Yaroslavl Region Research Articles

Ранняя помощь: ресурсы и возможности психолого-педагогической поддержки ребенка и его семьи в Ярославской области

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives. </strong>Timely and properly organized comprehensive care for young children is able to prevent the appearance of secondary deviations in child development and ensure the effectiveness of corrective and developmental impact. The results of a monitoring that was organized in the Yaroslavl region of the Russian Federation to assess the need of families in childhood early care activities for the correction and prevention of possible disorders are analyzed and summarized. The organization of activities to provide early psychological and pedagogical assistance to children and their families is presented.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods. </strong>956 families with young children living in the Yaroslavl region took part in the survey. The age of the parents is from 23 to 37 years old. During the monitoring, the activities of basic organizations for the provision of psychological and pedagogical assistance to children from birth to three years old were studied, according to the following indicators: the quantitative and nosological representation of young children, the psychological and pedagogical support of young children and their parents, staffing in basic organizations providing early help services.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results. </strong>In 2023, early help was provided to 1174 children and their families in 140 early help services established in the regional education system, in 2022, early care was provided to 1235 children of the target group, which may be due to a slight decrease in the birth rate in the Yaroslavl region. According to the data of the psychological, medical and pedagogical commissions, 2,598 children from birth to three years old underwent a comprehensive examination in 2023, which is 24% more than the number of young children examined in 2022. Comprehensive psychological, medical and pedagogical support of young children is provided by 460 specialists of various profiles. In the process of psychological and pedagogical support, 1,283 events were held with young children and their parents.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The study reflects that the difficulties of providing early care in educational organizations are due to the interdepartmental fragmentation of early care institutions, the insufficient implementation of the practice of home visits, accompanying a child in natural life situations, and the low representation of medical workers in the early care system. The factors contributing to the improvement of the results of psychological and pedagogical support of a child with disabilities and his family have been established: interdisciplinarity in the organization of early care; support of the child in natural life conditions; screening-diagnostics; remote counseling.</p>

Психическое состояние родителей при заболеваниях детей раннего возраста

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives. </strong>Children’s illnesses negatively affect their mental and physical development, causing anxiety and psychological discomfort to parents, since increased demands are placed on parental care. In turn, the discomfort of the parents increases the risk for the normal development of the child. In the Yaroslavl region, about 7% of all younger aged children are hospitalized annually. Of these, 97% are initial, 8% are in serious condition. Researchers describe relatively stable psychological characteristics of parents of sick children. In order to psychologically optimize the treatment process, the previously undescribed psychological state of mothers of infants hospitalized with their children in the Yaroslavl Oblast Children’s Clinical Hospital health care institution was investigated.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods. </strong>The sample consisted of 34 women hospitalized with their children under 3 years of age. Using the “Layout of the mental state” method by A.O. Prokhorov, three mental states were assessed: the actual state at the time of the research, the habitual state and the state at the onset of the child’s disease. The state of health of the child was also assessed by the respondents on a scale from 0 to 10. The data covering the period of 2019—2023 hospitalizations of the children of early age were used.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results. </strong>The actual mental states reported by respondents were significantly worse than their habitual ones, according to descriptor groups Psychic Processes and Feeling. The actual mental states were better than the ones at the onset of disease, according to descriptor groups Psychic Processes, Physiological Reactions, Feeling and Behavior. The evaluation of a child’s health is associated only with a change in the state of the group of Mental processes descriptors (Kendall’s Tau 0.30; z = 2.4; p-value = 0.02).</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Two opposite changes in the mental state of mothers during hospitalization of children were revealed: the worsening compared with the usual state, improvement in the mental state compared to the onset of the child’s disease. Changes in mental state in seven of the eight groups of descriptors are independent of the parents’ assessment of the child’s health at the time of the examination. A small sample implies a special assessment of the sustainability of the results.</p>

Современный взгляд на состояние оценки деятельности педагогов дополнительного образования (на примере Ярославской области)

The article examines the economic and social situation of additional education teachers on the example of the Yaroslavl region. Based on the analysis of statistical data and the results of the conducted expert survey, the conclusion is made about its sustainability and stability. At the same time, the problems related to the evalua-tion of teachers’ performance are noted, as in many respects it relies on traditional methods (mainly attestation) and is formal in nature. The methods of evaluating teachers’ performance used in practice do not fully disclose the specifics of their activities. The author’s research delves into the fact that one of the possible options for the implementation of objective assessment will be its reliance on a competence approach, which, on the one hand, allows to take into account the modern requirements for additional education teacher specializing in chil-dren and adults, and, on the other hand, reveals professional deficits and determines the future direction of specialist's development.

