Yakutsk Region Research Articles

Feasibility of hydrogen-air energy storage gas turbine system for the solar power plant in Yakutsk region

For the solar power plants unsteady power generation is one of the main drawbacks, which must be taken into account. The hydrogen-air energy storage gas turbine system is considered in this paper for the Yakutsk region in Russia. This place with no centralised electrical grid has enough solar insolation level to supply with the power the settlement of several households with the average power consumption of 3 kW. The calculations show that 52 photovoltaic panels of the specific type are optimal number from the power balance data. It is supposed that in the months with the surplus of solar power the system works in generation mode and in the other months in storage mode. Also some reserve is planned for the supply during night in the storage mode by the gel batteries. After that the volumes and masses were determined for the reservoirs containing air, hydrogen and oxygen for the energy storage. The air reservoir for the compressed air energy storage (CAES) has the biggest volume 121 m3 according to the calculations. The gas turbine (GT) of 5 kW suits the system in the power generation mode. The special hydrogen-air combustion chamber is required for the GT unit.

Эсеровская периодическая печать в Якутии в 1917–1920 гг.

The study discusses the history of the Socialist-Revolutionary periodical press in the Yakutsk region. The research shows that the history of political parties during the Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War was reflected in the periodical press. Newspaper materials are an important source on the history of the Socialist-Revolutionary organization of Yakutia, because the party documents were practically not preserved in the archives of the republic. In 1917–1920, three Socialist-Revolutionary newspapers were published – The Socialist, the Voice of the Socialist, The Voice of Labor. It is shown that in March–November 1917 publications explaining the program of the party, its history, and campaign materials calling for voting for its candidates during elections prevailed in the Socialist-Revolutionary press. In 1918–1920, the newspaper was an official press organ of Yakut Socialist-Revolutionaries that consolidated the party supporters during the difficult times of revolutionary transformations and the Civil War. It is concluded that the Socialist-Revolutionary press in Yakutia was characterized by the depth of the current moment analysis with the participation of talented publicists, experienced party leaders who took an active position during the revolutionary events.

Formation and Development of a Foreign Primary School in Yakutsk Region in Second Half of the XIX - Early XX Centuries

The formation of state policy in the field of foreign primary education in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries on the example of the Yakutsk region is considered in the article. It is noted that until the middle of the 19th century the state took its time to develop the education system on foreign outskirts, then during the liberal reforms of the 1860-1870s the government paid special attention to foreign education. It is reported that in total for the period under review four legislative documents were adopted on the education of non-Russian peoples with the aim of unifying the multinational school system and their integration into the common imperial social space. Based on archival documents, the formation and development of primary schools in the region is shown. Information on the number of schools and the number of students, the characteristics of the types of educational institutions, the conditions of their maintenance and activities are given. It was determined that the variety of types of schools, the inconsistency of provisions and charters made it difficult to guide them. Particular attention is paid to the territorial, climatic factors, lack of teaching staff, which had a great influence on the formation and development of the educational system in the region. It is concluded that, despite a number of specific problems, primary public education in the Yakutsk region developed as an integral part of the all-Russian educational process.

Analysis of intensive anthrax indicators among domestic animals in Yakutia

The paper presents the results of the study and analysis of the epizootic process of anthrax among domestic animals in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 1853 to 2020. The following indicators of the epizootic process were used in the analysis: incidence rate, mortality and lethality. The object of the study comprised written reports of veterinarians of Yakutsk region to the governor about outbreaks of anthrax among domestic animals and people, quarterly and annual reporting data on the incidence rate and mortality of domestic animals, as well as statistical data on the number of farm animals in the specified period. The highest intensive manifestation of the epizootic process in cattle and horses during the study period was noted in the period until the 40s of the XX century. From the mid-forties, incidence and mortality rates were dynamically declining. The epizootic process of reindeer was characterized by an increase until the end of the 40s (1949), whereas from the 50s to the end of the 70s there was a decrease in the incidence and mortality rates. From 1980 to 1986, another increase in the epizootic process was recorded in the reindeer husbandry, followed by a decrease. Lethality of cattle ranging from 5 to 70% occurred in the period of 1946-1976, horses – in 1945-1993, deer – in 1949-1993. In other adverse years, starting from the official registration of anthrax to the mid-40s (1944-1946), it reached 100%. Overall, intensive manifestation of the epizootic process of anthrax dynamically decreased in the second half of the study period, with the exception of reindeer, in which it increased in 1980–1986 with a subsequent decrease.

