XX Chain Research Articles

Post-measurement bipartite entanglement entropy in conformal field theories

We derive exact formulas for bipartite von Neumann entanglement entropy after partial projective local measurement in $1+1$ dimensional conformal field theories with periodic and open boundary conditions. After defining the set up we will check numerically the validity of our results in the case of Klein-Gordon field theory (coupled harmonic oscillators) and spin-$1/2$ XX chain in a magnetic field. The agreement between analytical results and the numerical calculations is very good. We also find a lower bound for localizable entanglement in coupled harmonic oscillators.

Partial transpose of two disjoint blocks in XY spin chains

.We consider the partial transpose of the spin reduced density matrix of two disjoint blocks in spin chains admitting a representation in terms of free fermions, such as XY chains. We exploit the solution of the model in terms of Majorana fermions and show that such partial transpose in the spin variables is a linear combination of four Gaussian fermionic operators. This representation allows to explicitly construct and evaluate the integer moments of the partial transpose. We numerically study critical XX and Ising chains and we show that the asymptotic results for large blocks agree with conformal field theory predictions if corrections to the scaling are properly taken into account.

Entanglement replication via quantum repeated interactions

We study entanglement creation between two independent XX chains, which are repeatedly coupled locally to spin-1/2 Bell pairs. We show analytically that in the steady state the entanglement of the Bell pairs is perfectly transferred to the chains, generating large-scale interchain pair correlations. However, before the steady state is reached, within a growing causal region around the interacting locus the chains are found in a current driven nonquilibrium steady state (NESS). In the NESS, the chains cross entanglement decays exponentially with respect to the distance to the boundary sites with a typical length scale which is inversely proportional to the driving current.

Sudden death of distillability in a two-qutrit anisotropic Heisenberg spin model

Sudden death of distillability for a two-qutrit anisotropic Heisenberg XX chain with Dzyaloshinskii---Moriya (DM) interaction in an inhomogeneous magnetic field is studied in detail. By using the negativity and realignment criterion, we show that certain initial prepared free entangled states may become bound entangled or separable states in a finite time. Moreover, the influences of the isotropic bilinear interaction parameter, the external magnetic field strength, the DM interaction parameter, as well as the intrinsic decoherence parameter on the possibility of distillability sudden death (DSD) have been studied. The results show, controlling the isotropic bilinear interaction parameter, the external magnetic field strength, the DM interaction parameter, as well as the intrinsic decoherence parameter, can accelerate the possibility of DSD in the present model.

Thermal Classical and Quantum Correlations in Spin-1/2 XX Chains with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction

Based on the analytical fermionization technique, the classical and quantum correlations between nearest neighbor (NN) spins are studied in the spin-1/2 XX chains with added Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field (TF). We present both zero and finite temperature behavior of the classical and quantum correlations as a function of TF. At zero temperature, a critical point which all correlations disappear is detected. It is also shown that the maximum difference between the quantum and the classical correlations can be found in the vicinity of the critical point. At finite temperature, in the region of fields that the ground state of the system is in the saturated ferromagnetic phase, by increasing temperature the NN spins show correlation at a critical temperature T c . The mentioned critical temperature depends on the magnitude of both the DM and the TF.

Enhancing the geometric quantum discord in the Heisenberg XX chain by Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction

We studied the trace distance, the Hellinger distance, and the Bures distance geometric quantum discords (GQDs) for a two-spin Heisenberg XX chain with the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya (DM) interaction and the external magnetic fields. We found that considerable enhancement of the GQDs can be achieved by introducing the DM interaction, and their maxima were obtained when the strength of the DM interaction approaches infinity. The external magnetic fields and the increase of the temperature can also enhance the GQDs to some extent during certain specific parameter regions.

