X-ray Investigations Research Articles

Small but mighty: nanoemulsion particle size dictates bone regeneration potential of FTY720.

The burgeoning field of nano-bone regeneration is yet to establish a definitive optimal particle size for nanocarriers. This study investigated the impacts of nanocarrier's particle size on the bone regeneration efficacy of fingolimod (FTY720)-loaded nanoemulsions. Two distinct particle sizes (60 and 190 nm, designated as NF60 and NF190, respectively) were produced using low-energy and high-energy emulsion techniques, maintaining a consistent surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil. In vitro studies using rat mesenchymal stem cells revealed that both NF60 and NF190 exhibited cell viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase. Interestingly, NF60 demonstrated superior antioxidant properties, significantly reducing nitric oxide and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to NF190. Furthermore, NF60 significantly enhanced ALP activity and calcium deposition during osteogenic differentiation, indicating its potential to promote the early stages of bone formation. In vivo studies using a rat calvarial bone defect model demonstrated that both NF60 and NF190 significantly upregulated the expression of key osteogenic genes, including Runx2, Col, ALP, OCN, and BMP2. Notably, NF60 induced significantly higher expression of Runx2 and BMP2. X-ray and histological investigations revealed significantly improved bone regeneration in the NF60 group, highlighting the superior bone healing potential of smaller FTY720 nanoemulsions, without infiltration of inflammatory cells. The smaller particle size demonstrated superior antioxidant properties, enhanced osteogenic differentiation, and improved bone regeneration, suggesting smaller nanoparticles, with their larger surface area, accelerated drug release rate, and lower viscosity, interact more effectively with cells, leading to increased and effective drug delivery and cellular uptake. Findings highlight the importance of nanocarrier size in optimizing drug delivery for bone tissue engineering applications.

Crystal Structure and Solid State Assembly Inspection by Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of The Imidazole-Based Ligand

The previously synthesized 4-(2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzoic acid (THBA) structure was characterized by single crystal and finally confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. This molecule crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system, P212121 space group, with crystal parameters, found a = 9.3659 (8) Å, b = 10.9060 (8) Å, c = 21.2433 (18) Å, Z = 4 and V = 2169.9 (3) Å3. A single-crystal X-ray investigation of the compound revealed that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play a crucial role in the stability of the crystal packing. At this point, comparative studies on crystallographic properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis have been carried out to characterize the binding states and crystal structure of THBA at molecular stability. The supramolecular features contain N—H∙∙∙O (inter) and C—H∙∙∙O (inter and intra) hydrogen bonding interactions, which are supported using Hirshfeld surface and 2D fingerprint analysis.

Lubricity performance of Jatropha oil incorporated PTFE and h-BN as additives for electric vehicles transmission lubrication

PurposeConcerns over the pollution caused by internal combustion vehicles have increased owing to population and industrialization increment. Addressing the confrontations, the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) as a combustion engine substitute became necessary in responding to environmental worries from internal combustion. The development of bio lubricant in lubricating the sliding parts of EVs is required to maintain the sustainability idea and to improve the system performance, which this research tends to explore.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the enhancement of base Jatropha oil was done using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and hexagonal boron nitrate (h-BN) as additives. Different characterization was conducted on the new formulation to ascertain its anticorrosion tendency. The wear and friction behavior of the formulations on the tribo-pairs surfaces in contact were investigated using ball on flat tribometer to determine their tribological responsiveness as mineral lubricant alternative. To explore the surface topography, surface profilometer, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray investigations were PTFE, lubrication and EV carried out.FindingsThe test’s input parameters were EVs’ usual load and sliding speed, and the addition concentrations for PTFE were 0.3 Wt.%, 0.4 Wt.%, 0.5 Wt.% and 0.6 Wt.%, whereas h-BN were 0.4 Wt.%, 0.8 Wt.% and 1.2 Wt.%, respectively. The study on corrosion demonstrated resistance when applied PTFE and h-BN additives in Jatropha oil. The analysis revealed that 0.5 Wt.% PTFE + 0.8 Wt.% h-BN concentrations significantly improved the tribological characteristics when compared to the base Jatropha oil. The application of formulations yielded percentage reduction of 8.67%, 10.98%, 7.34% and 7.35%, respectively, for 0.5% poly + 0.5% h-BN, 0.5% poly + 0.6% h-BN, 0.5% poly + 0.7% h-BN, 0.5% poly + 0.8% h-BN against base Jatropha oil under 20 N.Originality/valueThe formulation of PTFE and h-BN for electric transmission with wear and friction effects was accomplished in this paper. The mechanism of particle diffusing at the sliding contact on tribological behavior could be examined based on the created model of operation.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2023-0235/

