XV-XVII Centuries Research Articles

"Epancha Was Made in that Wool": Felt Clothes in the Upper Volga Region and Neighboring Territories in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time.

The article considers felt clothing, widely used by the Russian population during the Middle Ages and early Modern times. The data of written sources of the XV-XVII centuries are analyzed – scribal descriptions and assembly material, including documents of the patrimony of monasteries and secular landowners. The data of the archeology of an earlier period are involved. In written sources there is information about woolworkers, felters, half–timbers and epaulettes - artisans who specialized in the production of felt products. Among them, the clothing manufacturers were epanechniki. Evidence is given that in the XVI-XVII centuries. The epancha was felt clothing. It was a cape with a rounded neckline, without sleeves. There are archaeological finds of the Old Russian period corresponding to this form of clothing. This form of clothing existed from the early Middle Ages to Modern times. Written sources of the late XV – XVII centuries reflect the spread of the craft of making felt and epanches. There is a development of specialization in the manufacture of felt products in the western part of the Upper Volga and Upper Podvinye during the late Middle Ages and early Modern times - in the cities of Staritsa, Toropets and the village of Knyazh Vladimirovo Gorodishche - the former patrimony center of the Princes Mikulinsky. For the production of felt, local raw materials were used – products of universally developed sheep breeding. At the end of the XV – XVII century in the structure of a large patrimonial economy, the volume of income from wool allowed the production of felt products from raw materials collected in different parts of the patrimony.

Європейський “слід” у мовній картині світу освіченого українця XVIII ст. (на матеріалі приватних козацьких діаріушів)

Background. In the context of the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine, when its relations with European countries are strengthening as Ukrainians are defending not only themselves but the whole of Europe, it is important to examine the history of Ukrainian-European relations at the linguistic level. It is known that Ukrainian students studied at European universities already in XV–XVI centuries, mainly in Germany. Moreover, some embarked on a long educational journey through Europe, including studies in France and Italy. Later, in XVII–XVIII centuries, a significant role in the educational system played Kyiv (now Kyiv-Mohyla) Academy, the all-Ukrainian center of education, science, and culture of that period, from where the students went to Europe to deepen their knowledge. Following the best European educational practices, Kyiv Academy contributed to the rapid adaptation of Ukrainian students to the international environment in Europe. Amongst these students, were descendants from the families of the Ukrainian nobility and Cossack officers, including the Markovych and Khanenko families, whose diaries are the subject of research in this article. Aims and approach. Cossack diaries were the subject of in-depth historical & linguistic research, including educational background, intellectual interests, and individual style of writing of Yakiv Markovych, Mykola Khanenko, and Petro Apostol – the authors of the analyzed documents. However, so far, the lexical units related to Europe have not been the object of a separate study in the above-mentioned texts, which determines the scientific novelty of our research. Methodology. To fulfill the tasks, set out in the article, we used the method of analyzing the semantic space of the concept, which involves grouping the studied vocabulary according to the ideographic principle, which, in turn, makes it possible to reconstruct the linguistic picture of the world. The peculiarities of the functioning of adjectival-substantive phrases in the texts of the diaries were analyzed from the perspective of combinatorial linguistics. Results and findings. Cossack diaries are a valuable source of conceptual knowledge about Europe from the perspective of 18th-century Ukrainians. The authors of the diaries, the most educated people of their time, were quite rich both materially and spiritually. Accordingly, they studied foreign languages (Latin, French, German, Italian, Polish), read and translated from them, provided education for their descendants; were interested in the latest in European literature, science, and philosophical thought; exchanged books and communicated about what they had read; followed the cultural life of Europe, attending new performances by European authors. In everyday life, they paid tribute to fashion by buying fabrics for clothing from European countries, and as representatives of the Cossack elite, they had access to physical pleasures (drinks, tobacco) of European origin. As memoirists, they were particularly interested in history: they were aware of Europe’s social and political life by subscribing to European newspapers; at the same time, they were participants and witnesses of important historical events. Based on the analyzed diaries, a variety of lexical items, primarily adjectival and substantive phrases, have been identified to refer to items of European spiritual/material culture, phenomena, and persons related to Europe. Accordingly, the semantic fields “Spiritual Culture” and “Material Culture” were built in the semantic space of the concept of Europe. Conclusion. Europe left a noticeable impact on the linguistic picture of the world of educated Ukrainians of the eighteenth century, which is a natural result of the historical continuity of Ukrainian-European relations in the cultural, educational, scientific, art, and international trade fields.

