XIth Century Research Articles

ЗА НЕКОИ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА ЕРОВИТЕ ВО ЗОГРАФСКОТО ЕВАНГЕЛИЕ

Church Slavonic manuscripts of Macedonian origin created in medieval Macedonian churches and monasteries are of particular importance for the history of Macedonian literacy and for Slavic science in general. Slavic parchment manuscripts with their archaic nature, language peculiarities and diverse content represent a rich Macedonian manuscript heritage. The Zograph Gospel is an ancient Macedonian manuscript with an extremely significant cultural movable and immovable Macedonian heritage, as it is one of the oldest preserved monuments of culture that originates from the Xth or the beginning of the XIth century and is written in the verb script, the original script in which they created the holy brothers St. Cyril and St. Methodius. In our essay, we paid attention to some of the orthographic-phonological peculiarities in original excerpted examples with a contextual display of the verb/Cyrillic script, which represents the beginning of this type of study in Macedonian Slavic studies.

BİR ORTA ÇAĞ KAYNAĞI OLARAK NOVGOROD KRONİĞİ: TARİHSEL DEĞERİ VE MUHTEVİYATI

Rus kronikleri ya da Rus yıllıkları Rusların Hıristiyanlığa geçişlerini müteakiben Bizans’ın yıllık yazma geleneğinden etkilenmeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. XII. yüzyılda başlayan bu gelenek özellikle XIV. yüzyılda tüm Rusya’ya yayılmıştır. Rus yıllıkları, Türk-Slav/Rus münasebetleri konusunda bugün sahip olduğumuz bilgilerin ana kaynağıdır. Novgorod’da yazılan yıllık nüshaları Rus yıllıklarının en eski ve önemlilerindendir. Kilise ve manastırlarda yazılmış olsa da bu yıllıkların en eski nüshaları ne yazık ki zamanla kaybolmuş ve günümüze kadar ulaşamamıştır. XIV. yüzyılda Rus ülkesinin çeşitli yerlerindeki büyük manastırlarda çok sayıda yıllık yazılmış ve zamanla içinde Novgorod'da yazılan nüshaların da yer aldığı “yerli” yıllık geleneği oluşmuştur. 
 Novgorod Kroniği erken dönem Rusya tarihinin temel yazılı kaynaklarının en önemlisi ve en iyi bilinenidir. Novgorod'da kronik yazımı çok erken başladı, zira Novgorod Kroniği ilk Rus yıllığı olarak kabul edilen Povest Vremennıh Let (Geçmiş Yılların Hikayesi)’in Nestor Nüshasından (Nestor Kroniği) bir dizi öge içermektedir. Kroniği yazan ve koruyanların din adamları olması, bazı yazıcıların kendilerini salt rahip olarak adlandırmasının ötesinde eserin genelinde yoğun bir dini eğilim bulunmaktadır. Bu durumun doğal sonucu olarak Novgorod Kroniği kilise meselelerine bolca değinmektedir. Bu dini notlar dönemin politik konularına ve sosyal koşullarına ışık tutmaktadır. Kroniğin mevcut en eski kopyası, XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına tarihlenen Synodal Nüshası (Sinod Parşömeni) olarak adlandırılır. İlk basımı 1841'de yapılmış olup, halen Devlet Tarih Müzesi'nde korunmaktadır.
 Orta Çağ tarihinin ana kaynaklarından biri olan Novgorod Yıllığı farklı kişilerin kaleminden çıkmış ve günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Novgorod Yıllığı, 1016-1471 yılları arasındaki hadiseleri konu almaktadır. Novgorod Kroniği, Nestor Kroniği’nin bıraktığı yerden Rus tarihini devam ettiren birkaç yerel kronikten biridir. Genel olarak tipik Rus yıllığı olmakla birlikte, tek düze bir siyasi devrimler kataloğu olma özelliği de taşımaktadır. Novgorod Kroniği, Rurikidler hanedanının knyazları (prensleri), şehrin valileri ve başpiskoposları hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu alan ve belirli konular için malzeme değeri yüksek olan yıllık, Kumanlar, Almanlar, Moğollar, Litvanyalılar ve Hanse Birliği ile ilgili detaylı bilgiler vermektedir. Söz konusu milletlerin Novgorod ve çevresine yapmış oldukları saldırılar, savaşlar yıllıkta bazen detaylı bazen ise önemsiz bir hadiseymiş gibi anlatılmaktadır. Kalka Savaşı, Tannenberg Savaşı, Kulikova Savaşı, Neva Muharebesi, Novgorod Yıllığı’nda anlatılan önemli savaşlardır. Novgorod Kroniği, on üçüncü yüzyılın başlarında, Konstantinopolis'in Latin haçlılara düşüşü hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi verirken, ülkeye çok daha yakın olan gelişme olarak bir diğer Latin Haçlıları Almanların gelip doğu Baltık'ta koloniler inşa etmesine daha az dikkat kesilmektedir. Yıllık eksik ve kronolojik olarak hatalı bilgiler vermekle beraber, Slav coğrafyası ve bu halklarla iletişim kuran milletlerin tarihlerinin ele alınması açısından doyurucu bilgiler içermektedir.

