XVII-XIX Centuries Research Articles

Institute of Tatar Heads in Western Siberia in the 17th—19th Centuries: Formation and Evolution

The question of the management system of servicemen Tatars in Western Siberia during the XVII-XIX centuries is considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of Tatar heads in it as a special institution that existed from the late 16th to the early 19th centuries. The functions and duties of the Tatar heads in different historical periods are considered. Historical figures who held this position during the period under consideration is identified. The activity of Kulmametevs Murzas as heads of servicemen and yasak Tatars is shown. It was revealed that the Tatar heads in the 18th century were an organic element of the traditional management of the aboriginal population, the need for which by the end of the century loses its former importance. It is shown that, in contrast to the European part of Russia, where the position of Tatar heads disappeared already in the 17th century, this institution existed in Siberia until the beginning of the 19th century. The role of the Siberian reform of 1822 as a normative basis for the elimination of the position of Tatar heads is revealed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the formation, development and completion of the functioning of the institution of Tatar heads is traced in the historical retrospective. The relevance of the study is due to the poor study of the topic.

Violins and cellos from Portuguese collections. A tree ring study as a historical source of the Portuguese heritage

• Dendrochronology of Portuguese violins and cellos reinforce the historical records. • Imported wood was used by luthiers in Portuguese workshops in XVII–XIX centuries. • Attributions to makers was confirmed by dendrochronology for most instruments. • For two violins a reassignment of the attribution should be considered. This first dendrochronological study of 13 violins and cellos from Portuguese workshops of the XVIII and XIX centuries aims at a deeper knowledge of dates and origin of the top woods used to build the instruments, as well as adding to the understanding of specific assembly techniques. A similar study was also made on 10 violins and cellos of foreign manufacture from the XVII and XVIII centuries, which are currently in Portugal, showing the scientific potential as well as limitations of the dendrochronological approach. The best chronological references which were applied to date the musical instruments manufactured in Portugal came from the Alpine regions of Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Italy, but the identification of specific wood sources was not possible. The only known musical instrument in Portugal attributed to Antonio Stradivari (cello Chevillard) belongs to the collection of the National Museum of Music (Lisbon). The growth patterns on two pieces which compose the belly were compared with those of five other instruments made by the same luthier and was allowed to conclude that the wood came from the same region and, in one specific case, from the same tree. The terminum post quem obtained by the dendrochronological dating allowed the confirmation of attribution to a maker for most of the instruments but for two violins the attributions proved erroneous making the case for a reassignment of the two instruments. Dendrochronology led us to the conclusion that the Portuguese musical instruments can be seen as a physical proof of the historical records which document Portuguese maritime wood trade with Europe, mainly with Italy.

“Iskandarnoma”larning nasriy manbalari xususida

The article focuses on the interpretation of the image of Alexander in fiction, one of the most widely used images in Eastern and Western literature. Alisher Navoi's epic “Sadd-i-Iskandari” and its influence on the written and oral literature of the XVII-XIX centuries are considered. Prose interpretations of “Iskandarnama”, translated works and independent short stories created in the style of folklore are analyzed on the basis of primary sources, manuscripts and lithographs. An epic “Sadd-i-Iskandari” by Navoi and its prose statement “Iskandarnama”, a translation from Persian, an independent short story “Iskandarnama” written in Uzbek are described according to their specific features. The controversial places that have been interpreted in the world literature, the attitude to the ideas in the plates. A comparative analysis of the plots shows that the “Shah-Namai Turkish” had a significant influence on the creation of the “Iskandarnama” in the Uzbek language.

Intercultural Communication: Russian Orthodox Church in Yakutia (XVII–XIX Centuries)

The research featured the issue of intercultural communication in the aspect of cultural and anthropological approach. The article introduces the case of the Russian Orthodox Church as it incorporated one of the remote outskirts of the Empire the Yakut region in Russia. The research was an attempt to understand the problems of intercultural communication during the intercivilizational interaction between the Orthodox (Christian) civilization and the local Arctic civilization of the peoples of North-East Asia. The author explained the permanent process of Christianization in Yakutia, as well as described the role of missionary work as a method of developing new territories and the specifics of parish activity. The relations with the nonOrthodox population improved when the state law replaced the traditional Patriarchal foundations, and representatives of non-Slavic elites entered the structure. The Orthodox Church conducted various social and educational activities, since it took secular social and educational state institutions a long time to reach this remote region. In the XVII–XIX centuries, the activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Yakutia contributed to the intercultural communications with this marginal territory and ensured the involvement of the Yakut ethnic group in the Russian state space.

