)} can be utilized for good quality seed production.

Impact of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates, where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location. In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen, the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).

English

Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in vegetable production have negatively impacted the soils, water quality, food security and health of farmers and consumers. Hence, sustainable, economically feasible, environmentally friendly soil fertility, pests and disease management options are needed to improve vegetable production. This study evaluated the growth and yield of okra due to varying rates of different sources of organic soil amendments to promote its productivity and tolerance in Sierra Leone. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (3) replicates and ten (10) treatments was used. The treatments included; Gliricidia sepium, chicken manure and cow dung applied as sole treatments and in combination with papaya leaf and neem leaf as biopesticides. Data was collected on the growth, yield and percentage leaf damage of okra. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in treatment means. The application of poultry manure in combination with papaya leaf gave the most satisfactory performance in all parameters compared to chicken manure, G. sepium, and cow dung in sole application, and their combined applications with paw-paw leaf and neem leaf. Incidence of pest (Podagrica spp) was minimal with the application of poultry manure in combination with papaya leaf, resulting in less severity leaf damage on okra. Key words: Okra, Organic, Biopesticides, Pest, Productivity, Tolerance.

English

The experiment entitled “Efficacy of different types of Composts on growth, yield and quality parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv. Kashi Pragati” was conducted during Rabi season of the year 2020-2021 on experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, AKS University, Satna (M.P.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replicated 12 treatments viz., T0: Without compost (Control), T1: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Biogas slurry compost, T2: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Mushroom Spent compost, T3: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 100% Mushroom Spent compost, T4: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Biogas slurry compost +100% Mushroom Spent compost, T5: 100% Vermicompost + 50% Biogas slurry compost, T6: 100% Vermicompost + 50% Mushroom Spent compost, T7: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 50% Vermicompost, T8: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 50% Mushroom Spent compost, T9: 100% Mushroom Spent compost + 50% Vermicompost, T10: 100% Mushroom Spent compost + 50% Biogas slurry compost, T11: 50% Vermicompost + 50% Biogas slurry compost +50% Mushroom Spent compost. The results reveal that increase in Composts level had significant response on vegetative growth yield and quality of Okra. The treatment T4-100%Vermicompost +100% Biogas slurry compost +100% Mushroom Spent compost was found to be the best treatment among the different treatments with growth, yield and quality for Okra under satna condition.

Effects of application of organic formulated fertiliser and composted Tithonia diversifolia leaves on the growth, yield and quality of okra

ABSTRACT The production of healthy food in a sustainable manner is a major challenge for agriculture. Pot experiments were conducted in an open field during the rainy season in 2017 and 2018 to study the effects of the application of composted leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (T) and organo-biodegradable (OBD+) formulated fertiliser on growth, yield and concentrations of minerals and bioactive compounds in okra. Treatments consisted of four application rates of composted Tithonia leaves (0, 10, 20 and 30 g 10 kg−1 soil) and three rates of organic-biodegradable (OBD+) formulated fertiliser (0, 10 and 20 g 10 kg−1 soil), which were combined and arranged in a complete randomised design with four replications. Performance and quality parameters of okra were measured. The application of the amendments significantly increased vegetative growth and yield parameters of okra, compared with the control, with the application of 30 T + 10 OBD+ resulting in the highest values for growth and yield. The number of days to flowering and fruiting of the okra was significantly reduced by the application of the organic amendments. The results also revealed that the concentrations of mineral elements and bioactive compounds in the okra fruits significantly increased with applications of 30 T + 20 OBD + and 30 T + 10 OBD +. Therefore, for improved vegetative and yield performance as well as accumulation of mineral elements and bioactive compounds, the application of 30 T + 10 OBD+ was considered as the most suitable for the cultivation of okra in the study area.

English

The production of okra is affected by improper seedling growth and abiotic factors like temperature and soil. This study was aimed to examine the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) seed priming on the growth, seedling vigor and yield of okra. A pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized design under natural conditions and seeds of two okra varieties were soaked in 0, 4, 8, 10 and 20 mg L-1 of PBZ solution. Results showed that PBZ seed soaking affected the germination rate and maximum reduction in germination rate was observed at 20 mg L-1 of PBZ. A gradual decrease in plant height was recorded in PBZ treated plants as compared to control. A decrease in plant height of PBZ treated plants was accompanied with an increase in plant biomass and number of branches. PBZ seed soaking resulted in darker green leaves with higher chlorophyll, protein and total free amino acid contents than control plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was also higher in PBZ treated plants. The improvement in all vegetative and physiological parameters ultimately had a positive effect on yield. PBZ treated plants showed an increase in the number of pods and pod length while seed weight remained unaffected. Thus, seed priming with optimum doses of PBZ could improve the seedlings and yield of okra. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Effects of osmo-priming on germination, growth and green pod yield of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] at Luyengo, Middleveld of Eswatini