DISEASES SEEN IN ANATOLIAN SELJUK GEOGRAPHY AND THEIR TREATMENT METHODS (According to al-Evamiru’l-Ala’iye fi’l-Umuri’l-Ala’iye and Menākībā'l-Ârifîn)

Starting from the first years of the XIth century, Anatolia was the scene of the raids of the Seljuk Turks, and after the victory of Manzikert, it became one of the development areas of Muslim Turkish culture. In the period following the first years when Turkish culture began to flourish in the Anatolian field, this culture could be made permanent thanks to the Turkish states that emerged in this geography. At this point, the Anatolian Seljuk State is at the forefront of the states that we see making the greatest contribution. When we consider the social elements that have taken an important place in this culture, we encounter an element that we have determined that is not included in the sources and studies about geography very often. This element, which we refer to as diseases and forms of treatment, is discussed in this study. Throughout history, people have continued to live with diseases. While some of the people who suffered from diseases became disabled, some of them lost their lives. Mankind, who has always struggled with diseases, did not fall behind in this struggle in this period as well. In this study al-Evâmirü'l-Alâiyye fi'l-umûri'l-Alâiyye, which is one of the important sources for the nearly one-century period of the Anatolian Seljuk State, and although most of it is in the nature of a compilation, based on the information obtained from Menākībā'l-Ârifîn, who is known to give very important information about Mawlānā and his entourage, as well as the historical, religious, social and economic situation of Anatolia at that time, the ruling of the Anatolian Seljuk State their geography is viewed from a different perspective. So much so that diseases that are a social issue in this geography and the treatment methods of these diseases are discussed.

Osmanlı Dönemi Tokat Rüstem Çelebi Camii Vakıfları

Tokat is one of the oldest cities in Anatolia, which was home to many ancient civilizations. In the city of Tokat, which entered into the Turkish domination at the late XIth century, a large number of religious, social, economic, and cultural artifacts such as mosques, small mosques, seminary schools, soup kitchens, lodges, inns, public baths, and tombs were constructed during the Danismendid, Seljukid, and Ottoman periods. The fact that Tokat is on the east-west and south-north road route in Anatolia, having a rich socio-economic potential with its mild climate and fertile agricultural lands has a great role in bringing these works into the body. In addition, the fact that half of the 70 Muslim neighborhoods in the period 1455-1574 had the names of mosques and masjids reflects the religious identity of the city. Thanks to this rich socio-economic potential, the functioning of religious, social, cultural and economic monuments that have been established in Tokat has been made possible with the help of waqf funds.
 In this article, Rustem Çelebi Mosque waqfs will be discussed as an case study among the rich foundation works available in Tokat during the Ottoman period. Although there are some individual studies about this mosque waqfs, these studies do not examine the waqf revenues of this mosque from the beginning to the present day. Waqf revenues are vital for the mosque to continue its function. This mosque is one of 17 mosques built in the city center of Tokat between XII and XXth centuries and was probably built in the second half of the XVth century. In the following periods, it has undergone some repairs and has survived to the present day. Modest waqf funds have been allocated by the founder for the maintenance and repair of the mosque and the salaries of its duties. In addition, some beneficiaries have established additional foundations for the mosque. The aim of the study is to contribute to the socio-cultural history of Tokat by addressing the foundations of Rustem Çelebi Mosque in all aspects.