ABOUT THE TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE “ISKANDARNAMA”

The article focuses on the interpretation of the image of Alexander in fiction, one of the most widely used images in Eastern and Western literature. Alisher Navoi's epic “Sadd-i-Iskandari” and its influence on the written and oral literature of the XVII-XIX centuries are considered. Prose interpretations of “Iskandarnama”, translated works and independent short stories created in the style of folklore are analyzed on the basis of primary sources, manuscripts and lithographs. An epic “Sadd-i-Iskandari” by Navoi and its prose statement “Iskandarnama”, a translation from Persian, an independent short story “Iskandarnama” written in Uzbek are described according to their specific features. The controversial places that have been interpreted in the world literature, the attitude to the ideas in the plates. A comparative analysis of the plots shows that the “Shah-Namai Turkish” had a significant influence on the creation of the “Iskandarnama” in the Uzbek language.

Общности суффиксов, образующих от глаголов именные части речи в кыргызском и чагатайском языках

In Kyrgyz linguistics, texts and translations of written monuments have been studied and studied by language commentaries. However, despite the fact that some opinions have been expressed in Kyrgyz linguistics about the Chagatai language used by the Kyrgyz during the XVII-XIX centuries and about the works written at that time, there are still almost no research works. To this end, this article, based on the works of Russian and foreign scientists, on the basis of comparative-historical method, studied word-forming suffixes that produce nominal parts of speech from verbs (noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun), Chagatai and modern Kyrgyz language. In it, specific examples indicate the units of their functions. As a result, according to the facts given in the article, over time, the word-forming suffixes of the Chagatai language were subject only to phonetic changes, while most suffixes are still stable. This is due to the fact that the forms that make up the grammar system in comparison with the vocabulary that makes up the dictionary system of the language remain unchanged for a long time. Therefore, conclusions were made about the need to study the materials of the modern Kyrgyz language on the basis of historical linguistic facts, as a special object of research on the issues of proximity, kinship with the Chagatai language. After all, under the conditions of sovereignty, we must thoroughly study the nature of our writing, which in our history has not yet been paid attention to, which has remained out of our field of vision and has not been studied in accordance with the requirements of the time. Research in this direction can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the real links between the present and the past of the language and culture of the Kyrgyz people, the restoration of its unique, unique customs and attitudes.

The study of the cultural layer of the XVII-XIX centuries during the archaeological work in 2009–2017

The study of the cultural layer of the XVII-XIX centuries during the archaeological work in 2009–2017

Філософсько-правові детермінанти формування юридичної аргументації в Новий час (XVII-XIX ст.)

Філософсько-правові детермінанти формування юридичної аргументації в Новий час (XVII-XIX ст.)

Islam among the Turkmen of Stavtopol Krai and Astrakhan Oblast.

The article is devoted to the role of Islam in culture and social life of the Turkmen of southern Russia. The study is based on the author's field materials collected in 2007–2015 in the Stavropol and Astrakhan Regions. The ethnic group of the Russian Turkmen was formed in the XVII–XIX centuries and currently counts about 17,000 people. The Turkmen are Sunni Muslims, most of their customs and rituals are associated with Muslim prayers and symbolism. At the same time, the Turkmen are not among the zealous Muslims, in their spiritual culture there are folk customs and beliefs that are very superficially associated with Islam. In the Soviet period, the Russian Turkmen maintained their religion, secretly carried out Islamic rites and rules, despite the anti-religious state policy. Currently, the religiousness of the Turkmen varies greatly, but almost all families hold major religious ceremonies. Mosques play the role of community centers, social life in the Turkmen settlements is closely intertwined with religious life, and the mullahs are local leaders and take part in self-government bodies. Propaganda of fundamentalist Islam has not bypassed the Turkmen, as many regions of the North Caucasus. A peculiar situation has developed: young people have become involved in religion much more than old honored people, educated in the Soviet ideals. Residents of the Turkmen settlements and imams of mosques are trying to resist the spread of fundamentalist ideas. The situation is particularly difficult in the Stavropol Territory; so the regional administration is trying to control any cultural and religious activities on the ground, sometimes suspecting “Wahhabi sentiments” among quite loyal citizens, such as the Turkmen. It is important that the Turkmen are almost the only people of this region who, traditionally practicing Islam, retain complete loyalty to the Russian population and the Russian state

