Pea Yield Research Articles

Inoculation with PSB (phosphate-solubilizing bacteria) or Rhizobium in combination with NPK influenced the yield, quality and soil parameters of field pea

Inoculation with PSB (phosphate-solubilizing bacteria) or Rhizobium in combination with NPK influenced the yield, quality and soil parameters of field pea

Growth, Yield and water use efficiency of Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) as influenced by Phosphorus, Micronutrients and organics in new alluvial zone of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted to study the crop growth, yield and WUE of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) as influenced by phosphorus, micronutrients and organics in rice soils during rabi season of 2020-21 at the Teaching Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mondouri, Nadia under New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. The experiment was carried out taking ten different nutrient management practices with three replications in randomized block design to evaluate the performance of lathyrus. The results of the experiment revealed that lathyrus plot fertilized with the recommended dose of fertilizer along with foliar application of Borax @ 0.5% recorded the highest plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight. Maximum seed yield (1450 kg ha-1), stover yield (2513 kg ha-1) and highest WUE (10.00 kg ha-1 mm-1) were recorded by the plot treated with RDF+ Borax @ 0.5%.With respect to quality parameters, the seed protein content was highest (31.18%) in the plot fertilized with RDF along with ammonium molybdate @ 0.1%. Therefore, it may be concluded from the results of the experiment that the combined use of RDF with Borax @ 0.5% application in grass pea is one of the best option for better production in terms of quality and quantity for cultivation in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal.

Optimizing pea yield and quality through integrated nutrient management strategy

Optimizing pea yield and quality through integrated nutrient management strategy

Developing weather-based biomass prediction equation to assess the field pea yield under future climatic scenario

The present research focuses on the variation of field pea production under different prevailing weather parameters, aiming to develop a reliable forecasting model. For that a field experiment was conducted in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal during 2018-19 and 2019-20 with three different varieties (VL42, Indrira Matar, Rachana) of this region. Biomass predicting equation based on maximum temperature, minimum temperature and solar radiation was developed to estimate field pea yield for 2040-2099 period under SSP 2-4.5 and SSP 5-8.5 scenarios. It reveals that solar radiation positively influences crop biomass, while high maximum and minimum temperatures have adverse effects on yield. The developed forecasting equation demonstrated its accuracy (nRMSE=17.37%) by aligning closely with historical data, showcasing its potential for reliable predictions. Furthermore, the study delves into future climate scenarios, showing that increasing temperatures are likely to impact field pea yield negatively. Both biomass and yield showed decreasing trend for the years from 2040 to 2099. SSP 5-8.5 scenario, which is more pessimistic one, foresees a substantial reduction in crop productivity. This weather parameter-based biomass prediction equation can be effectively utilized as a method to assess the impact of climate change on agriculture.
 Keywords: Field pea, weather parameters, crop yield prediction, New Alluvial Zone, nRMSE

Factors Affecting Acreage Response of Pulses in the State of Rajasthan

Background: Pulses are rich in protein, fiber and vital vitamins and minerals however, since the start of the so-called “green revolution” in 1966-1967, their cultivation has experienced a notable decrease. This declining trend in the area under pulses shows that farmers have been changing their crop selections in response to changing techno-economic circumstances. Thus, there is a strong need to study acreage reactions, which will provide important insights for developing efficient policy directives for pulse development. Methods: The objective of this research is to examine the factors that impact the production of pulse crops in the state of Rajasthan. The study is totally dependent on secondary data that was obtained from state government publications for the years 2000–01 and 2019-20. In order to achieve its goals, the study uses backward an elimination regression method. Result: The findings indicate that current-year irrigation significantly improved chickpea farming, while positive effects on pigeon pea acreage were linked to current-year rainfall, lagged irrigated area and pigeon pea yield variability. However, pigeon pea acreage was negatively affected by current-year irrigation and lagged production. Additionally, positive correlations were found between the lagged price of a rival crop (Bajra), current-year rainfall and moong bean acreage response. Urd bean acreage benefited from one-year lagged rainfall, lagged area and yield of pulse crops and lagged pricing of a rival crop (linseed). Therefore, investing in research and development, promoting rainfed techniques and establishing supportive pricing systems are crucial for boosting pulse production and meeting future demand efficiently.