Investigation of the Nonthermal X-Ray Emission from the Supernova Remnant CTB 37B Hosting the Magnetar CXOU J171405.7-381031

We present a detailed X-ray investigation of a region (S1) exhibiting nonthermal X-ray emission within the supernova remnant (SNR) CTB 37B hosting the magnetar CXOU J171405.7−381031. Previous analyses modeled this emission with a power law (PL), inferring various values for the photon index (Γ) and absorbing column density (N H). Based on these, S1 was suggested to be an SNR shell, a background pulsar wind nebula, or an interaction region between the SNR and a molecular cloud. Our analysis of a larger data set favors a steepening (broken or curved PL) spectrum over a straight PL, with the best-fit broken power-law (BPL) parameters of Γ = 1.23 ± 0.23 and 2.24 ± 0.16 below and above a break at 5.57 ± 0.52 keV, respectively. However, a simple PL or srcut model cannot be definitively ruled out. For the BPL model, the inferred N H = (4.08 ± 0.72) × 1022 cm−2 towards S1 is consistent with that of the SNR, suggesting a physical association. The BPL-inferred spectral break ΔΓ ≈ 1 and hard Γ can be naturally explained by a nonthermal bremsstrahlung (NTB) model. We present an evolutionary NTB model that reproduces the observed spectrum, which indicates the presence of subrelativistic electrons within S1. However, alternate explanations for S1, an unrelated PWN or the SNR shock with unusually efficient acceleration, cannot be ruled out. We discuss these explanations and their implications for gamma-ray emission from CTB 37B and describe future observations that could settle the origin of S1.

Experimental & Computational Evidence for Reduced Surface Layer Trapping Li-ions in Ni-rich Li-ion Battery Cathodes

Lithium-ion batteries have proved their dominance in the mobile vehicle market; however, their energy densities need to be increased to facilitate a swifter transition to a greener future.[1] Of the promising materials, nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes emerge as a key contender, where their operation at high voltages allows access to higher capacities, providing an overall increase to the W⋅h/kg.[2] However, at high voltages, degradation in the form of oxygen-loss from the cathode arises for layered oxides.[3] For NMC811, an emerging cathode material, this effect is especially prominent as a mode of suspected degradation when operated under wider voltage windows (2.5–4.4 V). The nature of these species evolved at the surface and their contribution to electrode degradation, are not yet fully understood, and more details need to be uncovered to reliably access higher energy densities in current and next generation cathode materials.Here, we report the use of O K-edge soft X-ray absorption (sXAS) measurements to probe into species variation at the cathode’s surface for single crystal NMC811 full cells cycled at voltages below and above their oxygen loss threshold. The results confirm that operation at high voltage (above oxygen loss) results in the evolution of a layer forming at the surface. Our calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) have allowed us to confirm the nature of this surface being comprised of a reduced nickel oxygen species as an Ni-O ‘rock-salt’ type layer (RSL). We coupled these results with surface measurements using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and observed trapped lithium for cells in their charged state, suggesting there is a kinetic barrier hindering their mobility.We then proceeded to understand the relationship of this trapped lithium to the bulk structure using operando XRD measurements. Here, we show that structural fatigue is generated in NMC811 as a consequence of high voltage cycling. This feature of fatigue was evident from the evolution of the 003 reflection from the NMC phase and was seen to develop with prolonged cycling (Fig. 1b & c). This ‘fatigue’ feature in literature has been attributed to trapped lithium in the bulk and has only been observed after long-term cycling.[4] This feature is known to be associated to a reconstructed part of the bulk structure with poor lithium kinetics[4] and here, we observe this feature as early as the first cycle which we attribute to the formation of the RSL. Mitigating the formation of this RSL layer will therefore reduce the kinetic capacity loss, thus this discovery proves promising towards engineering future cathodes with higher utilisable capacities.[1] Drive to electrify. Nature Climate Change, 14, (2024), 299.[2] W. Li, E. M. Erickson, A. Manthiram, High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries, Nature Energy, 5, (2020), 26–34.[3] H. Zhang, H. Liu, L. F. J. Piper. M. S. Whittingham, G. Zhou, Oxygen Loss in Layered Oxide Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Effects, and Mitigation, Chemical Review, 122, (2022), 5641–5681.[4] C. Xu, K. Märker, J. Lee, A. Mahadevegowda, P. J. Reeves, S. J. Day, M. F. Groh, S. P. Emge,C. Ducati, B. L. Mehdi, C. C. Tang, C. P. Grey, Bulk fatigue induced by surface reconstruction in layered Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries, Nature Materials, 1, (2021), 84–92.[5] A. S. Menon, N. Shah, J.A. Gott, E. Fiamegkou, M. J. W. Ogley, G. J. P. Fajardo, N. Vaenas, I. Ellis, N. Ravichandran, P. Cloetens, D. Karpov, J.M. Warnett, P. Malliband, D. Walker, G. West, M. Loveridge, L. F. J. Piper, Quantifying Electrochemical Degradation in Single-Crystalline LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2–Graphite Pouch Cells through Operando X-Ray and Postmortem Investigations, PRX Energy 3, (2024) 013004. Figure 1