Okra is a nutritious summer vegetable crop in Eswatini. However, it has slow and uneven germination. Seed pre-sowing treatment through osmo-priming can enhance the germination, growth and yield of okra. Thus, laboratory and field experiments were conducted at Luyengo, Middleveld of Eswatini in 2019/2020 cropping season to determine the effect of osmo-priming on germination, growth and yield of okra. Treatments included priming of seeds with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% and unprimed control. Completely randomized design was used for the laboratory experiment and randomized complete block design was used for the field experiment. Results showed significant (p<0.01) effect of seed priming on the germination index, mean germination time and final germination percentage of okra seeds. Significantly the highest germination index (5.2) and final germination percentage (66) were recorded in priming with 15% PEG. Similarly, seeds priming with 15% PEG resulted in significantly the highest number of leaves per plant (12.07), leaf area index (1.49), canopy height (120.9 cm), and number of branches per plant (8.13). Moreover, okra seeds primed in 15% PEG resulted in the highest pod length and total green pod yield (2009.8 kg ha-1). Thus, it can be concluded that seed priming with 15% PEG is the most effective in improving the germination, growth and yield of okra in the study area.

Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) to foliar application of micronutrients

The experiment was conducted at SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar during 2018 to evaluate the effects of foliar sprays of different micronutrients, viz. B, Zn Cu, Mo, Fe and Mn, on plant growth, physiological and yield attributes of okra. Treatments were prepared as 100 ppm aqueous solution of each boric acid, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate and magnesium sulphate, except ammonium molybdate (taken as 50ppm). Each treatment was applied individually as well as in different combinations at 30, 45 and 60 DAS, thus making total of 14 treatments with three replications. Results indicated that different treatments markedly increased the plant growth, chlorophyll and yield of okra. The maximum plant height (156.40 cm), leaf area (5938.55 cm2), leaf area (5938.55/plant), LAI (4.39), SLW (10.1) mg/cm2) as well as leaf chlorophyll content (0.80 mg/g) were recorded when all the micronutrients were applied in combination (T7). The same treatment also recorded earliest fruit harvest (45.43 DAS) with highest number of fruits per plant (23.20), maximum fruit size (1.37 cm × 11.25 cm) and thus, fruit yield (241.74 g/plant) against the minimum plant height (116.45 cm), LAI (1.90), SLW (6.12 mg/cm2), chlorophyll content (0.50 mg/g), number of fruits (20.29/plant), fruit size (1.11 cm × 9.56 cm) and yield (183.01 g/plant) with maximum time taken (71.8 DAS) to first harvest. Finally, it can be stated that combined application of micronutrients (B, Zn Cu, Mo, Fe and Mn) as foliar sprays at 30, 45 and 60 DAS is most effective in improving plant growth, yield and yield attributes of okra.

Okra (Abelsmoschus esculentus L. Moench) performance with the application of composts made from different source materials

ABSTRACT In sub-Saharan Africa, the high cost of synthetic fertilisers and the need to produce higher quality crops have necessitated research on alternative nutrient inputs. The effects of soil amendments with poultry manure + Tithonia diversifolia compost at 10, 20, 30 t ha−1 (PMC10, PMC20, PMC30), cow dung + T. diversifolia compost at 10, 20, and 30 t ha−1 (CDC10, CDC20, CDC30) poultry manure (PM) at 10 t ha−1 (PM10), cow dung (CD) at 15 t ha−1 (CD15), and T. diversifolia (TT) at 10 t ha−1 (TT10) on growth, yield and quality of okra was investigated in a field trial in Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2011 and 2013. Treatments were arranged using a randomised block design with three replicates. The highest numbers of leaves per plant (14) were recorded in the treatments with PMC20 and PMC30 in 2011 and 2013, respectively. Application of PMC20 significantly reduced the number of days to 50% flowering compared with the control. In 2011, the potassium concentration in okra leaves and the nitrogen concentration in okra pods were highest for plants grown in soil amended with PMC30. The uptake of phosphorus was highest for plants treated with CDC20 (1.26 g m−2) and with TT10 (0.65 g m−2) in 2011 and 2013, respectively. All treatments resulted in significant increases in the yield of pods compared with the control. PM and CD used either in their original forms or composted with Tithonia diversifolia improved the growth and yield of the okra and the nutrient concentrations of the pods.