Image of the Jungar Galdan-Boshoktu-Khan in the Novel “An Eagle Soaring in the Sky” by Mongolian Writer B. Dogmid

The article, based on the historical novel "An Eagle Soaring in the Sky" (2021) by the modern Mongolian writer Balzhirin Dogmid (1945), examines the life and work of the Oirat-Mongolian Galdan-Boshoktu-khan (1644-1697), a major political figure of the 17th century, the ruler of Dzungar Khanate. The modern need to realize, to better comprehend the scale of the political and international events of the 17th century in Central and East Asia, which are based on the relationship between Dzungaria, Qing China, Tibet and disparate Mongolian principalities, which led to total dependence on the Manchu Qing dynasty, excites many creative minds in Mongolia today . B. Dogmid, referring in his novel to one of the brightest charismatic rulers of Mongolia in the second half of the 17th century, tells about the main directions of the “Mongolian policy” of Galdan Boshoktu Khan, focusing on the personal human qualities of his hero. The desire of Galdan-Boshoktu to unite the Mongols under the auspices of the Oirats was based on the policy of the Oirat aristocrats, pursued by them since the fall of the Yuan Empire (1368) and the formation of the Oirat Union (Durvan Oirat, XV-XVI centuries). Interest in history, which rapidly increased by the nineties of the XX century in Mongolian society, is not weakening even today. Moreover, the nature of this interest is changing, and the genre of the historical novel itself, which tells about one of the difficult periods of Mongolian history, about the life and work of an outstanding personality like Galdan-Boshoktu-Khan in evolutionary formation, in dynamics, in situations, as a rule, confusing and conflict relations with others (with Southern Mongolia, Eastern Turkestan, Qing China, Tibet, Russia) also change accordingly.

Bestiary of Pskov Chronicles Of XV–XVII Centuries: Images of People, Enemies, Wealth and Favorite Curses of Pskov Chroniclers

The article deals with the meanings and contexts of animal name mentions in the allegorical way in the text of Pskov chronicles and narratives. Allegorical mentions of domestic, wild, and exotic animals, as well as the use of epithets associated with animals are analyzed. The sources of literary borrowings referring to exotic and mythical animals such as asp, crocodile, camel, are investigated. The author concludes that chronicles and literary texts are not sufficiently informative to identify historical realities of everyday life associated with animals. At the same time, the sources provide rich ground for the study of expressive expressions in Pskov political rhetoric, historical and moral literature, and vividly characterize the worldview and figurative world of the inhabitants of the borderlands.

The concept of "vanitas" by Hieronymus Bosch in the context of late medieval culture of the XV-XVI centuries

The concept of "vanitas" by Hieronymus Bosch in the context of late medieval culture of the XV-XVI centuries

Kotsiubiiv, Kachibei or Kochubiev? Which name is more appropriate to use for Odesa in the XV-XVI centuries

In the note the author examines the history of the spread in the historical literature of the XIXth-XXth centuries of the version about the founding of the city of Kochubiiv (Odesa) by the nobleman Bohdan Kotsiuba-Yakushynskyi and the origin of the name «Kotsiubiiv», which is sometimes used about Odesa of the XVth-XVIth centuries in the literature and on the Internet. The researcher makes a conclusion about the probable mistake of mentioned version of the origin of the city and about the inappropriateness of the use of the name «Kotsiubiiv».