X-ray Investigation of the Supernova Remnant Candidate G278.0+12.4 and Prospect of Future Missions

In this work, we analyze the X-ray data of supernova remnant (SNR) candidate G278.0+12.4. We examine its nature and the X-ray properties such as electron temperature kTe and abundances, using Suzaku data. We found that the X-ray emission is well represented by two-component model: an unabsorbed thermal plasma with about 5 keV and non-thermal components with a photon index 0.5-1. Our spectral analysis confirm that the G278.0+12.4 is likely to be an SNR. We found non-thermal X-ray emission from the spectra, which indicates that a Pulsar Wind Nebula scenario is possible for G278.0+12.4. In order to make predictions for future missions, we perform XRISM and Athena simulations. We present our results on the nature of G278.0+12.4.

Palladium-Functionalized Nanostructured Nickel-Cobalt Oxide as Alternative Catalyst for Hydrogen Sensing Using Pellistors.

To meet today's requirements, new active catalysts with reduced noble metal content are needed for hydrogen sensing. A palladium-functionalized nanostructured Ni0.5Co2.5O4 catalyst with a total Pd content of 4.2 wt% was synthesized by coprecipitation to obtain catalysts with an advantageous sheet-like morphology and surface defects. Due to the synthesis method and the reducible nature of Ni0.5Co2.5O4 enabling strong metal-metal oxide interactions, the palladium was highly distributed over the metal oxide surface, as determined using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray investigations. The catalyst tested in planar pellistor sensors showed high sensitivity to hydrogen in the concentration range below the lower flammability limit (LFL). At 400 °C and in dry air, a sensor response of 109 mV/10,000 ppm hydrogen (25% of LFL) was achieved. The sensor signal was 4.6-times higher than the signal of pristine Ni0.5Co2.5O4 (24.6 mV/10,000 ppm). Under humid conditions, the sensor responses were reduced by ~10% for Pd-functionalized Ni0.5Co2.5O4 and by ~27% for Ni0.5Co2.5O4. The different cross-sensitivities of both catalysts to water are attributed to different activation mechanisms of hydrogen. The combination of high sensor sensitivity to hydrogen and high signal stability over time, as well as low cross-sensitivity to humidity, make the catalyst promising for further development steps.

Failure Analysis of Cu-DHP Joining Processes: A Comparative Study of FSW and SFSW Techniques

Abstract This article presents a failure analysis conducted on specimens extracted from 2.5 mm sheets of Cu-DHP (Cu99), which were joined using friction stir welding (FSW) and submerged friction stir welding (SFSW) processes. To evaluate the performance of the welded joints, destructive and non destructive tests, including tensile tests were performed. Additionally, morphologic analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and fractography investigations were carried out on the samples. The results of experimental research show refined microstructures both for FSW and SFSW welding. Improved mechanical properties have been obtained for SFSW welding, compared to FSW. SFSW specimens demonstrates superior tensile strength and a higher hardness compared to FSW specimens, by performing joining process underwater. The fracture surfaces of the tensile test specimens from the base material (BM), FSW and SFSW joints, revealed the ductile fracture mechanism of the joints. EDX analysis confirms compositional integrity of the base and welded metals. Results highlights suitability of the FSW and SFSW processes for joining of copper Cu-DHP.