Influence of varieties, organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

A field investigation was carried out during Rabi season, 2016-17 at Vegetable Research Field, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was comprised of two varieties (Kashi Pragati and Kashi Kranti) and seven nutrient levels with different sources of nutrients including organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers. Variety V1 (Kashi Pragati) exhibited maximum plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, internodal length, SPAD value, fresh weight and dry weight of plant, earliest days to 50% flowering and days to first picking. Similarly, maximum number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per hectare in variety Kashi Pragati. Quality parameters i. e. protein content (%) and fibre content (%) in fruit were also found maximum in case of variety Kashi Pragati. Among the nutrient levels, application of 50 % NPK + 50 % N through vermicompost (62.5:40:40 NPK + 4.1 t/ha) showed highest growth, yield, quality parameters and yield of okra. The gross income, net income and benefit: cost ratio was found to be superior with variety Kashi Pragati and nutrient level 50 % NPK + 50 % N through vermicompost(62.5:40:40 NPK + 4.1 t/ha).

Comparative Experimental Effects of Intercropping and Cypermethrin on Insect Pest Infestation and Yield of Maize, Cowpea and Okra in Two Cameroonian Agro-Ecological Zones

The present study investigates the effect of intercropping (maize-cowpea, maize-okra, maize-okra-cowpea, okra-cowpea) compared to insecticide application on the level of infestation of insect pests and the final yield of maize, cowpea and okra. Field experiments were conducted during the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons in the Guinean Savannah (Dang-Ngaoundere) and Sudano Sahelian (Gouna-Garoua) agro-ecological zones in Cameroon. Our experimental design was a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block with four replications. The main factor was assigned to the use of insecticide (Cypermethrin) and sub plots were devoted for cropping systems. We compared the efficiency of intercropping to that of Cypermethrin application on the Yield of maize, cowpea and okra as influenced by insect pest damages. The comparison of monocropped sprayed by Cypermethrin to unsprayed showed that, in Dang, insect pests reduced maize yield by 37% and 24% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, whereas in Gouna, it was lower than 8% during the both years. Reduction in seed yield by insect pests on cowpea in Dang represented 47% and 50% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, whereas in Gouna, it was 55% and 63% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. For okra, insect pests reduced okra fruit yield by 25% and 44% in Dang and 23% and 28% in Gouna, respectively, in 2016 and 2017. Crop yield was lower in intercropping compared to monoculture due to competition of plants in association on different resources. Considering the total yields obtained from each intercropping, intercropping trials resulted generally in higher yields compared to mono-culture (LER > 1) in both sites and years but the respective yields were quite different. On the basis of the results obtained, we recommend maize-cowpea intercropping as a sustainable solution to reduce the infestation level of their pest insects.

Potential of Tithonia diversifolia and biofertilizers on soil physiochemical properties, growth, yield and mineral composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Okra famers usually cultivate continually on the same location which has brought loss in the soil fertility, reduction in the uptake of nutrients leading to poor yield. The study was conducted during the late and early rainy season of 2016-17 at the Teaching and Research Farm of Landmark University Kwara State, to evaluate the effects of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Organo-Bio-Degradable fertilizer (OBD) on soil, development, yield, and mineral composition of okra. The treatment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with four levels of T. diversifolia (0, 10, 20 and 30 t/ha) and three levels of OBD fertilizer (0, 10, 20 t/ha) replicated three times. The results indicated that T. diversifolia and OBD manure applied sole or in combination was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control, in terms of the growth, yield, and mineral composition of okra and physicochemical soil properties. The treatment combination of 30 t/ha of T. diversifolia and 20 t/ha of OBD had the highest yield in terms of pods number per plant harvested (14), fresh fruits weight (76 g/plant), and mineral composition (calcium magnesium, potassium, sodium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc) of okra fruits. Thus, T. diversifolia and Organo-Bio-Degradable fertilizer singly or in combination could be used in the cultivation of okra fruits with high mineral contents that are beneficial to the health of man when consumed.

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Yield and Economics of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)] in Banswara District of Rajasthan

The present study was undertaken to find the yield gap through FLDs on okra crop. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banswara conducted Frontline demonstration on 10 farmers for each year since 2016, 2017 and 2018 in different locations of Banswara district. Frontline demonstrations were conducted on okra by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of okra production potential. Use of hybrid variety, balanced use of fertilizer on the basis soil testing report and integrated pest and disease management etc are the main technologies to be tested in this demonstration. Okra is a major vegetable crop of Rajasthan, but the productivity of okra is very low in this district due to lack of knowledge and partial adoption of recommended package of practice by okra cultivators. Results showed that average yield obtained were 142.6, 134.2 and 137.7 q/ha under improved system, whereas, in local variety 80.3, 81.7 and 87.3 q/ha yield was recorded during 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The per cent increase in yield with high yielding over local variety was 57.73 to 77.58 per cent. The extension gap recorded was 62.3, 52.5 and 50.4 per cent during 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Besides this, the demonstrated plots gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio when compared to farmer’s practice.

