Years Of Colonization Research Articles

Nondeictic accusative and dative clitics and their variant forms in European and Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract This article raises the hypothesis that 3rd person, accusative o/a (“him/her”) and dative lhe (“to him”/ “to her”) clitics, as well as the indefinite clitic se (“one”), contrary to 1st and 2nd person me/te (“me/you”), were never part of the grammar of the populations who acquired Portuguese as L2 in Brazil; rather, 3rd person clitic pronouns have been learned by a small number of Brazilians with school access (0.5 %), in the beginning of the 19th century. To bring support to this hypothesis, socio-historical information is presented, according to which, during about 350 years of colonization, slaved Africans and their descendants constituted the largest part of the population; their contact with several waves of Portuguese immigrant workers contributed to the emergence of Brazilian dialects differing in many aspects from European Portuguese (EP). Data from European and Brazilian Portuguese (PB) popular theater plays, written across the 19th and the 20th centuries, show that EP exhibits a robust and stable system of 3rd person accusative and dative clitics, contrary to BP. Analyses of recorded EP and BP since the 1970s attest the extremely rare use of such clitics in BP, very close to the percentages shown in the more recent plays, whereas formal writing reveals the school relative success in the effort to teach 3rd person clitics.

Population dynamics of the Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, during rapid range expansion in New York State.

Recent changes in climate and human land-use have resulted in alterations of the geographic range of many species, including human pathogens. Geographic range expansion and population growth of human pathogens increase human disease risk. Relatively little empirical work has investigated the impact of range changes on within-population variability, a contributor to both colonization success and adaptive potential, during the precise time in which populations are colonized. This is likely due to the difficulties of collecting appropriate natural samples during the dynamic phase of migration and colonization. We systematically collected blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) across New York State (NY), USA, between 2006 and 2019, a time period coinciding with a rapid range expansion of ticks and their associated pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease. These samples provide a unique opportunity to investigate the population dynamics of human pathogens as they expand into novel territory. We observed that founder effects were short-lived, as gene flow from long-established populations brought almost all B. burgdorferi lineages to newly colonized populations within just a few years of colonization. By 7 years post-colonization, B. burgdorferi lineage frequency distributions were indistinguishable from long-established sites, indicating that local B. burgdorferi populations experience similar selective pressures despite geographic separation. The B. burgdorferi lineage dynamics elucidate the processes underlying the range expansion and demonstrate that migration into, and selection within, newly colonized sites operate on different time scales.

VítorWesthelle, Liberating Luther: A Lutheran Theology from Latin America. Translated by Robert A. Butterfield. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2021, 238pp. $29.00

VítorWesthelle, <i>Liberating Luther: A Lutheran Theology from Latin America</i>. Translated by Robert A. Butterfield. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2021, 238pp. $29.00

Colonial Period in Africa and the Rise of New Classes of Women in Literature: A Study in Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood and Flora Nwapa’s Efuru and Women are Different

This paper highlights the African woman’s changing status from colonial period as seen through Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood and Flora Nwapa‘s Efuru and Women are Different. As such, a detailed examination of the two authors’ works reveals some courageous female characters who challenge patriarchal practices and assert themselves. Then, thanks to western education and to women’s dedication to trade, Adaku and Kehinde in The Joys of Motherhood, Efuru in Efuru and Agnes, Rose and Dora in Women are Different develop some skills and competence that help them arouse awareness of their human rights. There is the rise of new classes of women compared to the early years of colonization in Africa. This paper posits that for an integrated development of African countries, women should be educated and involved into the decision-making process. Deconstruction is the bedrock on which the analysis has been conducted as the female characters in the focus novels dismantle the phallogocentric norms.

OurSTORY Includes Indipinos

Abstract: The connections between the Philippines and Turtle Island have deepened over the 500 years of colonization. Cross-Pacific voyages brought people from our islands to the Americas, and generations of mixed Indipinos have made contributions that go unrecognized. These personal family histories make a difference in our personal journeys as well as record how our communities thrived and continue to thrive. Indipinos Richard, Diane, Randy, and Sage Vendiola, as well as Jeannette Anglin, join moderator Holly Calica to address the interrelationship between Filipinos and tribal peoples in their areas. This look at the past and present is key for us to cocreate our future together!