Unknown Documents of 1734 About Swedish Citizens Taken Into Serfdom

This work is devoted to the publication and analysis of two previously unknown handwritten documents of 1734. These documents contain information on several persons of Swedish nationality, which were illegally taken out by the Russian nobleman I. Popov during the Northern War from the territory of Sweden. Materials are stored in the State Archives of the Sumy region. They are part of the archival case of Okhtyrka District Court, but they are not thematically connected with it. These documents were once part of a much larger complex of materials. They refer to the request of former Swedish nationals to release them from serfdom from the Belgorod and Kursk landlords Popov and Dolgintsev. The further fate of these people remained unknown. But it is known that they were mistreated by their masters. Russian legislation at the time prohibited such treatment of persons of Swedish nationality. This was discussed in terms of the peace agreement Nishtadskoyi 1721. The two documents revealed illustrate the episodes of the lives of several foreigners who were captured. The analyzed materials give an opportunity to look at a historical phenomenon like a serfdom in the territory of the Russian Empire under a new angle. They allow us to study one of the ways to replenish the serfs. Documents can also be used as a source for the study of some aspects of social history, in biographical studies. The authors noted that the conversion to the property of the enslaved people of other nationalities was a very common practice in the XVII-XIX centuries. This source of replenishment of the dependent population groups were popular in many nations in Europe, Asia and Africa since ancient times. For example, in the Crimean Khanate, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, the nations of the Caucasus and many others. Кeywords: Sweden, Russian Empire, historical source, documents, Russo-Swedish War, Nistadt Treaty, Viborg, Swedish citizens, enslavement, serfdom.

Засоби пластичного оформлення сценічного простору (з історії українського театру)

The purpose of the article is to consider the theatrical space evolution of the Ukrainian theater in terms of architectural and technical provision of its plastic design. The author has used the following research methods: a critical analysis is in the scientific literature development on the theatrical art history, architecture and stage design in order to recapture information on the research topic; art analysis is for the plastics correlation of the stage space of performances and their informative content; synthesis is for combining various characteristics of the spatial and technical support of the Ukrainian theater in the period of XVII–XIX centuries; induction is to study, albeit fragmentary, but typical examples of spatial and technical support for the exhibitions in this period; hypothetical, systemic and generalizing are to formulate conclusions. Scientific novelty. The study focuses on the theater space evolution in the Ukrainian theater from the point of view of its plastic design. Conclusions. Stage art works have an effective structure, materialize in a certain stage space; according to the Ukrainian theater varieties in the XVII–XIX centuries they are: school theater, church-religious drama, vertep, serf theater, public theater, home theater, «redoubts», balagans, rural folk theaters, artistic educational establishments theaters; there were specific forms and plastic design means of their stage space; characteristic for the Ukrainian theater is the closed space (private dwellings, public places, religious buildings), which is characterized by wide use of subject complexes and open types (the natural landscape location) with simplified-mobile character decorations; performances characteristic in the premises of the church was the light effects use, cult attributes and theatrical propaganda; the plastic design means of the scenic space in the vertebrate two-story mobile box with the conventionally shot «fourth wall» and a doll characters set; a wandering way of organizing activities and the economic difficulty of the vast majority in theatrical groups in Ukraine at the beginning of the XIX century did not contribute to the scenography development and theatrical technique; the material and technical support of rural theaters, in particular in Galicia, it was relatively worthwhile.

To the history of the Russian vagrancy XVII–XIX centuries

In the following article analysis of vagabondism in Russia is being made, based on sources from literature, journalism and the Holy Father. The particular qualities of the Church, temporal powers, and common society members’ attitudes towards vagabondism are being viewed. The periods of the romanticizing of vagabondism in the history of Russia are being described as well as periods when vagabondism was subjected to social exclusion. A gradual transition of the perception of vagabondism from the field of Christian traditional humility and mercy to a social field which inflicts responsibility for one’s behavior on the subject of vagabondism is explored. Methods and manners of charity for vagabonds and the poor are being viewed as well as the imperative measures and sanctions of the struggle against mendicity and vagabondism in various historical periods. The classifications of vagabonds, offered by Russian thinkers, are being researched since they allow us to distinguish between the needy and those who use the image of a vagabond for their own profit and who speculate on Christian feelings. Generally, the authors come to a conclusion that unlike Western Europe, where vagabondism was banned and where vagabonds were punished severely, the attitude towards vagabonds in pre-revolutionary Russia was based on the orthodox values and included humanity and mercifulness.

ПОЛИТИКА «ЛАСКАНИЯ» В РОССИЙСКО-ДАГЕСТАНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ XVII-XIX ВЕКОВ

On the basis of documents and special literature the article reveals the essence of the “soft soap” policy, which included the system of measures that were taken by the Russian authorities to win the support of Dagestan aristocracy in solving their foreign-policy problems. The author shows how and why the imperial authorities encouraged Dagestan feudal owners to take the oath of citizenship in the XVII-XIX centuries by concrete factual material. The paper describes such methods of influence as distribution of gifts and rewards, granting land allotments, appointing military ranks, etc.