КОЗЬЕ МОЛОКО КАК ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОЕ СЫРЬЕ В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СГУЩЕННЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗААНЕНСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ МИНИ-ФЕРМЫ «ДАНИРИНЫ КОЗЫ» ЯРОСЛАВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The aim of research is to study the main chemical and biological indicators of goat milk as a new raw material for the production of condensed products with increased biological value, produced at the Daniriny Kozy mini-farm in the Yaroslavl Region. Objectives: to conduct a comparative chemical analysis of cow and goat milk as a raw material base for the production of condensed products; to determine the main physical properties of goat milk: heat stability and acidity; to identify the best indicators of fat and moisture content in the milk of goats at different lactation periods. The object of research is goat milk obtained from a herd of Saanen goats (aged 2–5 years) at the Daniriny Kozy enterprise in the Yaroslavl Region. The method of daily milk (milk yield) recording was used. Control milkings were carried out from 01.06.2023 to 31.08.2023. The unit of measurement is liters, due to the small volumes of milk and livestock. The daily milk yield, total for 3 milkings (morning, afternoon and evening), was taken into account. The amount of milk was recorded in a measuring container for each goat separately. Samples were collected and prepared according to GOST 26809-86. Determination of heat resistance, acidity, microbiological contamination of raw materials was carried out on the basis of the chemical-analytical laboratory of the livestock technology department of the Yaroslavl Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Forage Production. Milk was tested for fat, protein and dry nonfat milk residue content using the Laktan 1-4 device. During the experiment, the chemical composition of cow's and goat's milk was determined, a comparative analysis of the organoleptic properties, fat and moisture content in the milk of goats of different lactation periods was carried out. Goat's milk obtained from goats of the 1st and 2nd year of lactation is character¬rized by higher fat content and lower moisture content. Such indicators not only improve the quality of the finished product, but also reduce its cost due to the energy efficiency of the industrial production process of the condensed product. The product obtained from goat milk was called Condensed goat milk.

Association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LPIN1 gene with milk production traits in cows of the Yaroslavl breed.

Lipin-1 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved family of proteins and is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. On the one hand, lipin-1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol (DAG) and thus participates in the metabolic pathways of biosynthesis of storage lipids in the cell, membrane phospholipids, and intracellular signaling molecules. On the other hand, lipin-1 is able to be transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and is a coactivator of lipid metabolism gene transcription. It was shown, using the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations, that the lipin-1 coding gene (LPIN1) is a promising candidate gene for milk production traits in Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. However, it is unclear how much of its effect depends on the breed. The Yaroslavl dairy cattle breed was created in the 18-19 centuries in Russia by breeding northern Great Russian cattle, which were short and poor productive, but well adapted to local climatic conditions and bad food base. It was shown by whole genome genotyping and sequencing that the Yaroslavl breed has unique genetics compared to Russian and other cattle breeds. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of alleles and genotypes of three SNPs in the LPIN1 gene and to study the association of these SNPs with milk production traits in Yaroslavl cows. Blood samples from 142 cows of the Yaroslavl breed were obtained from two farms in the Yaroslavl region. Genotyping of SNPs was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Associations of SNPs with 305-day milk yield, fat yield, fat percentages, protein yield, and protein percentages were studied from the first to the fourth lactation. Statistical tests were carried out using a mixed linear model, taking into account the relationship between individuals. We identified three SNPs - rs110871255, rs207681322 and rs109039955 with a frequency of a rare allele of 0.042-0.261 in Yaroslavl cows. SNP rs110871255 was associated with fat yield during the third and fourth lactations. SNP rs207681322 was associated with milk yield for the second, third and fourth lactations, as well as protein yield for the third lactation. Thus, we identified significant associations of SNPs rs207681322 and rs110871255 in the LPIN1 gene with a number of milk production traits during several lactations in Yaroslavl cows.