Tombstones in the Burial Ground of Gebiz Yıkık Mosque

Before their conversion, the Turks of Central Asia, mainly because of their interactions with those who lived around them, followed the religious practices of Tengrism, Shamanism, Animism, Buddhism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Judaism. Among various religious differences, these groups had a variety of burial practices. Towards the end of the XIth century, with their evolving religious beliefs and acceptance of Islam, Turks who came to Anatolia erected tombstones showing their spiritual and practical ideas. It is known that during the reigns of Mehmed the Conqueror and Bayezid II, tribes living in Karaman were scattered all around Teke, where the herding Yoruks could transfer their knowledge and practices of arts and crafts to the following generations, among which tombstone carving and ornamenting is of importance. In this study, the tombstones in the Burial ground of Gebiz Yıkık Mosque in Serik, Antalya, are investigated following a surface exploration at the end of which a total number of 101 tombstones were recorded. Most of these tombstones were fashioned as examples of the frame type, characterised by erecting blocks of stones on the surface. This study concludes that the use of various geometric designs on these tombstones suggests that these tombstones followed the material traditions of Yoruks.

Żydowska metoda hermeneutyczna na podstawie egzegezy Pieśni nad Pieśniami Abrahama Ibn Ezra i brata Luisa de León

The aim of these article is to present the more important rules of Jewish exegesis developed mainly by Hillel on the example of a commentary on the Song of the Songsof Abraham Ibn Ezra and Luis de León. The text tries to show how traditional Jewishhermeneutics is used in the innovative commentaries of a scholar from Tudela from the XIth century and a theologian from Belmonte from the XVIth century and how the first infl uenced the second. Interpretative methods developed in the most important centers of Judaic thought of the beginning of our era have been used for centuries to explain biblical texts, especially such as Song of Songs, which is recognized by both Old Testament and New Testament commentators as one of the most diffi cult and most mystical Scriptures.

THE PECULIARITY OF THE BUILDING PROCESS OF ANCIENT KYYIVAN MONUMENTS

The author investigates the building process of ancient Kyyivan monuments. After the wall foundations were laid, the erection of ground volumes of the edifice began. Wooden scaffoldings were arranged at both sides of a wall. The remains of caffolding preserved in the brick fabric can be seen on the front walls of the Transfiguration Church at Berestove and St. Michael’s Church of Vydubytsky monastery. The height between scaffolding tiers as well as the height of masonry between them varies from 1.3 to 2.2 m in Kyyivan monuments. The situation of red schist cornices in ancient churches is dependent on the abovementioned height of masonry tiers. The cornices are placed at springs of arches and vaults, at the level of the choir gallery floor, at the spring of supporting arches and basement of central dome. The location of cornices hence marked the completion of a certain building period. Being put over brickwork at the end of building period in autumn those cornices protected construction from precipitation during winter season. That is why cornices within the Kyyivan St.Sophia Cathedral have “throats” – grooves which are cut along the underside of cornices as a stringcourses to prevent water from running back across them towards the wall.
 One can easily determine building periods of the St. Sophia Cathedral according to the cornice levels in it. As far as building period at the times of Old Rus` took approximately six to seven months (from late spring to early autumn), the erection of the St. Sophia Cathedral with its five naves and double galleries was continued through five or six years. Cross-domed churches with three naves were built during approximately three or four years. For example St.Michael’s Church at Vydubytsky Monastery was built to the height of choir gallery during the first year, then to the height of vaults’ and domes’ springing during the second year, after that vaults and domes were completed during the third year. The types of vaults used in ancient Kyyivan architecture were barrel vaults, domes on pendantives and domes on high drums. Widely spread in Byzantine architecture groined vaults were not in use in the Old Rus` building until the middle of the XII century.
 Also there was a certain consecutive order in erection of parts of a church: at first its central cross-domed volume, then apses, narthex, galleries etc. were built. In a year or two after the edifice was built its walls were covered with plaster and decorated with murals. Building methods applied in the ancient Kyyivan monuments of the XI-th century formed the basis of Old Rus` architecture developed during the following centuries.

El aprendizaje de la escritura

In this article has been studied many pieces for leaning of writting between XIth and XIXth centuries; some of the determinating factors like tools and parchment in the type of letters, influences between Middle Age Paleography and Renaissance Calligraphy; also plays part in the letter diffusion, colleges and the Notarial Institution, across the several residuals lines about the methode used to write over codex in protocols of the XVIth century. It's been valued the script as a modern ornamental manifestation. Concluding, Libraires and Archives through the respectives printed papers and manuscripts constitute the best school for a beginner of calligraphy and for studing of the strip evolution. The area of documentation it' s limited to the provincial ambit of Leon.