Ethics and deontology in medical psychology

Abstract. The sphere of influence of medical psychology is constantly expanding, which is due to the relevance of mental health problems for modern society and the presence of social demand for psychological assistance. Ethics in medical psychology as one of the types of professional ethics is a set of principles of regulation and norms of behavior of medical psychologists and physicians, determined by the specifics of their activities and the role and position they occupy in society. The concept of medical deontology also includes the system of relationships established in the course of treatment between a doctor and a patient, a medical psychologist and a patient. Deontology is the study of the proper behavior of medical personnel. The subject of deontology in medical psychology is the principles of proper attitude not only towards an individual but also towards society. Referring to the ethical aspects of medical psychology, the modern models of medical ethics are analyzed: the Hippocratic model (V-IV centuries BC) – the key principle of which is: "Do no harm"; the model of Paracelsus (XV-XVI centuries) – the principle of "Do good". This model implements paternalism (pater) as a type of relationship between a medical psychologist and a patient, characterized by positive psychological attachments and social and moral responsibility, "healing", "divinity" of the contact between a medical psychologist and a patient; deontological model (XVIII-XIX centuries) is a set of "proper" rules that correspond to a particular field of medical practice; biomedical ethical model (60-70s of the XX century) considers medicine in the context of human rights. It has been established that medical psychology in all its sections is based on general medical ethical principles. Medical psychologists face specific ethical issues in their work. This is the question of the need to inform the subject about the purpose and content of the psychological examination before it is conducted. Secondly, a medical psychologist must adhere to the rule of "boundaries" (the limit of acceptable behavior). Given the specifics of interpersonal interaction between a medical psychologist and a patient, it is necessary to clearly define professional boundaries of communication during psychological counseling and psychotherapeutic meetings. Thirdly, the formation of emotional attachment of the patient to the medical psychologist, which is one of the characteristics of professional interpersonal interaction, can be a difficult ethical issue. Therefore, a medical psychologist should control the interaction with the patient, being aware of their professional actions, so that emotional support does not interfere with providing the patient with the means to independently cope with difficulties and realize their life goals.

Spearheads of boar-spear and peaks from the collection of the Nizhniy Novgorod State historical and architectural museum-park

In this article we introduced into scientific turnover four spearheads of long-barreled weapons from the collection of the Nizhny Novgorod state Historical and Architectural Museum-park. The first three tips were among the old receipts of the museum, their origin is unknown. The fourth exemplar was transferred to the museum in 1923 or 1925 by the son of famous photographer and collector of antiquities A. O. Karelin (Nizhny Novgorod). The place of acquisition of the tip by the photographer is unknown. We analyzed the design features of the spearheads, clarified the chronological framework, the area and extent of distribution of such products. In the analysis and interpretation of materials, a comparative historical method was used to determine the analogies of the tips. The first three exemplars can be characterized as hollow tips with a wide elongated-triangular and elongated-rhombic feather and an unconnected seam on the sleeve. A wide, massive feather allows them to be attributed to boar-spears (rоgatina) – a popular type of long-shaft weapons in Russia of the XV–XVII centuries. The analysis and the search for analogies made it possible to date them with a wide chronological interval of the XVI–XVII centuries. Such weapons were used by Russian warriors, primarily «infantry» – convoy servants, militia, city Cossacks, etc., since at the specified time long-shaft weapons were rarely found in the arms of nobles and boyar children, and if they were, then more often in the form of spades and spears. Similar aspearheads date back to local samples of pre-Mongol time. The fourth copy is defined as the tip of the Cossack «statutory» pike of the sample of 1839.

THE ROLE OF THE RULES-BASED INTERNATIONAL ORDER DOCTRINE IN THE FORMATION OF RULES OF LAW: ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROJECTION ON THE NOOSPHERE MODEL