Results of research on the morphological composition of solid municipal waste in residential buildings in southern regions of Russia

The relevance of the work is determined by the extensive coverage of the «waste reform» in public sources, mass media, and scientific publications. The article provides references to sources confirming the constant changes in the morphological composition of solid municipal waste and its differences based on the source type. The paper presents the results of research on the morphological composition of solid municipal waste in residential buildings in the central regions of the Russian Federation, based on studies conducted from 2016 to 2022. The research was carried out in the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Yaroslavl region, and the Tula region at 105 accumulation sites, located in 25 municipalities (urban district, urban or rural settlement). The research results show differences in the composition of solid municipal waste from apartment buildings and individual residential houses in the central regions of Russia. The author draws conclusions about the composition of solid municipal waste for apartment buildings and individual residential houses in the central regions of the Russian Federation. It is determined that the main component of this type of waste is food waste regardless of the type of housing conditions. The main difference in the composition of solid municipal waste from apartment buildings and individual residential houses is the different percentage ratio of the «paper, cardboard» components. Changes in the composition of these waste materials are identified by seasons. It is shown that seven main components of solid municipal waste: food waste, paper, cardboard, garden and park waste, glass, screenings (small fraction, sweepings), miscellaneous, and polymers constitute about 90 % of their total mass.

Применение иммуногенетического метода и статистического анализа в характеристике популяций овец романовской породы

The article is devoted to the development and application of a combined method for determining genotypes and alleles in complex blood group systems in sheep (A, B, C, M). To establish genotypes and alleles in complex systems, we used the combined method we developed with the implementation of the formula of Bernstain F. (1924) in the Microsoft Office Excel (2003) computer program. In total, the experiment used materials obtained from 586 Romanov breed sheep from 5 regions of the Russian Federation (Republic of Bashkortostan, Voronezh region, Smolensk region, Tambov region, Yaroslavl region). In diallelic loci (R, D, I), the determination of genetic structures was carried out using a formula obtained on the basis of the Hardy–Weinberg law. It has been established that 7 blood group systems in Romanov breed sheep (A, B, C, M, D) are open. The exception were two diallelic loci (R, I), in which the study of the allele type was carried out based on the phenomenon of epistasis, when the recessive Ii/i genotype of the I system suppresses the manifestation of antigens, genotypes and alleles of the R system. Based on the data obtained, the level of heterozygosity was determined, which is a measure of assessing biodiversity in the studied populations of Romanov breed sheep. A cluster analysis of 12 blood group systems in 7 populations of the Romanov breed of sheep showed the relationships between them. The resulting dendrogram is a reflection of the results of the research. The possibilities of using the statistical method in order to identify specific characteristics in VII blood group systems in Romanov breed sheep are revealed.

РЕКУПЕРАЦИЯ НЕФТЕСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ КАК ФАКТОР СНИЖЕНИЯ УГРОЗ ТЕХНОСФЕРНОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ

The relevance of the study is predetermined by the unresolved problems of disposal of oil-containing waste in the Yaroslavl region. The purpose of the study was to analyze the system for preventing technospheric hazards caused by the formation of industrial waste and their negative impact on the environment. The object of the study was industrial waste, highly hazardous to the environment, characteristic of a number of enterprises in the region: acid tar. The subject of the study was the process of optimizing the composition of a bitumen binder based on acid tar in terms of the content of galvanic sludge, captax and sulfur for subsequent use in a modified form as a secondary oil-containing raw material for the production of bitumen emulsions, pastes, and lubricants. Such raw materials, technologically brought to a low-hazard level, can be successfully and effectively used in various production operations of construction, reconstruction, operation, and repair of facilities. The optimization process was carried out using statistical research methods using, during modeling, the obtained dependence of the withdrawal properties on the factors of a second-degree polynomial with two unknowns. Calculations were performed using an Excel spreadsheet package with built-in mathematical local calculation programs. The research results in the technological part have been patented and implemented in the practical activities of enterprises in the region. The value of scientific and practical developments lies in reducing the volume of formation and storage of hazardous oil-containing acid tar waste and, as a consequence, preventing and reducing the level of technospheric danger and potential man-made emergency situations.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Varicose Veins in the Yaroslavl Region

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Varicose Veins in the Yaroslavl Region

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ЯРОСЛАВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article analyzes the dynamics of indicators characterizing the innovative potential of the Yaroslavl region, and gives its comprehensive assessment. In the process of a comprehensive assessment, the main factors influencing the development of innovation in the region are analyzed. The analysis made it possible to identify one of the problems of the Yaroslavl region in the development of innovation, this is the shortage of personnel engaged in research and development. Analysis of the dynamics of innovation potential on an ongoing basis will allow the formation of targeted regional programs to support innovative development.