Dos nuevos fragmentos manuscritos del s. XI de laVita vel Passio S. Desiderii(BHL2148) de Sisebuto de Toledo (612-621): transcripción y estudio

In this paper is studied and transcribed the text of the Vita uel passi s. Desiderii of Visigothic king Sisebutus (612-621) preserved by fragment XXIV/3 of the Episcopal Library of Vic (Barcelona), a bifolium coming from a Passionary copied in the cathedral of Vic around 1000, and fragment L.14806 of the Archivo Histórico Nacional of Madrid, a folio from a Passionary-Martyrology copied in Catalonia in the middle of XIth century. These fragments transmit the beginning of the work of Sisebutus (chapters 1-6 and the first words of chapter 7) and are, consequently, the oldest known manuscripts of this composition. The analysis of their variants allows to establish, in addition, a new stemma codicum.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING MATERIALS OF ANCIENT KYYIVAN MONUMENTS OF THE X-TH - THE XIІ-TH CENTURIES

The development of brickwork technique in ancient Kyyiv dates back to the X- th century. Old Rus` monuments’ masonry was made of large thin bricks called “plynfa” and lime-and-ceramic mortar. The size of the X-th – the XII-th brick sides varies from 27 to 36 cm, its thickness – from 2.5 to 4.5 cm.
 Different kinds of clay and loess extracted from the territory of Kyyiv and its vicinities were used as a raw material for brick and ceramic addition to mortar. That is why bricks in Kyyivan monuments differ in colour from light yellow to orange and dark red. Some gruss or cut straw were used as addition to fat clay.
 Limestone was brought to Kyyiv from Chernihiv area and lime mortar was produced in lime kilns situated near building sites. Ceramic addition to mortar called “tsemianka” was of refined clay, and crushed brick waste was used as well.
 Bricks were burnt under the temperature of 1000 – 1200 degrees C. That’s why bricks were very firm regardless of chink-like pores appeared as a result of hand-moulding of brick.
 The author took some investigation for the purpose to determine physical and mechanical properties of ancient bricks of Kyyivan monuments. Bricks were picked out of excavations or waste after building repairs. Small cubes were cut out of bricks with the height equal to brick thickness. Those samples were examined concerning their strength by compressing them perpendicularly to the sides the bricks were bedded in mortar.
 The strength of samples varied from 100 to 200-300 kg per sq.cm, water absorption was 10 % to 20 %. Some bricks taken from the Cathedral of the Assumption of Kyyiv-Pechersk monastery were the most firm. The strength of those samples was about 400-500 kg per sq. cm, their water absorption was the smallest, about 5.6 %.
 Because of high porosity and water absorption of building materials the surface of ancient masonry was exposed to destruction under the influence of temperature overfalls and precipitation, as it can be seen on the open parts of walls of the Old Rus` monuments. To prevent destruction of masonry, the walls of ancient monuments were covered with fine lime-and-ceramic mortar. Fragments of original plaster can be found on the walls of the XI-th century monuments St.Sophia Cathedral and St.Michael Church of Vydubychy monastery in Kyyiv.
 High level of well-developed building technique and high quality of building materials caused durability of ancient masonry and constructions in Kyyivan monuments, which preserved until nowadays.