Mitigating the adverse effects of NaCl salinity on pod yield and ionic attributes of okra plants by silicon and gibberellic acid application

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the responses of okra to salinity and to study the beneficial effects of silicon and gibberellic acid on yield and ionic attributes of okra under salinity stress. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Farm of the Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Pakistan. Seeds of the okra cultivar ‘Sabz Pari’ were sown in pots. The experiment was established in a complete randomized design with factorial layout and included a total of 14 treatments deriving from the combination of two factors: two salinity levels and seven treatments with silicon or gibberellic acid. Okra seeds were pretreated with either 0, 50, 75 or 100 mg/L of gibberellic acid and then planted into pots. After germination plants were subjected to 0 mmol (control) or 50 mmol salinity; silicon (in the form of potassium silicate) was applied to plants exogenously at the rate of 2 mmol, 3 mmol, or 4 mmol. The following parameters were measured: number of days to flowering, pod length, pod weight, number of pods per plant and pod yield per plant, and the contents of Na+, Cl-, K+, and proline in the leaves. The results revealed that under 50 mmol NaCl salinity okra plants treated with 100 mg/L of GA3 had the shortest time to flowering (48.3 days) and the lowest Na+ ion content (14.9 mg/L) and Cl- ion content (9.8 mg/L), while in these plants we measured an increased pod weight (18.9 g), pod length (14.6 cm), number of pod per plant (22.6), pod yield per plant (1225 g), K+ ion and proline contents (18.9 mg/g and 28.8 μmol/g, respectively). Hence, this study allowed to conclude that the highest salinity level reduced the yield and altered the ionic status of okra plants, whereas GA3 and Si lowered the toxic effects of salinity and 100 mg/L GA3 along with 4 mmol silicon can be used in order to reduce salinity toxic effects

Soil Chemical Properties and Yield Response of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L) to Different Organic Fertilizer Sources

The study investigated the effects of animal manures (cow manure, CoM; chicken droppings, CkD; and pig manure, PiM) applied at 15 t ha-1 equivalent rate on the soil and growth performance of okra grown in a degraded ultisol. The treatments (CoM; CoM; PiM and Control unamended) were laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated three times. Animal manure application had significant effects on soil properties. Soilorganic matter increased by over 9% in the amended treatment relative to the control treatment. Except for N, increases in P (circa 14-70%)and K (circa 15-46%) nutrients were higher for CkD treatment than in other treatments. Generally, the amended treatments maintained a significantly higher (p ≤0.05) plant leave number, stem girth, plant height, okra pod length and yields when compared with the Control treatment. The results indicated that application of animal manure enhanced okra growth performance. The findings suggest that animal manure application can potentially increase okra yield when grown in a degraded soil. It is recommended that farmers use ample (15 t ha-1) ) quantity of animal manures to increase their crop yields, which invariably will enhance their income.&#x0D; Keywords: Soil fertility, organic fertilizers okra growth, okra yield response, farmers okra yeild.

Evaluation Yield of Okra with Associated Traits Using Analysis Correlation and Path

The study was conducted at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. During the spring 2017. All the recommended practices were followed during experimentation. The experimental material consisted four Genotype it is Batraa, Btera, Mosulle, and local selection. The experiment was applied in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The objectives of Study were to estimate the some genetic parameters and path coefficient for some traits Okra, The results of statistical analysis for these genotypes were highly significant differences for all traits except the traits number of leaves, the number of main branches, the number of nodes before the first flower and Fruit length. Genetic analysis showed that the genetic variation for all traits was more than environment, High value of heritability was for yield per plant (95.4%) highly significant genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation between fruit number and plant yield (0.998, 0.990 and 0.905) respectively. The result of path coefficient the number of fruit had the highest positive direct effect (0.8551) followed by fruit width, fruit weight and plant high (0.0446, 0.0260 and 0.0106) respectively. It can be conclude the possibility of using the traits fruit weight yield per plant as criteria for selection to improve the yield of Okra.

Sewage wastewater reclamation with sand column filter and reduction of heavy metal accumulation in tomato and okra.

Heavy metal accumulation has much increased in edible parts of fresh fruits and vegetables due to use of industrial waste/effluent, and wastewater. In the current work, sewage wastewater was reclaimed through a column filled with sand having a mesh size of 0.5 mm and its effect was investigated on concentration of different heavy metals, vegetative growth, and yield of okra and tomato. The use of unfiltered sewage wastewater (UFSW) had considerably higher concentrations of heavy metals but it substantially increased plant height, leaf number, and leaf area in both okra and tomato plants in contrast to filtered sewage wastewater (FSW). The application of UFSW resulted in a significantly higher accumulation of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in roots and edible parts of okra and tomato as compared with FSW treatment. However, FSW and UFSW did not significantly influence concentrations of chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in roots and edible parts of both okra and tomato. In conclusion, sand column filtration technique could be efficiently used for the reclamation of sewage wastewater, and reduction of various heavy metals present in sewage wastewater-irrigated crops.