Archiving the Algerian Revolution in Zineb Sedira's Gardiennes d'images

Archiving the Algerian Revolution in Zineb Sedira's <i>Gardiennes d'images</i>

Socio-Environmental Complexities of the Global South: a Historical, Decolonial, Eco-Socialist and a Freirean Environmental Educational View

This paper aims to analyze contemporary socio-environmental complexities, such as climate change and the increasing socio-environmental impacts on different social classes. Moreover, it addresses the systematic way in which the Global North exploits natural and human resources, which oppresses the populations of the Global South, increasing social inequality and potentiating the climate crisis. The historical context of environmental degradation is a key driver of the analysis, aligned with the perceived idealization of infinite economic development, which shapes the capitalist system’s exacerbated productivism and industrial development in order to expand its profit through increased consumption and perpetuate inequality. By raising fundamental questions in the context of the climate crisis, which disproportionately affects the populations of Global South countries, –whether in the realization of environmental disasters or the recovery time after a catastrophe–we seek to analyze how the organizational logic of asymmetry between Global North-South countries is driven by years of colonization and imperialism. And we present, as options in the attempt to break with this unsustainable system, eco-socialism and Freirean environmental education.

'Wedding Bells and Colonial Hells': Indigenous-Settler Intermarriage in Colonial North America

This essay examines the practice of Indigenous-settler intermarriage during the colonial period of North America. While historians know that intermarriage was an economic strategy used by both settler men and North American native women during the fur trade era, inaccuracies in parish records fail to demonstrate how prevalent the practice really was in this region. This paper thus presents an examination of what reasons both sides of the dynamic had for practicing interracial marriage and what benefits they derived from its execution. Indeed, the first half of the essay aims to analyze the physiological, psychological, economic, and imperialistic benefits Indigenous women, settler men, and related stakeholders enjoyed as a result of intermarriage using examples from both colonial Canada and America. The second half looks at what drawbacks resulted from intermarriage, emphasizing that these drawbacks were mainly isolated to the later years of colonization when European influence and power had spread throughout the continent. The legacy of Indigenous-settler intermarriage and the devastation of colonization persists still today which is why this topic is a worthy addition to the historical discourse.

From monumentality to diversity – Lourenço Marques between the urban plans of Aguiar and Azevedo (1950-1970)

ABSTRACT The General Urban Development Plan for Lourenço Marques (today Maputo) was approved on 25th April 1955. Coordinated by architect João Aguiar, director of the Colonial Planning Office. it was developed based on the first urban plan for the city, which had been drawn up by Joaquim José Machado and António José de Araújo in 1887. A further new Master Plan for Lourenço Marques was drawn up between 1967 and 1969. This new one was the last before Mozambique gained independence in 1975 and it was drafted by a specialist team coordinated by the engineer and urbanist Mário de Azevedo. The orientations applied in Aguiar’s Urban Plan were quite distinct from those of Azevedo's Master Plan. The innovative element was that it opposed the ‘conception of a city closed in on itself, limited in size and structure’. Azevedo's plan furthered a regional interpretation of the territory and placed the emphasis on the provision of an entire transport infrastructure network by land, sea, and air. This paper seeks to throw light on the evolution of Portuguese urbanism in the Portuguese African colonies in the last years of colonization with a view to highlighting the different approaches.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Leymus arenarius Nebkhas during Early Primary Succession on the Sub-Arctic Coastal Sand Plains of Iceland