SPECIFICITIES OF THE MASONRY TECHNIQUE OF KYIVAN MONUMENTS OF THE XTH THE BEGINNING OF THE XIITH CENTURIES

The material presented above concerns the research of the concealed course technique used in Kyivan monuments of the Xth the beginning of the XIIth centuries and its origin.
 The concealed course technique presents the brickwork where the alternating brick courses are slightly recessed from the wall and covered by mortar, as a result, joints appear to be much thicker than they actually are.
 The earliest known monument where the concealed course technique that occurs in the Desyatynna church in Kyiv completed in 996, as well as the two palaces of the Xth c. nearby. The recessed brick technique is also used in Kyivan monuments of the XIth the beginning of the XIIth centuries: the St. Sophia Cathedral, the Golden Gate, St. George’s Church, St. Michael’s Church of Vydubytsky Monastery, the Assumption Cathedral and the Holy Trinity Gate Church of Pechersky Monastery, St.Michael’s Cathedral of the Golden Domes and some other buildings. The Church of Our Savior at Berestove, completed in the first quarter of the XIIth century is the last known Kyivan monument with the concealed course technique. The following Kyivan monuments – the Church of Our Lady Pyrohoshcha (1130’s) and the St. Cyril’s Church (1140’s) have coursed brick masonry.
 Apart from Kyiv the concealed course technique was used during the XIth - XIIth centuries in Chernihiv (the Cathedral of the Transfiguration), Pereyaslav (St. Michael’s Church), Novgorod (St. Sophia Cathedral and St. George’s Cathedral of St. George’s Monastery) and Polotsk (St. Sophia Cathedral).
 Bricks used in Kyivan monuments have their side dimensions 27 to 36 cm with prevailed dimensions 27 to 36 cm. The thickness of bricks increased from 2.5 – 3 cm at the end of the Xth – the beginning of the XIth centuries to 3.5 – 4.5 cm at the end of the XIth – the beginning of the XIIth centuries. The width of mortar strips between protruding brick courses varies from 9 to 12 cm.
 Walls in ancient Kyivan monuments were 1.1 to 1.3 meter thick. After the edifice was erected its outside and inside walls were covered with fine lime-and-ceramic plaster.
 
 Brunov was the first scholar who noticed peculiar masonry technique used in Kyivan and several Byzantine monuments. He considered the concealed course technique first appeared in ancient Kyiv and then was adopted at Constantinople. Some other scholars (e.g. P. Rappoport and P. Vocotopoulos) agree that the technique is of Constantinopolitan origin in spite of the absence of the monuments built in concealed course technique, dating to the Xth c. The fact that no early dated examples have been found at Constantinople should be attributed to the lack of monuments to be dated between 920s, when the Myrelaion Church was erected and the middle of the XIth century when the monastery of St.George at Mangana was founded.
 
 The oldest dated example of the concealed course technique known up to now in Constantinople is substructure of the St. George’s Church at Mangana. The other monument with the concealed course technique is the Panaghia Chalkeon Church in Salonika, dated by 1028 and is consequently earlier by approximately twenty years than the earliest dated examples of the technique in Constantinople. A lot of Byzantine monuments with the recessed brickwork dating back to the XIth – the XIIIth centuries could be found at Greece and Balkans.
 It is obvious that the concealed course technique originated in Byzantium as a result of development of Roman concrete facing of coursed brick. The technique was widely used in Byzantine provinces where brick was prevailing building material. Evidently the technique was developed already at the Xth century or even earlier, before it was adopted by ancient Kyivan builders. It appeared that concealed course technique could not be undoubtedly considered the hallmark of Constantinople but a widely spread medieval building practice.

Determination of Temperature-Moisture Relationship by Linear Regression Models on Masonry and Floor, Kruja, Albania

Kruja is a middle range city located in the center of Albania. The city of Kruja dates back to its existence from the V-VI century and extends to the city around the VI and IX centuries. It becomes the first capital of Albania in the XI-th century, specifically in 1190. This paper is going to deal with only two groups of buildings which are an integral part of the historical city of Kruja, the historical dwellings (XVIII century) and socialist ones (1960-1970).The aim of this paper is to analyze through linear regressions the relation between two parameters: moisture level and temperature of the indoor walls and floors of the historic and socialist buildings in the city of Kruja. Three types of historic dwelling and three types of socialist apartments have been analyzed, relatively uniformly oriented. The measurements with specific instruments are done in the same day, during three hours. The degree of reactivity is different for both groups of buildings. The historical buildings are more sensitive to temperature rise. They respond invers to it (as the temperature rise, the level of the moisture decreases), with a higher coefficient than socialist ones and appear to be more efficient in reducing the moisture level, despite the average humidity level is higher. This paper takes into consideration also the analyze of the materials of the construction for both categories. If the level of the moisture is reduced, the buildings will be improved and the quality of life indicators of the inhabitance will be improved too.