Excited-state entanglement and thermal mutual information in random spin chains

Entanglement properties of excited eigenstates (or of thermal mixed states) are difficult to study with conventional analytical methods. We approach this problem for random spin chains using a recently developed real-space renormalization group technique for excited states (``RSRG-X''). For the random XX and quantum Ising chains, which have logarithmic divergences in the entanglement entropy of their (infinite-randomness) critical ground states, we show that the entanglement entropy of excited eigenstates retains a logarithmic divergence while the mutual information of thermal mixed states does not. However, in the XX case the coefficient of the logarithmic divergence extends from the universal ground-state value to a universal interval due to the degeneracy of excited eigenstates. These models are noninteracting in the sense of having free-fermion representations, allowing strong numerical checks of our analytical predictions.

Bell inequality in an exactly soluble spin-1/2 XX chain displaying spin-Peierls transition

Quantum nonlocality is an experimentally measurable quantum correlation indicated by the violation of Bell inequality. Previous studies show that bipartite Bell inequality is not violated in various translationally invariant spin models. In this paper, we study bipartite Bell inequality in an exactly soluble spin-1/2 XX chain displaying spin-Peierls transition, where the system is in a uniform phase at high temperatures and in a dimerized phase in low temperatures. The dimerization is induced by spin-phonon interactions in the system. We find that the Bell inequality is violated in the dimerized phase, even if the dimerization parameter is very small. It suggests that two-qubit quantum nonlocality may be widely present in real materials in which spin-phonon interactions cannot be ignored. The relation between Bell inequality and the thermal phase transition in the chain is also studied.

Flux rectification in the quantum XXZ chain.

Thermal rectification is the phenomenon by which the flux of heat depends on the direction of the flow. It has attracted much interest in recent years due to the possibility of devising thermal diodes. In this paper, we consider the rectification phenomenon in the quantum XXZ chain subject to an inhomogeneous field. The chain is driven out of equilibrium by the contact at its boundaries with two different reservoirs, leading to a constant flow of magnetization from one bath to the other. The nonunitary dynamics of this system, which is modeled by a Lindblad master equation, is treated exactly for small sizes and numerically for larger ones. The functional dependence of the rectification coefficient on the model parameters (anisotropy, field amplitude, and out of equilibrium driving strength) is investigated in full detail. Close to the XX point and at small inhomogeneity and low driving, we have found an explicit expression for the rectification coefficient that is valid at all system sizes. In particular, it shows that the phenomenon of rectification persists even in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, we prove that in the case of the XX chain, there is no rectification.

Entanglement spreading after a geometric quench in quantum spin chains

We investigate the entanglement spreading in the anisotropic spin-1/2 Heisenberg (XXZ) chain after a geometric quench. This corresponds to a sudden change of the geometry of the chain or, in the equivalent language of interacting fermions confined in a box trap, to a sudden increase of the trap size. The entanglement dynamics after the quench is associated with the ballistic propagation of a magnetization wavefront. At the free fermion point (XX chain), the von-Neumann entropy S_A exhibits several intriguing dynamical regimes. Specifically, at short times a logarithmic increase is observed, similar to local quenches. This is accurately described by an analytic formula that we derive from heuristic arguments. At intermediate times partial revivals of the short-time dynamics are superposed with a power-law increase S_A t^\alpha, with \alpha<1. Finally, at very long times a steady state develops with constant entanglement entropy. As expected, since the model is integrable, we find that the steady state is non thermal, although it exhibits extensive entanglement entropy. We also investigate the entanglement dynamics after the quench from a finite to the infinite chain (sudden expansion). While at long times the entanglement vanishes, we demonstrate that its relaxation dynamics exhibits a number of scaling properties. Finally, we discuss the short-time entanglement dynamics in the XXZ chain in the gapless phase. The same formula that describes the time dependence for the XX chain remains valid in the whole gapless phase.

Large-deviation statistics of a diffusive quantum spin chain and the additivity principle.