Greipsson, S., 2022. Spatiotemporal patterns of Leymus arenarius nebkhas during early primary succession on the subArctic coastal sand plains of Iceland. Journal of Coastal Research, 38(2), 269–278. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A spatiotemporal analysis of phytogenic mounds (nebkhas) of the pioneer dune building grass Leymus arenarius was assessed during primary succession on three coastal sand plains in Iceland. Extensive sand plains were formed on the study sites due to catastrophic glacial river floods associated with sub-glacial volcanic activities. Present and past spatial patterns of Leymus-nebkhas were examined by the use of satellite images and high resolution aerial photographs and confirmation through field work. The colonization patterns of the nebkhas were studied from the initial phases and up to a maximum period of 54 years on the sand plains Skeidararsandur, Myrdalssandur, and Skogarsandur. The hypothesis was that nebkhas would be clustered and nonrandom in early phases of the primary succession but would have random configurations at later stages. Average density of nebkhas was low within 10 years of colonization on Skeidararsandur (0.55–0.67 dunes ha–1) and the spatial configuration was found to be highly nonrandom (clumped). Following the initial colonization of L. arenarius, the increase of nebkha density with time followed a similar nonrandom pattern on Myrdalssandur with final average density of 6.12 nebkha ha–1. On Skogarsandur, the spatial configuration of nebkhas was random with final average density of 7.08 nebkha ha–1. Nonlinear cubic polynomial regression analysis showed a very strong relationship (R2 = 0.989) for the average density of nebkha for 60 years on Skogarsandur. On the coastal sand plains, the spatial configuration of nebkha was observed to progress with time from nonrandom towards random distribution. This study supports the view of deterministic spatiotemporal pattern of nebkhas during early primary succession on the coastal sand plains. The nebkha density was most likely a function of sand drift on the plains, significantly decreasing (R2 = 0.93) away from the sand source of the glacier river Jökulsa on Skogarsandur. The results are discussed in relation to ecological restoration.

Aboriginal Australian mental health during the first 100 years of colonization, 1788-1888: a historical review of nineteenth-century documents.

Past histories charting interactions between British healthcare and Aboriginal Australians have tended to be dominated by broad histological themes such as invasion and colonization. While such descriptions have been vital to modernization and truth telling in Australian historical discourse, this paper investigates the nineteenth century through the modern cultural lens of mental health. We reviewed primary documents, including colonial diaries, church sermons, newspaper articles, medical and burial records, letters, government documents, conference speeches and anthropological journals. Findings revealed six overlapping fields which applied British ideas about mental health to Aboriginal Australians during the nineteenth century. They included military invasion, religion, law, psychological systems, lunatic asylums, and anthropology.

Predicting Source Populations of Vagrants Using Breeding Population Data: A Case Study of the Lesser Black-Backed Gull (Larus fuscus)

Vagrancy is critical in facilitating range expansion and colonization through exploration and occupation of potentially suitable habitat. Uncovering origins of vagrants will help us better understand not only species-specific vagrant movements, but how the dynamics of a naturally growing population influence vagrancy, and potentially lead to range expansion. Under the premise that occurrence of vagrants is linked to increasing population growth in the core of the breeding range, we assessed the utility of breeding population survey data to predict source populations of vagrants. Lesser Black-backed Gulls (LBBG) (Larus fuscus) served as our focal species due to their dramatic and well-documented history of vagrancy to North America in the last 30 years. We related annual occurrence of vagrants to indices of breeding population size and growth rate of breeding populations. We propose that the fastest growing population is the most likely source of recent vagrants to North America. Our study shows that it is possible to predict potential source populations of vagrants with breeding population data, but breeding surveys require increased standardization across years to improve models. For the Lesser Black-backed Gull, Iceland’s breeding population likely influenced vagrancy during the early years of colonization, but the major increase in vagrants occurred during a period of growth of Greenland’s population, suggesting that Greenland is the source population of the most recent pulse of vagrant LBBG to North America.