Efecto de la pendiente del terreno y tuberías terciarias en la uniformidad de riego, bulbo húmedo y rendimiento del cultivo de arveja (<i>Pisum sativum</i>)

The Sierra of Perú region has agricultural soils with pronounced slopes that are not used throughout the year, because there are limitations when applying traditional gravity irrigation that leads to low infiltration speed, soil erosion, runoff formation, leaching, leaching of applied fertilizers and low irrigation efficiency; In that understanding, the objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of the slope of land and the arrangement of tertiary pipes on the uniformity of irrigation, wet bulb formation and the crop yield of peas. Three plots were conditioned with slopes of 10%, 20%and 40%; And in each plot three irrigation subunits were installed, inserting 0, 2 and 6 valves in the tertiary pipes, having a total of 09 treatments. The subunits were installed with irrigation tapes of 1.6 l/h of emitter flow at 20cm between drippers and 60cm between sides. The irrigation uniformity coefficient (CU) was determined with the Keller and Karmeli method; Treatment 7 (slope of land 40% + tertiary pipe with 06 valves) presented greater efficiency Cu = 96.30%; valued with an excellent qualifier to irrigation uniformity. All treatments have similarity in the formation of the humid bulb at 45min of irrigation; With a wet soil radius ≥10cm, depth ≥30cm on sandy frank soil. Regarding performance, treatment 3 (slope of land 10% + tertiary pipe with 02 valves) presented 10.75 t/ha.

Valorization of poultry slaughterhouse waste into fertilizers with designed properties.

Climate change, soil erosion, air and water pollution, or problems related to waste management are just some of the many problems in the modern world. Comprehensive solutions are sought to reduce the effects of progressive environmental degradation according to the assumptions of the concept of sustainable development. The paper presents a technological concept that may be a response to these problems. The presented solution assumes full utilization of slaughterhouse waste with the simultaneous recovery of nutrients and the production of functional fertilizing products with designed properties. Four liquid fertilizer formulations with the following composition were prepared: N - 2.30-3.64%, P2O5 - 2.18-9.66%, and K2O - 0.11-4.49%. The manufactured products were characterized by a high sulfur content and the addition of microelements. The tests carried out on plants confirmed their effectiveness similar to commercial mineral fertilizers. An increase in green matter yield of peas by 5 t/ha and maize by 2 t/ha was observed. The lack of microbiological risk associated with their use has been proven. Good efficiency with a simultaneous reduction in production costs resulting from the use of waste materials, as well as limiting the negative impact of poultry farms on the environment, make this solution an attractive alternative to mineral fertilizers, in line with the assumptions of the circular economy.

Conservation tillage and residue management practices in rice improves stress tolerance of succeeding vegetable pea by regulating physiological traits in Eastern Himalayas

The majority areas of valley lands in the Himalayan foothills remains fallow after the rice harvest. Recycling of plant biomass with conservation tillage may help in enhancing soil water availability, crop physiological function and productivity under moisture stress hill environments of this region. The present study focused on three tillage practices viz., no-till (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) and five nutrient management (NM) practices viz., 100 % NPK, 50 % NPK, 50 % NPK + in-situ residue retention (ISRR), 50 % NPK + weed biomass (WB) and 50 % NPK + green leaf manure (GLM) in rice and their residual effect on physio-biochemical properties, yield attributes and produce quality traits of succeeding pea varieties (Arkel and Prakash). Results revealed that total leaf chlorophyll content in vegetable pea varieties Arkel and Prakash was 12.0 and 11.5 % higher under no-till (NT) followed by 11.9 and 10.6 %, respectively under minimum tillage (MT) as compared to conventional tillage (CT) in rice. Similarly, application of 50 % NPK+ green leaf manure (GLM) and 50 % NPK+ weed biomass (WB) enhanced total leaf chlorophyll content in pea by 6.50–8.17 % and 3.93–5.48 % for pea varieties Arkel and Prakash, respectively. Photosynthetic rate and leaf dry weight were found 40.4 and 80.2 % higher under MT in Arkel whereas transpiration rate (E) and shoot dry matter were 33.1 and 19.3 % higher in Prakash under MT. Leaf water potential and root-to-shoot ratio were found 22.6 and 16.5 % higher in Prakash under MT and NT compared to CT respectively. Leaf temperature and stomatal conductance were 8.67 % lower and 9.8 % higher under MT in Prakash respectively as compared to CT, whereas 4.8 and 13.0 % higher under 50 % NPK +GLM and 50 % NPK+WB as compared 100 % NPK. Leaf cell viability was 22.5 and 20.1 % higher under MT whereas leaf MDA content was 29.9 and 28.3 % higher under MT in Arkel and Prakash respectively. Leaf relative water content was significantly higher to the tune of 25.7 and 22.4 % under NT compared to CT whereas leaf cell membrane integrity was 41.3 and 40.4 % higher under NT for Arkel and Prakash. Higher pod protein was noticed under MT along with 50 % NPK+GLM (13.1 %), whereas total soluble sugar was recorded highest under NT with 50 % NPK+GLM (21.1 %) in Prakash and MT with 50 % NPK+GLM (18.3 %) in Arkel. However, in both varieties, lower TSS was recorded under CT and with 50 % NPK (14.2 and 11.2 %) and the reducing sugar was maximum under the application of 50 % NPK+WB as compared to 100 % NPK alone. For both varieties of pea, green pod yield was recorded highest under MT (4.76 & 5.89 t/ha) as compared to CT (4.76 & 6.17 t/ha) and NT (4.76 & 5.55 t/ha). While 50 % NPK+WB has recorded significantly highest green pod yield of Arkel, 50 % NPK+ GLM has caused the highest yield of Prakash. PCA executed on physiological traits explained the total variability to the tune of 85.50 %, thereby extracting three PC's viz., PC 1 (62.63 %), 12.58 %) and 10.28 %, respectively. Thus, the adoption of MT in rice followed by NT in winter pea with the application of 50 % NPK+WB or 50 % NPK+GLM is promising for better physiological traits and subsequently favoring the grain yield of pea under stressful hill environments of Eastern Himalaya.