Geographical Factors of Formation of Agriculture in the Baikal Region in the XVII–XIX centuries

Geographical Factors of Formation of Agriculture in the Baikal Region in the XVII–XIX centuries

АНИМАЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОБРАЗЫ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ДЕТСКОЙ ПРОЗЕ

The article attempts to consider the images of animals in children’s literature from folklore to the XXI century, but special attention is paid to the functions that animalistic images perform in contemporary children’s prose. In sacred scripture, teachings and hagiographic literature, animalistic images are called upon to point a man to the path to truth. In folklore, the tradition of satirical exposure of human vices is born through allegory, which is evident in the works of subsequent centuries. Animalistic images in the literature of the XVII-XIX centuries can be divided into two groups: animals that help ridicule human vices, and animals that help change the heroes. In the works of the ХХ century, animalistic images become a kind of the mirror of the human soul. Contemporary children’s prose continues the traditions of the ХХ century. The authors consider the works by M. Aromshtam “Furry Child”, M. Samarsky “Rainbow for a Friend” and “On a Swing among the Hills”, D. Pennac “Dog”, J. Bowen “A Street Cat Named Bob”, M. Petrosyan “The Tale of a Dog Who Could Fly” and highlight the therapeutic, social and educational functions of animals.

RUSSIAN ARCHEOLOGY OF THE KUZNETSK TOM’ RIVER VALLEY: HISTORY OF RESEARCH, CURRENT CONDITION AND PROSPECTS

The current paper features the research history of the Russian period archeological sites (fortified and unfortified settlements, cemeteries) on the territory of the Kuznetsk Tom’ River valley from the second quarter of XX century to the present day. Three stages of this process, which demonstrate the trend of increasing scale of Russian archeology in Western Siberia, were distinguished. The article analyzes the qualitative aspect of the research on the Russian period archeological sites. The analysis was performed on the basis of object dependency, studied by split-level methods of field archeology (reconnaissance and excavation) and type of publication (descriptive and analytical). A mapping of the Russian time archeological sites was conducted. It highlights some irregularities in their studies in the Kuznetsk Tom’ River Valley. The article points out some directions for further field research, among which: a search for new Russian settlements of XVII–XIX centuries at the estuaries of the tributaries of the Tom’ river near old stockade towns; excavation work at previously discovered old Russian villages and cemeteries and the assessment of their current state.

Эстетический феномен японской татуировки ирэдзуми и ее связь с искусством гравюры укиё-э (на примере графики Утагава Куниёси)

Traditional Japanese tattooing widely known as 入れ墨 irezumi is one of the brightest arts with strong roots dating back to the Edo period (XVII-XIX centuries). As it developed in open cultural spaces of the Edo period, irezumi adopted many graphic features of 浮世絵 ukiyo-e - Japanese woodblock prints, and quickly became a special body decoration. Despite being linked to yakuza culture, irezumi still contain numerous elements which correspond to the visual code of Asian culture represented in most pieces of eastern art. Unfortunately however, this aesthetic phenomenon remains poorly studied by scholars. The most significant example of connection between the Japanese traditional tattoo and the art of Japanese woodblock printing is the frequent adoption of subjects and composition of Kuniyoshi’s woodblock series “108 heroes of Water Margin”. Comparative analysis of “Zhang Shun. White Stripe in the Waves” and irezumi based on this woodblock print confirmed that traditional Japanese tattoos imitate a composition of the particular ukiyo-e from the aforementioned series but the main distinguishing features of irezumi are the presence of additional elements such as cherry blossoms, peony, and a storm cloud-like background. Moreover, these additional elements which obviously represent a visual code of Asian culture, along with the bends of the human body, play a significant role in creating a special rhythm of the picture. Comparing principles of Japanese tattoo aesthetic with statements given in “Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden” proved that irezumi can be considered a specific kind of art.

Сутність та система покарань у Київській Русі за “Руською Правдою”

Сутність та система покарань у Київській Русі за “Руською Правдою”

Історико-правові особливості розвитку вищої освіти в Україні (XVII–XІХ ст.)

Історико-правові особливості розвитку вищої освіти в Україні (XVII–XІХ ст.)

Эволюция ручного огнестрельного оружия в XVII – XIX вв.

Эволюция ручного огнестрельного оружия в XVII – XIX вв.