Using the large-deviation formalism, we study the statistics of current fluctuations in a diffusive nonequilibrium quantum spin chain. The boundary-driven XX chain with dephasing consists of a coherent bulk hopping and a local dissipative dephasing. We analytically calculate the exact expression for the second current moment in a system of any length and then numerically demonstrate that in the thermodynamic limit, higher-order cumulants and the large-deviation function can be calculated using the additivity principle or macroscopic hydrodynamic theory. This shows that the additivity principle can also hold in systems that are not purely stochastic, and can in particular be valid in quantum systems. We also show that in large systems, the current fluctuations are the same as in the classical symmetric simple exclusion process.

Three-site interacting spin chain in a staggered field: Fidelity versus Loschmidt echo

We study the the ground state fidelity and the ground state Loschmidt echo of a three-site interacting XX chain in presence of a staggered field which exhibits special types of quantum phase transitions due to change in the topology of the Fermi surface, apart from quantum phase transitions from gapped to gapless phases. We find that, on one hand, the fidelity is able to detect only the boundaries separating the gapped from the gapless phase; it is completely insensitive to the phase transition from the two Fermi points region to the four Fermi points region lying within this gapless phase. On the other hand, the Loschmidt echo shows a dip only at a special point in the entire phase diagram and hence fails to detect any quantum phase transition associated with the present model. We provide appropriate arguments in support of this anomalous behavior.

Logarithmic corrections to the free energy from sharp corners with angle 2π

We study subleading corrections to the corner free energy in classical two-dimensional critical systems, focusing on a generic boundary perturbation by the stress-tensor of the underlying conformal field theory (CFT). In the particular case of an angle 2π, we find that there is an unusual correction of the form L−1logL, where L is a typical length scale in the system. This correction also affects the one-point function of an operator near the corner. The prefactor can be seen as semi-universal, in the sense that it depends on a single non-universal quantity, the extrapolation length. Once this ultraviolet cutoff is known, the term is entirely fixed by the geometry of the system, and the central charge of the CFT. Such a corner appears for example in the bipartite fidelity of a one-dimensional quantum system at criticality, which allows for several numerical checks in free fermion systems. We also present an exact result in the XX and Ising chains that confirms this analysis. Finally, we consider applications to the time evolution of the (logarithmic) Loschmidt echo and the entanglement entropy following a local quantum quench. Due to subtle issues in analytic continuation, we find that the logarithmic term in imaginary time transforms into a time-dependent L−2 correction for the entanglement entropy, and a L−2logL term for the Loschmidt echo.

Study of Dynamics in Spin-1/2 Chain Using Adaptive Time-Dependent Density-Matrix Renormalization-Group Method

A numerical method of the adaptive time-dependent density-matrix renormalization-group (t-DMRG) is introduced to calculated one-dimensional quantum spin systems with next-nearest-neighbor interaction. The algorithm to study the local magnetization in spin-1/2 Heisenberg XX chain is checked. The analysis of error indicates that this method is efficient to study the spin-1/2 chain with next-nearest-neighbor interaction. By using of the method, the effects of the next-nearest-neighbor interaction on the dynamics of the local magnetization and entanglement entropy are studied.

Role of external fields in enhancing long-distance entanglement at finite temperatures

We investigate the end-to-end entanglement of a general XYZ-spin chain at the non-zero temperatures. The entanglement usually vanishes at a certain critical temperature Tc, but external fields can make Tc higher. We obtain a general statement on the increase of the critical temperature Tc by the external fields. We prove that if the two end spins are separated by two spins or more, then the critical temperature cannot be higher than a certain finite temperature (), that is, the entanglement must vanish above the temperature for any values of the external fields. On the other hand, if the two end spins are separated by one spin, then the entanglement maximized by the external fields exhibits a power-law decay of the temperature, being finite at any temperatures. In order to demonstrate the former case, we numerically calculate the temperature in XX and XY four-spin chains. We find that the temperature shows qualitatively different behavior, depending on the conservation of the angular momentum in the z direction.