The impact of the application of compochar on soil moisture, stress, yield and nutritional properties of legumes under drought stress

Nowadays, when climate change is becoming more and more evident, drought stress plays a very important role, including in agriculture. The increasing number of years with extreme temperatures in the Czech Republic has a negative impact on agricultural production, among other things. Therefore, ways are being sought to reduce these negative impacts. One of them may be the use of compochar (a mixture of compost and biochar) to improve water retention in the soil.The effect of compochar addition on soil properties and crop yield was tested under conditions simulating severe drought stress (greenhouse experiments) compared to normal conditions (field experiments). The aim was to find the most suitable ratio of compochar addition that would reduce the negative effects of drought stress on the yield and quality of peas and beans. Tested soil was only able to retain water between 0.03 and 0.18 cm3/cm3, while the compochar itself retained between 0.12 and 0.32 cm3 cm−3. Three substrate variants were tested by varying the amount of compochar (10, 30 and 50 % v/v) in the soil, and all three substrates showed a similar water content between 0.03 and 0.21 cm3 cm−3 depending on the planted crop and week of cultivation. No apparent stress was observed in crops planted in 100 % compochar. Nevertheless, in general, the trend of chlorophyll a/b ratio increased with increasing amounts of compochar in the soil, indicating stress. Yield increased by approximately 50 % for both test crops when 30 % compochar was used as substrate. The flavonoid content in beans was between 410 and 500 μg CE g−1 DW and in peas was approximately 300 μg CE g−1 DW. The results showed that the utilization of compochar had no effect on either total phenol content, flavonoid content or antioxidant capacity.The combination of compochar with soil (30 %) was found to positively affect the (i) soil moisture, (ii) crop yield, and (iii) nutritional properties of peas and beans and (iv) the ability of plants to withstand drought stress.

Dependence of the Pea Grain Yield on Climatic Factors under Semi-Arid Conditions

Field peas are one of the most common crops and are grown in various climatic zones. However, the productivity of this crop can be largely limited by climatic factors. This study investigated the influence of climatic factors on pea grain yield in the semi-arid conditions of the Rostov region of Russia in 2008–2020. To quantify climatic factors, agro-climatic variables were used, such as total temperatures below the minimum temperature, the number of days with temperatures below the minimum temperature, total temperatures above the critical temperature, the number of days with temperatures above the critical temperature, and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient. Agro-climatic variables were calculated using daily climatic variables, such as maximum and minimum temperatures, relative air humidity, and precipitation during pea growing season (April–June). The yield of the pea varied from 90 to 250 kg/ha. In general, the productivity of peas is negatively affected by high temperatures and low humidification level. The yield is negatively correlated with accumulative temperatures above the critical temperature and the number of days with temperatures above the critical temperature and positively correlated with the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient and the precipitation in all analyzed areas. The influence of the accumulative temperatures above the critical temperature is the most significant. It explains between 6.6% and 78.9% of the interannual variability of the pea yield. The increase in accumulative temperatures above the critical threshold by every 1 °C will contribute to a decrease in pea grain yield by an average of 0.150 kg/ha. The maximum temperatures in May and June (the period of flowering–grain filling) have the most negative impact on the yield. A 1 °C increase in the average maximum temperature during this period will contribute to a decrease in pea yield by an average of 19.175 kg/ha. The influence of total precipitation during the growing season explains between 12.3% and 50.0% of the variability. The 1 mm decrease in the total precipitation for the growing season will lead to a decrease in pea yields by an average of 0.736 kg/ha. The results of this study can be applied to regional yield forecasting, as well as predicting the impact of climate variability on the grain yield of pea crops in arid areas.