Biofilm Formation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Is Strain-Dependent and Differentially Influenced by Antibiotics.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease with lung abnormalities making patients particularly predisposed to pulmonary infections. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently identified pathogen, and multidrug-resistant strains (MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus) have been associated with more severe lung dysfunction leading to eradication recommendations. Diverse bacterial traits and adaptive skills, including biofilm formation, may, however, make antimicrobial therapy challenging. In this context, we compared the ability of a collection of genotyped MRSA isolates from CF patients to form biofilm with and without antibiotics (ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, linezolid, trimethoprim, and rifampicin). Our study used standardized approaches not previously applied to CF MRSA, the BioFilm Ring test® (BRT®), the Antibiofilmogram®, and the BioFlux™ 200 system which were adapted for use with the artificial sputum medium (ASM) mimicking conditions more relevant to the CF lung. We included 63 strains of 10 multilocus sequence types (STs) isolated from 35 CF patients, 16 of whom had chronic colonization. The BRT® showed that 27% of the strains isolated in 37% of the patients were strong biofilm producers. The Antibiofilmogram® performed on these strains showed that broad-spectrum cephalosporins had the lowest minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (bMIC) on a majority of strains. A focus on four chronically colonized patients with inclusion of successively isolated strains showed that ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, and/or linezolid bMICs may remain below the resistance thresholds over time. Studying the dynamics of biofilm formation by strains isolated 3years apart in one of these patients using BioFlux™ 200 showed that inhibition of biofilm formation was observed for up to 36h of exposure to bMIC and ceftaroline and ceftobiprole had a significantly greater effect than linezolid. This study has brought new insights into the behavior of CF MRSA which has been little studied for its ability to form biofilm. Biofilm formation is a common characteristic of prevalent MRSA clones in CF. Early biofilm formation was strain-dependent, even within a sample, and not only observed during chronic colonization. Ceftaroline and ceftobiprole showed a remarkable activity with a long-lasting inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and a conserved activity on certain strains adapted to the CF lung environment after years of colonization.

An interpretation of Cueva de la Huachizca, Santa Clara del Cobre, Michoacan, Mexico

Cueva de la Huachizca is located in the humid forests of the Municipio of Santa Clara del Cobre, Michoacán. During the Postclassic period (1300−1520 ad), Santa Clara del Cobre was a part of the Tarascan Señorio. Ethnographic accounts describe the use of Cueva de la Huachizca as a place of refuge during the Cristero Rebellion (1921−1926). Recent investigations suggest a long history of use including graffiti and inscriptions from the 1800s–1900s and a rock art panel. The panel consists of pecked petroglyphs depicting a man facing an eagle, above a spiral motif. Stylistic analysis of the panel suggests that the rock art was created during pre-Hispanic times, likely by the Postclassic Tarascans. As observed in several regions of Mesoamerica, for the Tarascans, caves were also liminal spaces and had an important role in Postclassic Tarascan cosmology. A ceramic resinera, a pine resin pot, an eagle’s feather, and charcoal were also recovered. The resinera age was estimated by researchers at Archaeomagnetic Services, Geophysics Institute at the National Autonomous University of México-Campus Morelia, Michoacán to between 1921 and 1980. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts describe caves as houses of fertility and rain deities, an idea that while slightly transformed, has survived over 500 years of colonization, and remains in the communities’ social memories. These findings demonstrate the cave’s significance among the descendent communities and Cueva de la Huachizca as an important sacred site.

The Conquest of Española as a “Structure of Conjuncture”

AbstractThis article delves into the conquest and early years of colonization of Española from the perspective of the “structure of the conjuncture.” By doing so it prioritizes the Indigenous perspective of conquest, particularly that of the cacique Guacanagarí, who formed the first alliance with the Spaniards in 1492. The article follows the development of the historic alliance, digging beneath the surface of historical chronicles to reveal Indigenous cosmology and agency throughout the skirmishes and intrigue of colonization. In so doing it shows that during the first years of Caribbean colonization, the Spaniards were not in control as all actors were engaging in a novel environment, the structure of the conjuncture. The situation did change by the early 1500s, but the imprint of the structure of the conjuncture was felt for decades to come.

Who Controls the Past Controls the Future: How Algeria Manipulated History and Legitimated Power Using its Constitutional Charters and Legislation

Contemporary Algeria was born after 132 years of colonization and a bloody decolonization war that lasted almost eight years. The official version and the dominant historical narrative of the war of independence has been influencing the state-owned media, the process of memorialization and the education system for years. This article will focus on how history was manipulated and used to legitimate political power using ordinary legislation as well as the highest source of law: the constitution. This article argues that by studying Algerian legislation and the various constitutional charters we can obtain key insight into ways in which the triad of the state, the party, and the army has been able to reproduce and re-appropriate symbols and narratives of the nation through constitutional measures and/or amendments.