In this article, in the historiographical and legal aspect in the context of projection on a global topological information and noosphere, the authors consider the interaction between the conceptual structural components of the world civilization and legal system, as elements of a single legal triad: "Order-Rules-Law". In the meaningful sense, the terms of the terms "order", "rules" and "law" are the conceptual foundation of the doctrine "Rules-Based International Order" (RBIO), the name of which means "International (world) order based on the rules", and The International System Based on the Rules – The Rule Based International System (RBIS). The study of interactions between the components of the legal triad is of great importance for the study of the processes of formation of rules of law, especially in global systems of public international law and municipal law, as well as in international legal forecasting.
 It is established that the modern balanced state of the IP-structure of the noosphere, according to the model that has historically developed, is a manifestation of the same "order and rules", which were naturally formed in the process of changing the types (forms) of the world order, which are reflected in the triad «Order-rules-rules- Right» that corresponds to the perceptions of Rbis and Rbio. They should be performed to prevent implosion (internal destruction) of the nuclear structure of the Noosphere, timely eliminate tendencies to autarcy entities of the nuclear of the Noosphere in the form of Russia and China, as well as to avoid the threat of complete reformatting of the "Christian world" "Islamic World Order".
 Therefore, for a comprehensive study of the role of RBIO doctrine in the implementation of the rules of law, an objectively necessary is a deep – inclusive analysis of dynamic processes in the triad "Order – Rules – Law". It cannot be carried out without the study of archaic causes and development of public and municipal law, which took place at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries in line with the formation of a global topological double-circuit cone-nuclear information-law structure in the noosphere system. To this end, the authors use the bipolar model of the noosphere developed by them, which with the help of concepts about the topology of the global information and legal space allows to identify natural tendencies and identify natural mechanisms of support for the primate of Anglo-Saxon law on a global scale, in the context of ideas about RBIO and RBIS.
 This methodology is aimed at preserving the sustainable development of world civilization, which in the concept of the model is represented on the one hand: system forming components of the noosphere shell-subjects of international public law in the form of the US Sides-System forming components of the nucleus of the Noosphere: Russia, India and China. This methodology is of particular importance in the conditions of manifestation of tendencies to reformat the IP structure of the noosphere: replacement of the archaic system of the "Christian world order" and its modern form of liberal world order-for "Islamic world order", which requires the correction of value instruments of international public and municipal law, which have historically formed on the basis of traditional concepts of Rbis-Rbio and the Anglo-Saxon law system.

THE ROLE OF THE RULES-BASED INTERNATIONAL ORDER DOCTRINE IN THE FORMATION OF RULES OF LAW: ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROJECTION ON THE NOOSPHERE MODEL

In this article, in the historiographical and legal aspect in the context of projection on a global topological information and noosphere, the authors consider the interaction between the conceptual structural components of the world civilization and legal system, as elements of a single legal triad: "Order-Rules-Law". In the meaningful sense, the terms of the terms "order", "rules" and "law" are the conceptual foundation of the doctrine "Rules-Based International Order" (RBIO), the name of which means "International (world) order based on the rules", and The International System Based on the Rules – The Rule Based International System (RBIS). The study of interactions between the components of the legal triad is of great importance for the study of the processes of formation of rules of law, especially in global systems of public international law and municipal law, as well as in international legal forecasting.
 It is established that the modern balanced state of the IP-structure of the noosphere, according to the model that has historically developed, is a manifestation of the same "order and rules", which were naturally formed in the process of changing the types (forms) of the world order, which are reflected in the triad «Order-rules-rules- Right» that corresponds to the perceptions of Rbis and Rbio. They should be performed to prevent implosion (internal destruction) of the nuclear structure of the Noosphere, timely eliminate tendencies to autarcy entities of the nuclear of the Noosphere in the form of Russia and China, as well as to avoid the threat of complete reformatting of the "Christian world" "Islamic World Order".
 Therefore, for a comprehensive study of the role of RBIO doctrine in the implementation of the rules of law, an objectively necessary is a deep – inclusive analysis of dynamic processes in the triad "Order – Rules – Law". It cannot be carried out without the study of archaic causes and development of public and municipal law, which took place at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries in line with the formation of a global topological double-circuit cone-nuclear information-law structure in the noosphere system. To this end, the authors use the bipolar model of the noosphere developed by them, which with the help of concepts about the topology of the global information and legal space allows to identify natural tendencies and identify natural mechanisms of support for the primate of Anglo-Saxon law on a global scale, in the context of ideas about RBIO and RBIS.
 This methodology is aimed at preserving the sustainable development of world civilization, which in the concept of the model is represented on the one hand: system forming components of the noosphere shell-subjects of international public law in the form of the US Sides-System forming components of the nucleus of the Noosphere: Russia, India and China. This methodology is of particular importance in the conditions of manifestation of tendencies to reformat the IP structure of the noosphere: replacement of the archaic system of the "Christian world order" and its modern form of liberal world order-for "Islamic world order", which requires the correction of value instruments of international public and municipal law, which have historically formed on the basis of traditional concepts of Rbis-Rbio and the Anglo-Saxon law system.