Determination of Temperature-Moisture Relationship by Linear Regression Models on Masonry and Floor, Kruja, Albania

Kruja is a middle range city located in the center of Albania. The city of Kruja dates back to its existence from the V-VI century and extends to the city around the VI and IX centuries. It becomes the first capital of Albania in the XI-th century, specifically in 1190. This paper is going to deal with only two groups of buildings which are an integral part of the historical city of Kruja, the historical dwellings (XVIII century) and socialist ones (1960-1970).The aim of this paper is to analyze through linear regressions the relation between two parameters: moisture level and temperature of the indoor walls and floors of the historic and socialist buildings in the city of Kruja. Three types of historic dwelling and three types of socialist apartments have been analyzed, relatively uniformly oriented. The measurements with specific instruments are done in the same day, during three hours. The degree of reactivity is different for both groups of buildings. The historical buildings are more sensitive to temperature rise. They respond invers to it (as the temperature rise, the level of the moisture decreases), with a higher coefficient than socialist ones and appear to be more efficient in reducing the moisture level, despite the average humidity level is higher. This paper takes into consideration also the analyze of the materials of the construction for both categories. If the level of the moisture is reduced, the buildings will be improved and the quality of life indicators of the inhabitance will be improved too.

Els Santa Oliva, castlans d'Eramprunyà (segles XI-XIII)

Cet article nous raconte l’histoire de la famille des Santa Oliva, de sa formation, de sa consolidation et plus tard de sa décadence. Les Santa Oliva devinrent châtelains du château d'Eramprunyà, non pas comme on le crut, en se basant sur les études faites par F. Bofarull, au XIIeme siècle, mais bien dès le XIeme siècle, quand Mir Geribert proposa au Comte de Barcelone qu'il accepte Ramon Isimbert comme châtelain d'Eramprunyà, un domaine perché tout en haut d'une montagne et duquel on embrasse une ample zone de côte, depuis la partie inférieure du Llobregat jusqu'au massif de Garraf. L'article prétend démontrer comment la famille des Santa Oliva a ses origines sous la protection de deux grandes institutions comme furent Sant Cugat et la haute noblesse de Sant Martí, alliée à la Maison des Comtes, et ce, à un moment crucial de l'histoire européenne, pendant la premiere moitié du XIeme siècle, celle-ci vécut son apogée au siècle suivant et commença son déclin au XIIeme siècle. Son patrimoine est établi uniquement sur la base de terres et du pouvoir seigneurial. Les Santa Oliva furent les derniers châtelains d'Eramprunyà.

Fiscalidad mudéjar en el reino de Granada: las rentas del Quempe

La fiscalité de l'époque mudéjar, qui est le reflet, en grande partie, de celle de l'époque «nazarí» était très complexe et hétérogène et présentait de grandes diffé­rences entre les différents recoins du royaume de Grenade où il était appliqué. Dans ce travail nous analysons, d’une manière générale, le système tributaire vers la fin du XVeme siècle, tout en étant conscients que, déjà à ce moment là, à des dates immédiatement postérieures à la conquête, on y avait introduit d’importantes modifications. Ce sera l'analyse d'un exemple concret, celui de Quempe, qui nous permettra d'observer de près cette diversité. Il s’agit d’un ancien district, dont l'existence remonte, au moins, au XIeme siècle, situé entre la Vega et la Vallée de Lecrin. L'étude de son régime fiscal nous permettra de connaître aussi sa richesse économique qui était basée principalement sur l'élevage et sur l'exploitation des salines. La cession de ce territoire, d’abord à Muley Hacén et à Aben Comixa et, plus tard, après la mort de ce dernier, au monastère de San Jerónimo de Grenade, est une claire démonstration de la politique de la Couronne castillane dans le règne de Grenade.

Els camins catalans. Anàlisi arqueològica dels seus vestigis

Après quelques considérations sur les diverses classifications qui peuvent être établies à propos des chemins, classification réalisée selon leurs caractéristiques, leur utilisation et leur propriété, nous trouvons ici pour nous orienter, une biblio­graphie plus approfondie que celle que l’on aurait pu imaginer, mais, en bien des aspects non définitive encore, principalement en ce qui concerne les analyses archéologiques du thème. En partant du réseau de voies romaines, utilisées et réparées pendant le Moyen-Age, on examine plus spécialement les documents concernant les routes principales et secondaires qui continuent à être utilisées, en s'arrêtant tout particulièrement sur les ponts de bois et de pierres construits pen­dant le Moyen-Age et plus spécialement ceus du XIeme siècle (les ponts romans) et ceux du XIVeme (les pont gothiques). On prête une attention encore plus particulière aux deux seuls qui aient été minutieusement mis à jour jusqu'ici, dans la vallée du Llobregat et qui permettent de connaître les caractéristiques et les époques de leur construction et de leurs réparations successives. Dans la conclusion il est fait référence aux barques et aux ponts des bateaux destinés à traverser les rivières principales telles le Sègre et l'Ebre. Le thème des chemins médiévaux catalans a été tour d'abord traité d'un point de vue régional, prospections et recherches directement sur le terrain sont encore nécessaires pour une connaissance plus approfondie.