Дела о наказании за многобрачие во второй половине XIX – начале XX в.: межрегиональное исследование

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of cases of polygamy of residents of provincial regions of the Russian Empire - Tver, Tobolsk and Yaroslavl provinces. The purpose of the study was to identify and conduct a comparative analysis of archival documents that highlight the common and distinctive features of cases of punishment of persons guilty of remarriage when the first marriages existed, legally not dissolved and not terminated. The source base of the study was the previously unexplored archival materials of the State Archive of the Tver region, the State Archive of the Tyumen region in Tobolsk and the State Archive of the Yaroslavl region. The comparative analysis of the preserved documents showed the diversity of judicial practice with regard to the persons who violated the pre-revolutionary norms of rights. The authors compared the identified features of the stages of proceedings in cases of plural marriage and dissolution of marriage for legally authorized reasons. The resolution of cases on this type of offenses was subject to both secular and ecclesiastical courts. It is established in what cases the case was opened in spiritual consistory, and in what cases - in judicial institutions, for what reason and by whom were the initiators of the cases. Some peculiarities of document circulation between the mentioned instances are revealed. It was found out what the choice of the type of both secular and ecclesiastical punishment depended on. Numerous variants of information forgery and document forgery in such situations are considered. The most severe sanctions were imposed for providing false information about marital status. The role of priests and clergymen in observing pre-marital precautions, and of guarantors in testifying at a marriage search is examined. Strict divorce legislation, excessive bureaucratization of the divorce process, and total legal illiteracy of the population are highlighted among the reasons for the conclusion of illegal marriages during the lifetime of the spouse. The authors identified regional peculiarities of polygamy in the provinces of Central Russia and in the periphery. Most of the cases of polygamy discovered in the Tobolsk diocese were in one way or another related to exiles. Appeal to the history of divorce processes, violation of legislation in the conclusion of marital unions can be useful for rethinking the methods of prevention, resolution and prevention of modern marital conflicts in the modern period, when the necessity of punishment for polygamy is reconsidered. The study of the issue is also important for revealing the history of record keeping of official institutions.

Деятельность городского самоуправления Ярославля по организации трамвайного движения в городе в конце XIX-начале XX века

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the activities of the Yaroslavl City Duma and the city council on the construction of a city tram in the late XIX-early XX century, during the most active development of the urban economy of Russian cities. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of published and unpublished sources: reports of the Yaroslavl City Council and journals of the Yaroslavl City Duma, periodicals, office records and funds of the State Archive of the Yaroslavl region. Chronological, comparative-historical, historical-system methods were used in the work. Results. The opening of the Yaroslavl tram dates back to 1900, although in many provincial cities the tram already existed by that time. The contract for the construction of the Yaroslavl tram was signed with the Belgian society of French-Russian workshops. The importance of the tram for city self-government bodies is evidenced by the existence and active activity of the tram commission under the city government. The members of the commission were engaged in carrying out inspections of the condition of the cars, resolving issues on the implementation of new tram lines, modernization of old ones. Conclusion. The opening of the Yaroslavl tram in 1900 was an important event of city life. Despite the fact that the owners of the tram were Belgian entrepreneurs, the municipal authorities played a significant role in its organization and operation. From the very beginning of the appearance of the tram, the actions of the Belgian society were put under the control of the tram commission of the city council. A significant disadvantage of the Yaroslavl tram during the period under consideration in the work was that private entrepreneurs accumulated profits from its operation, and several initiatives put forward in the city Duma to buy the tram to the city treasury remained unfulfilled.