Миссионерская деятельность Святителя Иннокентия Вениаминова в Якутском крае: историография и источники

This article attempts to study the works on the missionary activity of Innokenty Veniaminov in the Yakut region, to determine the degree of study of the problem, as well as to establish the stages of studying the topic and the contribution of researchers to the analysis of the problem. The chronological framework of the work from the position of historiographical context covers the period from the second quarter of the XIX century to the present. In the pre-revolutionary period, Christianization played an important role as a unifying factor in relations between peoples. The study considers the basic work on studying the contributions of St. innocent Veniaminov in Yakutsk region, and establishes stages of studying the topic, characteristics of periods and the contribution of research scientists in the analysis of the problem. The article also provides a brief analysis of the first translated publications in the Yakut language, which constitute the main source base of the work.

Senatorial Revision of I. N. Tolstoy of Yakutsk Region in 1844

For the first time in historiography, an attempt is made to illuminate the activities of Senator I.N. Tolstoy in conducting an audit of the regional management system of the Yakutsk region. Particular attention is paid to the audit of office work of the Yakutsk regional administration and the Yakutsk city hall. The novelty of the study is in the fact that, based on an analysis of archival sources first introduced into scientific circulation, the specifics of the functioning of the regional administration in the second quarter of the 19th century is revealed, and the results of the audit are considered as prerequisites for expanding the rights of administrative independence of the Yakutsk region from the Irkutsk province. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that this was the only senatorial revision for all years in the territory of the vast and geographically remote Yakutsk region, which has not undergone extensive scientific study. In the course of the presentation of the substantive part, a review of the main directions of the audit activity in relation to the regional and district levels of government, as well as its inspection supervision of the activities of the lower administrative authorities, including the city hall, was performed. Based on the author’s development, it was proved that the senatorial audit, reflecting the attention of the imperial authorities to the periphery, was aimed primarily at increasing the efficiency of the Siberian suburbs management system on the example of the Yakutsk region through personnel shifts and elimination of identified office work disturbances. The study was based on documents first discovered in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Creation and Development of State Food Security System in Yakutia in 19<sup>th</sup> Century

Based on the documents of the National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), published reviews and reports of the regional administration, the creation of state and public grain and food reserves in the 19th century Yakutsk region that were necessary for the population to protect them from starvation and mortality in cattle during adverse years is considered. The main attention is paid to the influence of the bread storage system on the distribution of agriculture, the development of traditional crafts and occupations of foreigners, the development of loan and entrepreneurship. It is noted that, with the efforts and purposeful work of the regional government in Yakutia in the 19th century, along with state-owned shops, a network of rural public bakery stores was created that could adequately provide the population of the region with food, hay and other reserves. It is shown that the organization of a food safety system in the Yakutsk region was based on the principles of a careful attitude of the state to the needs of its subjects, which significantly increased the importance of government events, strengthened the authority and trust of the population in the activities of government. It is concluded that the process of organizing the bread storage system and food funds created favorable conditions for the spread of agriculture in the region, supported traditional crafts and occupations of the population, and opened up opportunities for the development of entrepreneurship.

Присяга якутского толмача XVII века

This article raises the question about job functions and the range of duties performed by a special category of serving people in Siberia called interpreters. The analysis is based on a sample text of the oath intended to a servant, who is appointed to work as an interpreter in the Yakutsk region. The oath procedure looks as follows: the service person verbally swore honestly faithfully discharge the duties and then had to kiss the cross. This document significantly supplements the traditional range of sources used by historians to study cross-cultural and interlanguage communication as part of the process of colonization of Siberia. The text of oath is dated 1665/1666 and contains a mention of the voivode of the Yakut town. It clearly demonstrates the full breadth of duties of the Siberian interpreter. Description of his work includes military, fiscal (collecting fur tribute) and intermediary functions in various communicative situations. The role and importance of the translation service appear to be especially vital because of their responsibility for the adequacy of the translation of Russian messages to foreigners and vice versa.

Cadastre of unfavorable locations for anthrax of animals in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The article presents the results of the study on unfavourable locations for animals’ anthrax registered in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) conducted from 2010 to 2018. The research materials were archival documents of the veterinary service of the Yakutsk region, including written reports from the fi rst veterinarians to the Governor of the region about outbreaks of anthrax among domestic animals and people, statistics on the incidence and mortality rate of anthrax in domestic animals from 1811 to 1993, and data from the census of the population and animals. This work was carried out to compile the cadastre of stationary unfavourable locations for anthrax. During the study period, 739 outbreaks of anthrax among domestic and wild animals in 29 administrative districts and 244 settlements were recorded on the territory of the Republic. Among them, there were 455 unfavourable locations that were not previously included in the Russian Cadastre. The information presented in the cadastre of unfavourable locations for animals’ anthrax includes the name of the settlement and farm (given the administrative and territorial changes of districts, settlements and farm names), the year of registration, the number of unfavourable locations and the animal species. As a basis for compiling this cadastral map, geographical maps of the administrative and territorial divisions of the districts were used. These maps show unfavourable locations with signs and use cartographic, statistical and other methods applied in epizootology and epidemiology. The study of stationary unfavourable locations on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has gained particular importance in recent decades. This was facilitated by the intensive development of the country’s economy, accompanied by large-scale development of deposits of diamond, gold, oil, gas, and the construction of railways and Lena and Kolyma federal roads. The construction works take place in the areas including the ones adjacent to stationary unfavourable locations, which therefore requires an assessment of their epidemiological risk. The cadastre of unfavourable locations for animals’ anthrax will enable specialists of Rospotrebnadzor, veterinary and design institutions, employees of the Ministry of Emergencies, municipalities of districts and settlements to develop and implement a set of preventive measures in places unfavourable for anthrax.