Los sistemas de comunicación en Aragón en la Edad Media: una revisión

Ce travail prétend être une révision critique du thème, objet, jusqu’à ce jour, d'une attention fort limitée. Il y est prêté une considération spéciale aux facteurs historiques qui affectent le tracé des voies de communication, en particulier aux phénomènes de peuplement et de développement urbain. On y expose brièvement les antécédants de l'infrastructure des voies médiévales, en signalant la rupture qu'a supposé la formation de la société musulmane entre les VIIIeme et XIeme siècles, ainsi que la division du terri toire de l'Aragon actuel en deux aires socio-culture­lles très différenciées, la chrétienne et l'islamique. On y décrit, en détail, les prin­cipaux chemins des trois grandes zones géographiques: le nord, en prêtant une attention toute particulière à la portion aragonèse du Chemin de Santiago; la Vallée de l'Ebre; et la zone orientale sud. En guise de conclusion, on y propose une réflexion sur la relation entre les systèmes de communication et le pouvoir public, à partir des normes juridiques relatives aux privilèges ainsi que d'autres textes officiels.

РОЛЬ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ И ГУМАНИТАРНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В СОЦИО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ ПОВЕДЕНИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ МОЛОДЕЖИ

The article aims to trace the cultural continuity of generations in Russian context by studying the interaction between literary preferences of modern students and their moral choice. Special attention is paid to the role of humanitarian education in forming both literary taste and moral values of young people. Our approach includes both sociological and cultural methods. The article analyzes the results of a sociological study conducted in 2019, where the semiotics of behaviour in hypothetical conditions of setting up one's own business by young specialists is superimposed on the literary priorities of the respondents. Our hypothesis is that, despite the processes of globalization, national cultural and moral values that originated in the XIth century in the ideas of Metropolitan Hilarion, who proclaimed the internal law above the external, continue to live and largely shape the worldview of modern Russian youth. This philosophical heritage is transmitted, in particular, through humanitarian education and especially through the works of classical Russian literature, as shown by the analysis of the results of our sociological research. The article also outlines directions for further development of the topic we have studied.

ФРАГМЕНТ ЛАТИНСКОГО МАНУСКРИПТА ИЗ МУЗЕЯ ИМЕНИ АНДРЕЯ РУБЛЕВА В МОСКВЕ

The article is dedicated to the new exhibit of the Andrey Rublev Museum in Moscow — a fragment of a Latin singing manuscript. Based on paleographic analysis and analysis of the manuscript content, comparing it with the repertoire of the oldest manuscripts and the Tridentine Breviary, the author confidently defines the type of manuscript and, with great care, its age and place of origin. Contents — chants of Matins for the feast of St. Paul the Apostle point to an antiphonarium, and the foliation suggests that the codex was a separate volume-sanctorale. The Romanesque origin of the document is evidenced by the square linear musical notation and the Rotunda text type. The singing repertoire of this fragment reveals closeness to a famous XIth century manuscript from Ivrea (Northern Italy), which makes it possible to specify the localization of this source. Musical notation and traces of a later singing repertoire (responsory to the text of St. Bernard of Clairvaux) determine the lower boundary of the manuscript's age — not earlier than the end of the XIIth century, and the differences from the Tridentine Breviary — the upper one: not later than the beginning of the XVIth century. True, the Rotunda font testifies rather to the XIIIth – XIVth century. In the future, a comparative analysis with a large number of reliable sources is required.

Catálogo de estelas discoideas de época medieval pertenecientes al yacimiento de “La Mezquita” (Cadalso de los Vidrios, Madrid)

The archaeological interventions that have been carried out in the last years in the site of La Mezquita (Cadalso de los Vidrios, Madrid) have served to recover a set of diverse materials ranging from the XIth century to the present day. One of these materials are the discoid stelae that were used as markers of burial so that family and friends do not forget the deceased. The use of these elements includes a chronology that covers, mainly, the XI-XIV centuries when, after completing their primary function, they will be employed in a secondary school, as constructive elements.