Compressibility of deformable spin chains near quantum critical points

We calculate the ground-state compressibility of a deformable spin-1/2 Heisenberg-Ising chain with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to discuss how a quantum critical point inherent in this spin system may manifest itself in the elastic properties of the underlying lattice. We compare these results with the corresponding ones for the spin-1/2 Ising chain in a longitudinal or transverse field and the spin-1/2 XX chain in a transverse field. The inverse compressibility of the spin-1/2 XX chain in a transverse field exhibits a hysteresis in the vicinity of quantum critical point that is accompanied with the finite jump of compressibility. Contrary to this, the inverse compressibility diminishes continuously close to a quantum critical point of the spin-1/2 Ising chain in a transverse field and the spin-1/2 Heisenberg-Ising bond alternating chain.

Thermal Entanglement in Two-Qutrit Heisenberg XX Chain with Different Dzyaloshinskii—Moriya Interaction and Nonuniform Magnetic Field

The effects of the different Dzyaloshinskii—Moriya (DM) interaction on thermal entanglement of a two-qutrit Heisenberg XX spin chain in a nonuniform magnetic field are investigated. Our results imply that the x-component DM interaction plays a central role in enhancing quantum entanglement and it has a higher critical temperature than the z-component DM interaction. The entanglement can be tunable controlled by changing the multiple of the magnetic fields B1 and B2. Also we found that different DM interaction are competitive to each other in some conditions.

TRANSMITTING BIPARTITE AND MULTIPARTITE CORRELATIONS VIA SPIN CHAINS UNDER PHASE DECOHERENCE

We investigate the transfer of bipartite (measured by cocurrence) and multipartite (measured by global discord) quantum correlations though spin chains under phase decoherence. The influence of phase decoherence and anisotropy parameter upon quantum correlations transfer is investigated. On the one hand, in the case of no phase decoherence, there is no steady state quantum correlations between spins. On the other hand, if the phase decoherence is larger than zero, the bipartite quantum correlations can be transferred through a Heisenberg XXX chain for a long time and there is steady state bipartite entanglement. For a Heisenberg XX chain, bipartite entanglement between two spins is destroyed completely after a long time. Multipartite quantum correlations of all spins are more robust than bipartite quantum correlations. Thus, one can store multipartite quantum correlations in spin chains for a long time under phase decoherence.

Magnetocaloric effect in spin-1/2 XX chains with three-spin interactions

We consider the exactly solvable spin-1/2 $XX$ chain with the three-spin interactions of the $XZX+YZY$ and $XZY-YZX$ types in an external (transverse) magnetic field. We calculate the entropy and examine the magnetocaloric effect for the quantum spin system. We discuss a relation between the cooling/heating efficiency and the ground-state phase diagram of the quantum spin model. We also compare ability to cool/heat in the vicinity of the quantum critical and triple points. Moreover, we examine the magnetocaloric effect for the spin-1/2 $XX$ chain with three-spin interactions in a random (Lorentzian) transverse magnetic field.

Propagation of the interaction generating the macroscopic entanglement in a XX spin- $$\frac{1} {2}$$ chain with a staggered magnetic field

An effective Poynting vector associated to a XX chain of a spin-\(\frac{1} {2}\) with staggered magnetic field, B l = B + e −iπl b is derived. Such a field is not likely to occur in nature although the model is analytically solvable and allows to study macroscopic correlation (entanglement witnessing) [J. Hide, W. Son, I. Lawrie, V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. A 76, 022319 (2007)]. It is found that the propagation of the interaction generating of the macroscopic correlations has a component which is not along to the axis of the chain. This questions the idea that the propagation of the macroscopic (multipartite) entanglement takes place exclusively along the axis of the chain of XX spin-\(\frac{1} {2}\). We point out that in general, that the propagation of macroscopic entanglement is not an one-dimensional phenomenon but this occurs in a region of the space. Some reliable criteria for macroscopic correlation in terms of our effective Poynting’s vector are derived. Associated with entanglement propagation, an effective group velocity by volume unit that satisfies a Lieb-Robinson-like upper bound for the velocity of the propagation of the information has been found.