Shoreline Thinking

AbstractThis article explores the relation between the dockside denizens of Claude McKay’s Marseille and the violent history of slavery and racism. It takes a longue durée approach to modernism by arguing that the previous five hundred years of colonization and conquest of Black and Indigenous life continue to constrain the possibilities of freedom imagined in the art and literature of the early twentieth century. Using Édouard Glissant’s poetics of relation, it considers how the shoreline in Romance in Marseille provides a fecund location for sifting through the residues of slavery to salvage possibilities for living otherwise than the racist state demands. In so doing, Romance in Marseille goes further than McKay’s other novels in asserting that Black femininity must be central to a Black reinvention of the human.

“WOMEN EDUCATION IN THE COLONIAL CONTEXT: THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINES”

The Philippine Islands experienced a long period of colonialism, from 1565 to 1946. During nearly 400 years of colonization, Philippine education was deeply influenced by the Hispanic and American education system. The educational policies of colonial governments had affected most Philipinas, including women. While the Spaniards performed a minimal education for women and bundled them in the strict framework, the Americans paid attention to provide practical career skills for women in the family and in society. From the approach based on the connection between education and colonialism, the paper will focus on the issue of educating women in the colonial administration's educational policy and its impact on life of women, on their cognitive and the re-awareness process of their roles and positions in society.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elastase Contributes to the Establishment of Chronic Lung Colonization and Modulates the Immune Response in a Murine Model.

Chronic infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is a major contributor to progressive lung damage and is poorly treated by available antibiotic therapy. An alternative approach to the development of additional antibiotic treatments is to identify complementary therapies which target bacterial virulence factors necessary for the establishment and/or maintenance of the chronic infection. The P. aeruginosa elastase (LasB) has been suggested as an attractive anti-virulence target due to its extracellular location, its harmful degradative effects on host tissues and the immune system, and the potential to inhibit its activity using small molecule inhibitors. However, while the relevance of LasB in acute P. aeruginosa infection has been demonstrated, it is still unclear whether this elastase might also play a role in the early phase of chronic lung colonization. By analyzing clinical P. aeruginosa clonal isolates from a CF patient, we found that the isolate RP45, collected in the early phase of persistence, produces large amounts of active LasB, while its clonal variant RP73, collected after years of colonization, does not produce it. When a mouse model of persistent pneumonia was used, deletion of the lasB gene in RP45 resulted in a significant reduction in mean bacterial numbers and incidence of chronic lung colonization at Day 7 post-challenge compared to those mice infected with wild-type (wt) RP45. Furthermore, deletion of lasB in strain RP45 also resulted in an increase in immunomodulators associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in infected animals. In contrast, deletion of the lasB gene in RP73 did not affect the establishment of chronic infection. Overall, these results indicate that LasB contributes to the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to a persistent lifestyle. In addition, these findings support pharmacological inhibition of LasB as a potentially useful therapeutic intervention for P. aeruginosa-infected CF patients prior to the establishment of a chronic infection.

The colonization of Ireland: A human ecology perspective

Human migration throughout northern Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum is an ideal situation to investigate human colonization and adaptation in new landscapes. This is particularly so in Ireland, which possesses a distinctly compressed archaeological record compared to the rest of Europe. While various periods of Paleolithic occupations are well-documented throughout Europe, including Britain, the initial colonization of Ireland appears to be delayed until the Early Holocene. An assessment of archaeological and paleoenvironmental data suggests that inhospitable environmental conditions, specifically the absence of mature woodland ecosystems, substantially delayed the human colonization of Ireland. Once Mesolithic peoples reached Ireland, the absence of familiar fauna led them to quickly modify existing technologies. These local adaptions are reflected in the discontinuation of composite microlith technologies that characterize the rest of the European Mesolithic record. Within 1000 years of colonization, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers developed a uniquely Irish macrolith-based technology.