Проблемы государственного и регионального управления в программах политических организаций Якутии в период революции 1917 г.

The paper analyzed the approaches to addressing the public administration and regional governance issues in the political parties’ programs in Yakutsk region during the Russian Revolution of 1917. At that time, the local organizations of Constitutional Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, Social Democrats, (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks), Federalists were engaged in political activities in Yakutsk region. The research noted that the Socialist parties applied the democratic approach to dealing with the national issue; the Socialist Revolutionaries accepted the federal principle of relations between the peoples that provided support for the national movements. The paper demonstrated the aspects of the political program of the national intellectuals involved in the Yakut Labor Union of Federalists. The author considered the attitude of parties to the future state structure of Russia, the principle of the federation, the local government. An attempt was made to analyze the program’s impact on the popularity of parties and their role in the political events of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Окружные Комитеты общественной безопасности в Якутской области в период революции 1917 года: формирование и деятельность

The activity of district committees of public security, which began to appear after the formation of the Yakut Committee of public security on March 4, 1917, is considered. It is noted that numerous rural and volost committees were subject to the district committees. It is shown that in Yakutia of that period there were 5 districts (Yakutskiy, Vilyuyskiy, Olekminskiy, Verkhoyanskiy and Srednekolymskiy), which appeared after the release of “Regulations on the administration of the Siberian provinces” in 1822. It is reported that the main activities of the public security committees included the provision of food and the maintenance of order in the regions. It is shown that while in the majority of regions in the initial period of the revolution the representatives of the cadet party had the most power, in the Yakutsk region, the Bolsheviks and SRS had the power to control the whole region. A review of the archive materials is made. It is indicated that the greatest amount of material preserved on the activities of the Vilyuyskiy and Olekminskiy districts. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the modern period the history of local committees of public security is insufficiently studied, in turn, in the Soviet period, the activities of the committees have always been studied in the context of the problems of the formation of Soviet power. It is concluded that the activities of the committees had a positive impact on the economic condition of the region.

«До царя далеко, до бога высоко…» (из истории взаимоотношений светской власти и духовенства в Якутском крае)

«До царя далеко, до бога высоко…» (из истории взаимоотношений светской власти и духовенства в Якутском крае)

Reconstructed summer Palmer Drought Severity Index since 1850 AD based on δ13C of larch tree rings in eastern Siberia

Summary We present a tree-ring reconstruction of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) in Ust-Maya region (60°00′N, 133°49′E), central part of eastern Siberia using total ring (TR) widths and latewood (LW) δ13C chronologies from larch trees (1850–2008 AD). Summer (JJA) PDSI was correlated positively and negatively with the TR widths and LW δ13C, respectively. Using a multiple liner regression approach, we reconstructed summer PDSI using the time series of TR widths and LW δ13C. The reconstruction showed an interannual to decadal wet/dry fluctuation with several moist periods before 1950s and a severe drought event from 1991 to 1993. Comparison of the reconstruction with reconstructed July PDSI for the Yakutsk region, 300 km northwest of Ust-Maya, showed heterogeneous changes in the mean states of soil moisture, but synchronous year-to-year changes. These results indicate that regional studies are quite important to precisely depict the spatio-temporal variability of hydrological changes in the central part of eastern Siberia.

Inter-annual water mass variations from GRACE in central Siberia

Our study analyses satellite and land-based observations of the Yakutsk region centred at the Lena watershed, an area characterised mainly by continuous permafrost. Using monthly solutions of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment satellite mission, we detect a mass increase over central Siberia from 2002 to 2007 which reverses into a mass decrease between 2007 and 2011. No significant mass trend is visible for the whole observation period. To further quantify this behaviour, different mass signal components are studied in detail: (1) inter-annual variation in the atmospheric mass, (2) a possible effect of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and (3) hydrological mass variations. In standard processing the atmospheric mass signal is reduced based on the data from numerical weather prediction models. We use surface pressure observations in order to validate this atmospheric reduction. On inter-annual time scale the difference between the atmospheric mass signal from model prediction and from surface pressure observation is $$<$$ 4 mm in equivalent water height. The effect of GIA on the mass signal over Siberia is calculated using a global ice model and a spherically symmetric, compressible, Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model. The calculation shows that for the investigated area any effect of GIA can be ruled out. Hence, the main part of the signal can be attributed to hydrological mass variations. We briefly discuss potential hydrological effects such as changes in precipitation, river discharge, surface and subsurface water storage.