The influence of biological products and growth regulators on the yield and quality indicators of pea seeds of various varieties.

Peas are an important agricultural crop of great importance in human and animal nutrition. Peas, being a legume crop, help replenish nitrogen reserves in the soil. In field studies of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Center of Legumes and Goat Crops (Oryol region), the influence of various growth regulators and biological products on the yield and quality indicators of pea seeds of the Nord and Multik varieties was studied. Pea plants are grown on dark gray forest, medium loamy soil of average cultivation. Before sowing, pea seeds were treated with solutions of Kornevin, Albit and Epin-extra by soaking for 5 hours. Solutions of the drugs were used at a concentration of 10-6 M, then dried and treated with Rizotorfin before sowing. Growth rates during the growing season and the yield of pea plants were determined. The content of protein, starch and amylose in starch was determined in the seeds. Research results have shown that the yield of pea plants depends on weather conditions. Under favorable weather conditions, the highest yield was obtained from the pea variety Nord (42.2 c/ha) in the variant with seed treatment with Kornevin, and in the Multik variety (43.0 c/ha) when treated with Rizotorfin. In arid conditions, the highest yield of peas of the Nord variety was obtained using the preparations Epin-extra and Kornevin. The highest yield of peas of the Multik variety was obtained using the preparations Rizotorfin, Kornevin and Epin-Extra. The research results, confirmed by statistical evaluation, showed that bioregulators and growth regulators help stimulate the amount of nitrogen supplied to plants, as well as the synthetic processes of protein synthesis. This contributed to improving the quality of seeds and green mass.

Effect of phosphorusfertilization and humic acid on the growth, yield and nutritional status of pea plants grown in sandy soil

Two field experiments were carried out in consecutive winter season of 2022 and 2023 at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre at the Nubaria site in Beheira Governorate, Egypt, to determine the response of pea (Pisum sativumL.) to foliar application of humic acid and phosphorus fertilization on growth, yield parametres and nutrients content of pea plant. Phosphate fertilization rates (0, 36, 72 and 108 P2O5 kg ha-1) were used as the main factor, while humic acid concentrations (0, 1000 and 2000 mg l-1) were used as a second factor.The results showed significant growth and yield responses to phosphate fertilizer application and humic acid spraying. Increasing the application rate of humic acid at various concentrations and at the same time increasing the application rate of phosphorus fertilizer affected the growth and yield of pea in two consecutive growing seasons. The experimental treatment(humic acid at 2000 mgl-1+ 108 Kg P2O5ha-1of phosphorus fertilizer) was given the highest values for the pea growth and yield coordinates. Increasing the concentration of humic acid spraying led to a raise in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of pea seeds.The research results summarize the importance of paying attention to phosphorus fertilization, and spraying plants with humic acid during plant growth can increase the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilization and its effect on pea plants growing on sandy soils.

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF SOME ECONOMIC TRAITS IN GARDEN PEAS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MUTAGENS

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most vegetable legume crops grown in Egypt through the winter season. In order to develop high-yieldinggenotypes in this legume crop available genetic wealth is very essential. Therefore, genetic variability induced by mutagenic agents in plant growth traits and their contribution towards seed yield may be used as a criterion for yield improvement in garden peas. The overall objective of this study was to estimate the extent of association between plant growth traits with the doses of mutagenic agents through correlation and regression analysis. One germplasm of garden pea, as well as seven doses of mutagenic agents in addition to the control, were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agri-Farm of Genetic Department inside the campus of Mansoura University. Analysis of the correlation coefficient revealed that the amount of correlation coefficients appeared very close between plant fresh weight, chlorophyll b with the mutagenic doses. Meanwhile, plant dry weight, leaf area developed per plant andtotal chlorophyll concentration exhibited a positive correlation with mutagenic doses that induced new genotypes in garden peas. Therefore, these traits may be considered the most reliable traits that respond to mutagenic agents which can be used as indicators for new genotypes induced which related to effective improvement in the growth and yield of garden peas through mutation breeding.