Small Cities: Results of The Struggle Between Two Positions

The destruction of the USSR led to the deindustrialization of Russia, particularly in small cities, including the closure of agro-industrial enterprises closely connected with the disrupted agricultural sector. The reduction/alteration of the labour market in small towns and rural areas caused population outflow, fundamentally distinguishing contemporary mass migration. The scale of moving to gas and oil production areas and capital cities has increased. Significant regional disparities in salaries also became a factor, even seen in the minimum wage (MROT), upon which many calculations and allowances rely. For instance, in Moscow in 2023, it stands at 24,801 rubles, while in the Yaroslavl region, it's 16,242 rubles. The formation of a "service economy" in the guise of a "servant economy" (security, cleaning, resale, catering, food delivery, tutoring, etc.), often yielding good income but not demanding specialised knowledge, is another factor propelling migration from peripheral areas.
 The depopulation of Central Russia, Siberia, the North, and the Far East, coupled with the loss of food security, demanded that the government formulate plans for the country's territorial development. This article analyses two development concepts characterising the discourse within the spatial infrastructure of the country. The first relies on the economic efficiency of investments in agglomerations and the unprofitability of supporting small settlements. Its proponents' arguments were most clearly articulated by E.S. Nabiullina in 2011 when she held the position of Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. This concept continues the traditions initiated by the "young reformers" in the 1990s: what brings quick revenue and reduces costs is considered promising.
 The second concept is based on analysing the functions of small cities as elements not only of the economic infrastructure but also of the geopolitical, domestic political, geographic, and social infrastructure. The article particularly emphasises the works of scholars from related disciplines such as geography and economics, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the role and position of small cities within the socio-economic space of the country.

Влияние освещенности на молочную продуктивность крупного рогатого скота

Illumination is an important variable that affects the milk yield. The present 90-day experiment took place on the premises of the Experimental Station Grigoryevskoe, Yaroslavl Region, Russia. The cows received feed and water that complied with veterinary and sanitary standards. The authors developed an SP-3 experimental lighting system of twelve LED lights with a total of 108 W. The uniformity of illumination and color rendering was improved by 30%. The control herd lived in their usual stalls with four fluorescent lights (LSP-2x36) with a total of 288 W. The new lighting system increased the energy saving by 2.6 times while the milk yield in the experimental herd grew by 4.5%.

Pressure Flakers of Late Neolithic Forest Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Eastern Europe and Their Remote Counterparts

Abstract The remarkable group of tools was detected among the hunter-gatherer-fishers’ archaeological materials of the East European Plain central part dated around 3500–2700 BC. The so-called “crooked items” were initially interpreted as ritual phallic depictions, but now after conducting a more detailed analysis of their morphology, technology, and use-wear, it became clear that we deal with pressure flakers used to process flint tools. The most astonishing fact is that the straight parallel to these tools exists, coming from the opposite side of the globe, namely, the Bering Strait region – Kamchatka, Chukotka, and Alaska, where the same tools are known quite well both in archaeological and ethnographical collections. In this study, we discuss the results of use-wear analysis of both handles and removable tips from the Central Russian settlements of Moscow, Ivanovo, and Yaroslavl regions dated the second half of the fourth to the beginning of the third millennium BC.

Other worlds in the museum: exhibits as evocative objects

The article focuses on the evocative effect in the museum spaces: it examines the situations in which museum exhibits and their complexes operate (“work”) as evocative objects, evoking memories and emotions in visitors. The conditions and mechanisms that ensure such an effect are explored through the field observations and interviews with visitors and employees of museums, as well as reviews of expositions. I analyze the materials of three cases: The Museum-residence “Artkommunalka ‘Yerofeyev and others’” (Kolomna, Moscow region), the museum complex in the Uchma village (Yaroslavl region), and the mobile exhibition “To Trust the Dried-Up”. The analysis shows that the evocative effect in the museum spaces does not arise by itself; rather, it is provided by special efforts: in some cases, preliminary or synchronous discursive support, in others - sensory attunements.

Inpatient substitution approaches to medical care and their impact on the dynamics of the prevalence of varicose veins

Introduction. The conducted epidemiological studies show a significant socio-economic burden borne by modern society due to the high prevalence of varicose veins of the lower extremities among the able-bodied population of developed countries. Aim. Assessment ofthe influence ofthe factor of widespread use of minimally invasive inpatient replacement technologies on the prevalence of varicose veins of the lower extremities in a large region of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation under the conditions of transformation of approaches to the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Materials and methods. A retrospective study was conducted for 2011–2021 of statistical indicators of the work of medical organizations of the Yaroslavl region, namely: the total number of attached adult population, the dynamics of the number of attached population, the total number and dynamics of the number of patients with an established diagnosis of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Results and discussion. The total population weight of the sample in the Yaroslavl region for all periods of the study was 11 406 181 people. The fixed weighted average value of the prevalence of varicose veins of the lower extremities at the end of the year in the Yaroslavl region in the period 2011–2021, according to medical organizations providing medical care on a territorial-precinct basis, was 0.784% (CI: 0.779–0.789). At the same time, in 2011–2012 and 2018–2019, the frequency of varicose veins of the lower extremities event was higher than the average value, in 2013–2016 and 2020–2021. Conclusion. It has been established that over the past decade there has been an annual decrease in the prevalence of varicose veins of the lower extremities in the region. At the same time, there was an increase in the share of medical care provided to patients by non-governmental medical organizations. The latter in their activities are focused on hospital-substituting technologies in the treatment of this disease.

