Conservation tillage and residue management practices in rice improves stress tolerance of succeeding vegetable pea by regulating physiological traits in Eastern Himalayas

Abstract

The majority areas of valley lands in the Himalayan foothills remains fallow after the rice harvest. Recycling of plant biomass with conservation tillage may help in enhancing soil water availability, crop physiological function and productivity under moisture stress hill environments of this region. The present study focused on three tillage practices viz., no-till (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) and five nutrient management (NM) practices viz., 100 % NPK, 50 % NPK, 50 % NPK + in-situ residue retention (ISRR), 50 % NPK + weed biomass (WB) and 50 % NPK + green leaf manure (GLM) in rice and their residual effect on physio-biochemical properties, yield attributes and produce quality traits of succeeding pea varieties (Arkel and Prakash). Results revealed that total leaf chlorophyll content in vegetable pea varieties Arkel and Prakash was 12.0 and 11.5 % higher under no-till (NT) followed by 11.9 and 10.6 %, respectively under minimum tillage (MT) as compared to conventional tillage (CT) in rice. Similarly, application of 50 % NPK+ green leaf manure (GLM) and 50 % NPK+ weed biomass (WB) enhanced total leaf chlorophyll content in pea by 6.50–8.17 % and 3.93–5.48 % for pea varieties Arkel and Prakash, respectively. Photosynthetic rate and leaf dry weight were found 40.4 and 80.2 % higher under MT in Arkel whereas transpiration rate (E) and shoot dry matter were 33.1 and 19.3 % higher in Prakash under MT. Leaf water potential and root-to-shoot ratio were found 22.6 and 16.5 % higher in Prakash under MT and NT compared to CT respectively. Leaf temperature and stomatal conductance were 8.67 % lower and 9.8 % higher under MT in Prakash respectively as compared to CT, whereas 4.8 and 13.0 % higher under 50 % NPK +GLM and 50 % NPK+WB as compared 100 % NPK. Leaf cell viability was 22.5 and 20.1 % higher under MT whereas leaf MDA content was 29.9 and 28.3 % higher under MT in Arkel and Prakash respectively. Leaf relative water content was significantly higher to the tune of 25.7 and 22.4 % under NT compared to CT whereas leaf cell membrane integrity was 41.3 and 40.4 % higher under NT for Arkel and Prakash. Higher pod protein was noticed under MT along with 50 % NPK+GLM (13.1 %), whereas total soluble sugar was recorded highest under NT with 50 % NPK+GLM (21.1 %) in Prakash and MT with 50 % NPK+GLM (18.3 %) in Arkel. However, in both varieties, lower TSS was recorded under CT and with 50 % NPK (14.2 and 11.2 %) and the reducing sugar was maximum under the application of 50 % NPK+WB as compared to 100 % NPK alone. For both varieties of pea, green pod yield was recorded highest under MT (4.76 & 5.89 t/ha) as compared to CT (4.76 & 6.17 t/ha) and NT (4.76 & 5.55 t/ha). While 50 % NPK+WB has recorded significantly highest green pod yield of Arkel, 50 % NPK+ GLM has caused the highest yield of Prakash. PCA executed on physiological traits explained the total variability to the tune of 85.50 %, thereby extracting three PC's viz., PC 1 (62.63 %), 12.58 %) and 10.28 %, respectively. Thus, the adoption of MT in rice followed by NT in winter pea with the application of 50 % NPK+WB or 50 % NPK+GLM is promising for better physiological traits and subsequently favoring the grain yield of pea under stressful hill environments of Eastern Himalaya.