Assessment of genetic diversity and path coefficient analysis for grain yield in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.)

Assessment of genetic diversity and path coefficient analysis for grain yield in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.)

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИЕМОВ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ГОРОХА В УСЛОВИЯХ РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Purpose: to identify an effective combination of primary soil tillage methods, fertilizer background, water consumption features at different sowing dates and their influence on the yield of new pea varieties in Rostov region. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in 2022–2023 at the experimental stationary of the scientific center. The following were studied: basic soil tillage methods (plowing, combined, chiseling) (factor A); fertilizer backgrounds: 1) without fertilizers, 2) Р₄₀K₄₀, 3) P₆₀K₆₀, 4) P₈₀K₈₀, 5) N₁₅Р₄₀K₄₀, 6) N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ (factor B). Sowing was carried out in two stages. Soils are ordinary chernozem. Results. Higher yields were obtained in the variants of the 1st sowing date, regardless of cultivation and fertilizers. The increase was 6.3–6.8 % for the Donets and 6.9–8.4 % for the Amulet varieties, compared with the data for the 2nd term. A decrease in yield was noted with combined and chisel tillage, regardless of the fertilizer background and sowing dates; it was 6.0–6.3 and 5.2–5.3 % for the Donets and Amulet varieties, respectively; 4.9–5.2 and 3.5–4.7 %, compared with plowing (factor A). The highest pea yield according to factor B was provided by the N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ variant: 3.03 and 2.86 t/ha for the Donets varieties, 2.56 and 2.39 t/ha for the Amulet varieties. The yield increases reached 0.89–0.93 t/ha (44.3–45.2 %) and 0.67–0.71 t/ha (38.3–38.9 %), respectively, compared to the control. The difference in average yield between the P₈₀K₈₀ and N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ variants did not exceed 0.09–0.13 t/ha for the Donets variety and 0.03–0.06 t/ha for the Amulet variety. Conclusions. The best average yield was obtained in the variant with plowing and N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ nutrition at the first sowing period in 2023, amounting to 3.72 t/ha for the Donetsk variety and 2.91 t/ha for the Amulet variety. The lowest water consumption coefficient of peas was also noted here – 804 m³/t.

Impact of enhanced farming techniques on pigeon pea yield and economic viability in the Vindhya plateau Agro-climatic zone, Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh

Impact of enhanced farming techniques on pigeon pea yield and economic viability in the Vindhya plateau Agro-climatic zone, Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh

Grain yield and quality characteristics of some grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes grown as summer and winter crop under ecological conditions of Yozgat

Amaç: Türkiye’de uzun yıllardır kaliteli kaba yem açığı bulunmaktadır. Bu durum hayvanların kalitesinde ve verimlerinde düşüşler meydana getirmektedir. Diğer taraftan kurak ve yarı kurak iklim kuşağında yer alan Türkiye iklim değişikliğinden en fazla etkilenmesi beklenen ülkeler arasında yer almaktadır. Yem bitkileri açığı ve iklim koşullarında beklenen olumsuzluklar koşullarına uygun bitkilerin yetiştirilmesini zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Baklagiller familyasında yer alan mürdümük (Lathyrus sativus L.) hayvan besleme açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahip olup, kuraklığa toleransı yüksektir ve çok farklı topraklarda rahatlıkla gelişme gösterebilmektedir.
 Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışmada; Yozgat ekolojik koşullarında kışlık ve yazlık olarak ekilen farklı mürdümük genotiplerinin (Gap Mavisi, Eren, İptaş, Karadağ, 1603, 2006, 2401, 4301, 4403, 5001, 6408, 6410 ve S3) tane verimi ve kalitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma 2019-2020 vejetasyon döneminde ve Bölünmüş Parseller Deneme Desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur.
 Araştırma Bulguları: Bitkilerin tohumlarında, tane verimi, ham protein oranı, ODAP (N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid), toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid, radikal kovucu aktivite (DPPH) ve kondanse tanen içerikleri belirlenmiştir.
 Sonuç: Çalışmadan elde edilen verilere göre, yazlık ekimlerin kışlık ekimlere göre daha üstün olduğu, hayvan besleme ve verimlik açısından ise bazı popülasyonların çeşitlerden daha iyi sonuçlar sergilediği tespit edilmiştir.