Былина о Тите Харафонтьевиче, записанная Д.И. Меликовым в Нижнеколымском крае Якутской области в 1893 году

Былина о Тите Харафонтьевиче, записанная Д.И. Меликовым в Нижнеколымском крае Якутской области в 1893 году

From the history of pharmacy in Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

This study presents historical information about pharmacy beginning, formation, development in one of the most severe and remote from the center regions of Russia. There is retrospective mention of pharmacists and chemists contributed to the basis and up-to-date system of medicine supplying of population in boundless territory former Yakutsk Region — Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

Relationship between the variation of isotopic ratios and the source of summer precipitation in eastern Siberia

The response of the isotopic ratio of summer precipitation in eastern Siberia to precipitation sources is estimated by examination of stable isotope ratios in the summer precipitation and by atmospheric data analysis, based on water balance considerations. The isotopic ratio (δ18O) was analyzed in samples of precipitation that were collected daily or weekly, from May 2000 to August 2000, in the Yakutsk region of eastern Siberia. The results of the isotopic data show that during spring, the variation of isotopic ratio is controlled mainly by the Rayleigh distillation process. During summer, on the other hand, the variation of isotopic ratio bears no relation to the Rayleigh process, and isotopic variation at this time is mainly caused by changes in the sources of precipitation. This is reinforced by comparison with the analysis of atmospheric data and observed isotopic data. The comparison shows that only in the summer samples, there was a good correlation (R2 = 0.88) between heavier isotopic ratios and increases in the proportion of the moisture supply that originates from the west, which is the dominant source of precipitation (about one half of the moisture). This linear relationship indicates the summer precipitation in eastern Siberia is a composite of source water from the west with heavy isotopic ratio and other sources with light isotopic ratio. The origin of this light isotopic ratio in summer precipitation might be recycled water from the land surface. Recycled water with light isotopic ratio results from the contribution of thaw water.

Aboveground biomass and nitrogen nutrition in a chronosequence of pristine Dahurian Larix stands in eastern Siberia

Measurements of aboveground biomass and nitrogen (N) nutrition were made during July 1993 in 50-, 130-, and 380-year-old stands of Larixgmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. in eastern Siberia. Constituting six forest types based on understorey plants, the stands were representative of vegetation throughout the Yakutsk region. Average tree height, diameter, and density ranged from 2 m, 23 mm, and 50 800 stems/ha in the 50-year-old stand to 11 m, 160 mm, and 600 stems/ha in the oldest stand. Aboveground biomass in the 50-year-old stand was 4.4 kg•m−2, and the aboveground N pool was 1.1 mol•m−2. This was slightly higher than the N pool in a 125-year-old stand with a Ledum understorey (1.0 mol•m−2), despite its higher biomass (7.2 kg•m−2). The highest observed aboveground biomass in a 125-year-old stand (characterized by the N2-fixing understorey plant Alnasterfruticosa) reached 12.0 kg•m−2, but the corresponding N pool was only 1.6 mol•m−2. In the oldest stand, aboveground biomass was 8.9 kg•m−2 and the N pool was 1.1 mol•m−2. There was thus a relatively constant quantity of N in the aboveground biomass of stands differing in age by almost 400 years. We postulate that N sets a limit on carbon accumulation in this boreal forest type. Trees were extremely slow growing, and there was essentially no aboveground biomass accumulation between the ages of 130 and 380 years because of a lack of available N. This conclusion was supported by graphical analysis indicating that the self-thinning process in our stands was not governed by the availability of radiation according to allometric theory. Much of the available N was used in the production of tree stems where 86% of the aboveground N (and 96% of aboveground biomass) was immobilized in the oldest stand. N in wood of the old stand exceeded the N pool in the litter layer and was 20% of the N pool in the Ah horizon. The processes of carbon and N partitioning were further explored by the estimation of carbon and N fluxes during three periods of forest development. We calculated a loss of ecosystem N during the period of self-thinning, while in the mature stands the N cycle appeared to be very tight. The immobilized N is returned from the wood into a plant-available form only by a recurrent fire cycle, which regenerates the N cycle. Thus fire is an essential component for the persistence of the L. gmelinii forest.