CHRONICLER's PERSPECTIVE: COVERAGE OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CITY AND THE EPISCOPATE IN THE XVI CENTURY (BASED ON THE CHRONICLE OF WORMS BY F. ZORN AND THE CHRONICLE OF THE BISHOPS OF WÜRZBURG BY L. FRIES)

The epoch of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern Times (XV-XVI centuries) became a turning point for the history of the German language. The urban literature was rapidly developing, first of all, chronicles. Historiographic genres are most richly represented in imperial and free cities. The interest of the citizens in history stimulates the development of both city and regional chronicles. The collisions of the period, the struggle between the commune and the lords are reflected in these works. The purpose of the article is to analyze the interpretation of conflicts between the burghers and the episcopate in two chronicles of the XVI century, different in type, but with high cultural and historical significance, that is, the Chronicle of Worms by F. Zorn and the Chronicle of the Bishops of Würzburg by L. Fries. For the analysis, text fragments were chosen that tell about the collisions of the late Staufen era (the second third of the XIII century), while the main attention is paid to the Worms chronicle, since it most fully describes the events of this period. Both chroniclers present events fairly correctly, but they do it from different angles. Thus, the author of the Worms chronicle, F. Zorn, is quite negative towards the clergy and the pope, and is even able to verbally attack the latter. He explains the conflicts between the city and the bishops by the imperious claims and machinations of the latter, adhering to the position of the City Council. By contrast, L. Fries in the Chronicle of the Bishops of Würzburg, although restrained in his judgments and striving to be objective, describes the uprising of citizens against the bishop in negative tones, considering it a manifestation of outrage and a violation of the God-established order.

ALI SAFI KASHIFI HIRAWI - A SKILLED CALLIGRAPHER AND SECRETARY (A RARE MANUSCRIPT OF SHARH-I FUSUS AL-HIKAM)

The poet, manoqibnavis, Mawlana Fakhruddin Ali Safi Kashifi Hirawi, who lived and worked in Herat during the XV-XVI centuries, is truly one of the leading scholars of the scientific and literary environment of Herat, a representative of the classical literature of the East. He is a great artist who made a worthy contribution to the literature of his time, in particular, to the literature of mysticism, with his unique creative activity and scientific-literary heritage. Ali Safi was a talented poet, well-known tazkiranavis and manoqibnavis, a famous preacher of his time (Navoi, Khandamir, Komi). Ali Safi Hirawi is a master calligrapher. also served as original secretary. Unfortunately, this aspect of the creative personality has not yet been specifically studied in science. We would like to dwell on this unique ability of the artist - the manuscript book “Sharh-i Fusus al-Hikam” (شرحى فصوص الحكم) , which is the result of his calligraphy, original writing and his fruitful work. “Sharh-i Fusus al-Hikam” is a large-scale mystical work by Mawlana Abdurahman Jami.

The Concept “Turkic Dialects” in the middle Ages

The paper studies the concept of “Turkic dialects” in the historical language monuments of the Turkic people. The purpose of the study is to determine the history of the existence and formation of the concept “Turkic dialects” as the primary term in Turkic studies. The definition of this concept is a topical issue for Turkology in general. To observe the concept “Turkic dialects” in the XII-XIV centuries, there existed several dictionaries, in the XV-XVII centuries, there were neither dictionaries nor written sources that would allow presenting the concept “Turkic dialects” in all detail. The article notes that this period covers the times when the process of formation of modern Turkic languages was going on. In the study, comparative and historical-comparative methods of linguistics were used. The source of the research is ancient Turkic dictionaries. In conclusion, it should be noted that the dialect-speaking complex that formed the Turkic languages was formed precisely at the end of the Middle Ages. Therefore, it is possible to “restore” the picture of the dialect-speaking complex representing the dialects of the Turkic language of the 15-17th centuries, especially the “sketches” of the modern Turkic languages based on the dialectological panorama of today’s Turkic languages.