Productivity and economic feasibility of vegetable-based cropping system under organic and natural farming conditions in Indo-Gangetic plains of India

Organic and natural farming are considered as an alternative to modern agriculture for sustaining soil and environmental health, and better quality of agricultural produce free from pesticide residues. The consumer concern for the same is more for vegetables and fruits as they generally are consumed raw and have higher frequency of purchase. Field experiments were conducted in northwest India during 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the performance of pea-okra- radish cropping system under organic and natural farming practices with paddy straw mulch and no-mulch conditions. The treatments consisted of farmyard manure (FYM) to supply recommended nitrogen to the crops, natural farming practices-250 kg FYM/ha + on-farm preparations (NF), FYM + NF and FYM + vermicompost (VC). The FYM, FYM + NF and FYM + VC were at par with each other but were significantly superior to NF and unfertilized control in respect of economic yields of all the crops. The economic yields of pea, okra, and radish were 40.11, 46.48 and 25.99 per cent higher with FYM than NF. Paddy straw mulch gave significantly higher economic yields (11.10, 12.56 and 19.28 per cent in pea, okra and radish) compared to no-mulch. Though the economic yields were higher with FYM + NF but the benefit-cost ratios for all the crops were higher with FYM alone due to higher cost of production in other treatments.

SOIL CULTIVATION METHODS’ IMPACT ON SOIL WATER-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF SOUTHEAST KAZAKHSTAN

For the rational use of rainfed lands in Southeast Kazakhstan, the practical study aimed to determine the influence of different cultivation methods on the water-physical properties of the soil. The results revealed that, on average, for two years, the reserve of productive moisture in the ground during the spring with plowing at 20–22 cm was 127.8–146.4 mm, with minimal tillage at 8–10 cm (132.3–157.0 mm), and with zero tillage (122.2–140.8 mm) for all studied crops. With insufficient rainfall in summer, the moisture reserve decreased to 21.5–26.2 mm with plowing, 23.5–28.0 mm with minimal tillage, and 27.8–37.6 mm with zero tillage. In the studied crops, the soil density in the arable soil layer (0–30 cm) showed significant variations depending on the methods of soil cultivation. In spring, the soil was in a loose and weakly compacted state (1.17–1.22 g/cm3), and during harvesting, it increased and became dense (1.29–1.32 g/cm3), especially with zero tillage. Soil tillage methods provided the best structural aggregate condition (58%–71%) during the growing season of the studied crops of agronomically valuable aggregates (0.25–10 mm). However, the maximum content of structural aggregates (69%–71%) was evident with zero tillage by sowing safflower, spring barley, and Sudan grass. It indicates the excellent aggregate state of the soil under natural conditions with these crops. However, its minimum amount (58%) occurred with plowing (20–22 cm) under safflower. The water-resistant aggregate content was highest in no-tillage variants of the studied crops, varying between 17.6%–18.9%. With plowing, the water resistance of aggregates decreased to 13.1% under different crops. Over two years of research, the highest average yield of spring barley (2.42 t/ha) emerged with minimal tillage, while the lowest grain yield of Sudan grass (0.67 t/ha) came from plowing. As a result, the highest grain yields of spring barley, peas, and safflower emanated with minimal tillage, while in the Sudanese grass, with zero tillage.

Cultivar and environmental impacts on protein and mineral concentrations in peas (Pisum sativum L.)

AbstractPea (Pisum sativum L.) grain contains abundant protein, starch, and minerals. However, there are obstacles to growing peas that achieve consistently high protein and mineral concentrations. Seven pea cultivars were planted at seven locations with contrasting soils and environmental factors to evaluate the genetic and environmental effects on pea yield and quality. Correlations and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to correlate pea grain yield and protein with mineral concentrations in pea grain and soil. Significant cultivar × location interactions were observed on pea grain yield but not on pea grain protein concentration. Some cultivars demonstrated more sensitivity to the environment than others in terms of grain yield potential and stability. The lack of a cultivar × location interaction for pea grain protein concentration indicates consistent genetic control of this quality parameter. Although there was a negative relationship between pea grain yield and protein concentration at the cultivar level at each environment, this correlation became weaker while pooling the data from all environments (site‐years) due to the confounding effect from environments. Pea grain mineral concentrations were significantly affected by cultivar and location, but location generally affected the mineral levels more than cultivar. Grain mineral nutrients, especially macronutrients, were highly correlated with soil minerals. The three distinct clusters formed in the PCA indicate mega environments that determine pea grain yield and quality, and understanding the mega environments in combination with improved soil fertility management may represent the most effective means of increasing pea grain yield, protein, and targeted mineral levels.