The role of the People's Commissariat of the Textile Industry of the USSR in the placement of Leningrad textile workers, re-evacuation of equipment and restoration of enterprises in 1942

This article examines the activities of the People's Commissariat of the Textile Industry of the USSR for the placement of Leningrad textile workers, the re-evacuation of equipment, the restoration of destroyed enterprises and the construction of new facilities in 1942. Great attention is paid to solving organisational issues of increasing production capacity in order to produce finished products necessary for uninterrupted supply of the needs of the front and rear. The content of the article is mainly based on the materials of Moscow, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions, since it was their textile enterprises that bore the main burden of fulfilling defence orders during the period under review. To write it, the office materials of the People's Commissariat of the Textile Industry of the USSR, the State Planning Commission under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, the State Defence Committee and the Office of Alexei Kosygin were used. Most of such information obtained in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the State Archive of Ivanovo Region has been introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article is addressed to specialists in the field of the history of Russian textile industry, to graduate students, undergraduates and students of higher educational institutions.

Analysis of Prevalence of Lower Extremity Varicose Vein Disease of in One of Major Regions of Central Federal District of Russian Federation Using Multi-Variant Approach

INTRODUCTION: The majority of epidemiological studies on lower extremity varicose veins (LEVV) published to date have cross-sectional character, therefore, understanding the relationships between the disease and other epidemiological variables in them is mainly based on data analysis in a short period of time and does not take into account the influence on the main parameters of functioning national health systems. It is relevant to analyze the epidemiological parameters of LEVV in the long term, taking into account the influence of the state health system in a large region of the Russian Federation.
 AIM: To identify changes in the distribution of LEVV in different territories of the Yaroslavl region (YaR) over 10 years (20112021).
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of statistical parameters of the work of medical organizations of the YaR in 20112021 was conducted, namely, of the total number of attached adult population, the dynamics of the number of attached population, the total number and dynamics of the number of patients with the established diagnosis of LEVV. The weighted average value for continuous variables with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was evaluated. Heterogeneity was evaluated based on the I2 value.
 RESULTS: The static weighted average value of the prevalence of LEVV in Yaroslavl at the end of the year in 20112021 was 1.040% (95% CI: 1.0311.049). When analyzing the data for 20112021, the trend for a decline in the recorded prevalence of LEVV was determined. At the end of 2021, the prevalence of LEVV in Yaroslavl declined by 0.715%, in Pereslavl district by 0.466%, in Tutaev district by 0.4%, in Rostov district by 0.392%, in Rybinsk by 0.192% with high heterogeneity of data depending on the territory and period (I2 99). Besides, during the analyzed 10 years, there occurred significant changes in approaches to surgical treatment of LEVV, such as appearance of hospital-substituting technologies that have become widely used in the territory of the YaR by non-governmental medical organizations in the vast majority of cases.
 CONCLUSIONS: According to official data, the decline in the morbidity with LEVV in the studied territories of the YaR over 10 years (20112021) contradicts the published results of epidemiological studies. The information obtained, together with the high heterogeneity of statistical data for individual territories and periods, may indirectly indicate the low efficiency of the existing system of providing medical care to the population with LEVV.

Features of the gubernatorial elections in the Yaroslavl region in 2022

The article describes the legal foundations and political features of the gubernatorial elections in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In particular, authors focus on the political situation before the elections of the Governor of the Yaroslavl region in 2022. They come to conclusion that in the Yaroslavl region, the election campaign took place in the absence of political competition primarily due to the use of the “municipal filter” in the gubernatorial election system of the region, providing the overwhelming advantage of in the use of administrative, informational and financial resources to the main candidate, as well as low activity of other candidates. In addition, there were other important elements of the election campaign of federal leaders of public opinion, in particular federal ministers and senior state officials. Finally, one of the key features of the gubernatorial elections in the Yaroslavl region was the possibility of self-nomination of candidates that provided a solid public distance between the main candidate and the widely criticized United Russia party. These conclusions are confirmed with the help of the analysis of the political situation in the Yaroslavl region before the start of the election campaign, the overview of actions and resources of the main contenders based on open sources, and the content analysis of mass media.