Динамика конфессиональных концептосфер англоязычного общества в социально-коммуникативном контексте

In the context of a review of main religious, cultural and political events in England in the epoch of the XV-XVII centuries and modern Britain and the USA over the past 42 years, it is made a comparison of the frequency of the same typical Christian notions of English from the EEBO database containing samples of English texts from 1470 to 1690, and the BNC - modern British English and CoCa - modern American English as a whole for the period from 1980 to 2022. In these temporal cuts of English some confessional concepts caused by Christianity with the highest frequency are identified, the dynamics of decreasing in the number of these concepts by almost two times is examined, as well as a decrease of their frequency up to the loss of the status of a concept in the modern era thanks to the processes of secularization of the English-speaking society. The reasons of the small and minimal frequency of a row of Christian concepts in the indicated temporal cuts of English language are analyzed.

Названия водоемов в памятниках старотатарской письменности XV-XVI веков

The aim of this work is to determine the specifics of water body names functioning in the Old Tatar written monuments of the Kazan Khanate period. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the firstly disclosed content of the lexical units denoting names of water bodies in the Old Tatar written monuments of the XV-XVI centuries. The results of the study have shown that different authors use resources of lexemes from this thematic group in their works in different ways. Their use depends on many various factors: subject matter of works, time and place of their writing, the literary movement to which an author belonged.

Upper Volga and Upper Podvine as part of the Russian State: General and Special Territorial Organization through the Prism of Geoinformation Technologies

The article discusses the results of the application of geoinformation technologies in the study of the historical geography of the Upper Volga and Upper Podvinya of the late XV – first half of the XVII century. The study included the development of historical GIS of Tver, Toropetsky, Rzhevsky, Novotorzhsky, Belsky counties and the Tver half of Bezhetskaya Pyatina. The main sources are scribal descriptions of the end of the XV - the first half of the XVII century, the assembly material is involved. Localization of toponymy of the XV-XVII centuries was made using sources of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The objectives of the study included the characteristics of the territorial organization of the studied territory of the Late Middle Ages and early Modern times, including the localization of territorial administrative units, borders, roads; characteristics of rural settlement, territorial organization of the peasantry in historical dynamics; identification of the features of the historical geography of land ownership in the region. The result of the use of GIS technologies in historical and geographical research, in addition to web GIS of applied importance, is the characteristic of the territorial-administrative and settlement structure of the region, which has both all-Russian and local features. Among the local features are specific types of territorial organization inherited from the pre–Moscow period - digests and dozens that persisted in the XVI-XVII centuries. in the Upper Podvinye and on the southeastern periphery of the Novgorod land. A dispersed settlement system was characteristic of the Upper Volga region, while a "nest" settlement system was identified in the Podvine region. The different nature of the entry into the Russian state determined the peculiarities of the formation of local land ownership in the studied areas. Archaic features are also evident here (in the preservation of official land ownership in the Mikulinsky camp-county).

СЫҒАНАҚ ҚАЛАШЫҒЫНДА ЖҮРГІЗІЛГЕН АРХЕОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЗЕРТТЕУ ЖҰМЫСТАРЫНЫҢ НӘТИЖЕЛЕРІ

As known, the ancient history of the city of Syganak lies underground. There are archaeological data in its archive. Therefore, by studying our own history and cultural monuments, we can acquaint the younger generation and the whole world with our history and culture. In addition, we can restore our damaged historical monuments and pass them on to future generations. To do this, we decided to analyze the results of archaeological research in the city of Syganak, which are found in historical data, and introduce them into scientific circulation.The article highlights the field research of researchers of the Scientific Research Institute of Archeology of the H.A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University in the medieval settlement of Syganak. The article highlights the results of excavations carried out at excavation site No. 18 and section No. 1, and shows that it consists of two stages of building horizons. After analyzing the vessels and fragments of ceramics, it was found that the upper layer belongs to the XVII–XVIII centuries, and the lower one to the XV–XVI centuries. In addition, during the excavations at this site, a family burial was discovered and described in this article. Analyzing the fragments of pots and pottery fragments obtained from section No 1, it was established that the upper layer belongs to the 19-th century, and the lower one, to the period of the 17-th-18-th centuries.

Rempah dan Kosmopolitanisme Islam : Koneksi Spiritual-Intelektual Palembang, Banten dan Demak dibalik Perdagangan Global Abad XV – XVI

Nusantara is known as the world's main supplier of spices since classical times. Various spices such as pepper, nutmeg and cloves are excellent in the international market. Studies on Indonesian spices, as conducted by Wellan, OW Wolters, J.C. Van Leur, Chalwani Michrob to Fahmi Irfani show a map of the important pepper trade in Sumatra and Java. It should be noted that the spice trade network is also related to the spiritual contact between Islam and Hindu-Buddhist teachings or local beliefs. This can be seen traces in Palembang, Banten and Demak. By using the historical method armed with a socio-economic approach, a number of historical explanations can be found. The author uses an explanation model by looking at the function of the port on the coast, its relation to trade routes in the interior. The purpose of writing this article is to present a new studyfor the historical discourse of Islam Nusantara. As is well known, seas, lakes, rivers and various watery inlets, both dynamic and static, are not a barrier to human interaction in the archipelago. In addition to the commercial aspect, which has been widely reviewed by a number of previous researchers, there is other information that has not been discussed, namely the existence of a spiritual-intellectual network that is connected between one area and another. The author finds a number of interesting facts, such as the emergence of the discourse of Islamic cosmopolitanism which is the result of a dialogue between immigrant and coastal communities. For example, in the case of the establishment of the Palembang Sultanate, Ki Gede ing Suro, a political figure from Demak, built a mosque near the Kutogawang Palace as a locus of Islamic education for the local population. There are findings in the form of the distribution of Ilmu Kebal (similar to Ilmu Pancasona) which was inherited by Arya Penangsang from Jipang Panolan, Central Java, to his descendants who are believed to still exist in the Mount Batu, Komering. This cross-island relationship isan important finding that confirms that in the XV-XVI centuries, cross-island intellectual spiritual contacts have been found in the archipelago. This article is the result of research on cities and intellectual networks in Palembang, Banten and Palembang funded by the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia.

The Trade and Mestizo Culture Effect in Ternate

This study discusses the spice (clove) trade in Ternate in the XV-XVII centuries by Arab, Chinese, Malay, Javanese, Makassar, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and English traders. The importance of clove commodities in Ternate in trading activities makes Ternate one of the international trade networks. This research uses the method of historical science and the study of multiculturalism. The research location is in Ternate City, North Maluku Province. The results showed that Ternate played an essential role in trading activities as a maritime kingdom. The spice route is not just a commodity trading route but also a commercial process that allows the exchange of values and cultures that have helped shape the identity of the Ternate community today. The impact of culture can be found in language, clothing, art, food, and settlements. In other words, the clove trade involving various nations in Ternate also brought together cultures

To the Question of Periodization of Buryat Didactic Literature

The article is devoted to the problem of periodization of Buryat didactic literature. This article provides the chronological periodization of the Buryat didactic literature’ s development from the point of view of its content and structure. We define three periods, they are: the first period (XIII–XIV centuries); the second period (XV–XVII centuries) envelopes the general, all-Mongolian literature or the pre­Buryat stage; and the third period (the II half of the XIX — early XX centuries) coincides with the development of Buryat didactic literature as it is. Based on the analysis, the authors could define and study the periods’ formation and development of the literary process of Buryat literature. Systematization of aesthetic and artistic approaches, methods, techniques within the development of literature allows the authors to deduce theoretical and conceptual guidelines of the future research. In the article the authors tries to realize an objective and in-depth analysis of genres, styles, structure and content of the most prominent works in a holistic unity on each stages.