A Swift X-Ray View of the SMS4 Sample. II. X-Ray Properties of 17 Bright Radio Sources

Based on a proposal to observe 18 bright radio sources from the SMS4 catalog with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (hereafter Swift), we obtained X-ray observations of 17 targets (one target was not observed). Following up our first paper that discussed 31 sources (see Maselli et al.; 20 sources detected as point sources and one very extended source), we present results for this final sample of 17 radio sources that previously lacked dedicated, pointed narrow-field-of-view (FOV) X-ray observations. One of these 17 sources, undetected by Swift due to a very short exposure, was instead detected by eROSITA, and given in the Data Release 1 (DR1) Catalog. No 1eRASS source was found in the DR1 for the remaining source, unobserved by Swift. The new Swift observations led to 11 X-ray source detections in the 0.3–10 keV band and six upper limits. We investigated the extent of the X-ray emission and the hardness ratio, and when statistics allowed, we carried out a spectral analysis. The X-ray emission of eight sources is consistent with pointlike emission, while three sources show clear evidence of extent, each with peculiar properties. We used the X-ray determined positions and uncertainties of the 12 detected sources to establish associations with infrared and optical sources from the AllWISE and the GSC 2.4.2 catalogs. Requiring a detection in both the infrared and the optical bands to establish a candidate counterpart for our X-ray detections, we identify counterparts for all 12 sources. Following this X-ray-based approach to derive the position of the active nucleus, we are able to confirm the same IR counterparts previously proposed by White et al. for eight sources, and provide four new IR candidates. In the optical, we identify counterparts that match the candidates previously given by Burgess & Hunstead for all sources. We discuss the interesting structure of MRC B0344−345 and PKS B2148−555, two of the six extended X-ray sources that we detected in both our Swift campaigns, and suggest they are very promising for further X-ray and radio investigations. For the 38 SMS4 sources that lack pointed, narrow-FOV X-ray telescope observations, after our Swift campaigns, we list 18 likely counterparts from the eROSITA DR1 catalog.

Investigation of X-rays Beams Uniformity in Radiotherapeutic Tumor Treatment Procedure Using LuAG:Ce Crystal Detectors.

In this study, Ce3+-doped Lu3Al5O12 garnet (LuAG) crystal detectors, with a density of ρ = 6 g/cm3 and an effective atomic number Zeff = 62, are proposed as promising materials for radiotherapy applications. This type of detector demonstrates excellent uniformity of structural and optical properties, high thermoluminescence (TL) light yield, optimal position of main TL glow peaks at temperatures around 245-295 °C, and high radiation stability. The set of TL detectors made from LuAG:Ce single crystal was used to evaluate the uniformity of dose and energy spectra of X-ray radiation from a clinical accelerator with 6 MV and 15 MV beams at the Department of Medical Physics, Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Poland, and γ-rays from a 60Co source at the National Institute of Oncology in Warsaw. The LuAG:Ce crystal detectors demonstrated highly promising results for registering X-ray radiation from accelerators with both 6 MV and 15 MV electron beams, as well as γ-rays from a 60Co source with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV.

Outcomes of Birmingham Hip Resurfacing Based on Clinical Aspects and Retrieval Analysis of Failed Prosthesis.

This research aims to identify the prevalence of failure for Birmingham Hip Prosthesis (BHR) in total hip arthroplasty and to analyze its reasons from biomaterials and biofunctional perspectives. We present our current analysis and tests on a series of different BHR-retrieved prostheses after premature failure. Relevant clinical data, such as X-ray investigations and intraoperative images for clinical case studies, were analyzed to better understand all factors involved in BHR prosthesis failure. A detailed analysis of the failures highlighted uneven cement distribution, overloading in certain areas, and void formation in the material. A closer investigation using microscopical techniques revealed the presence of a crack originating from the gap between the cement mantle and human bone. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy analyses were conducted as part of the investigation to examine bone cement morphology in detail and better understand the interactions at the interfaces between implant, cement, and bone. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the importance of surgical technique planning and the cementation procedure in the success rate of BHR prostheses. It also underscores the need to carefully evaluate patient characteristics and bone quality to minimize the risk of BHR prosthesis failure. The cementation procedure seems to be essential for the long-term functionality of the BHR prosthesis.

Silver Trauma: Changing Patterns of Trauma in the Older Population

An 80-year-old male presented to the emergency department complaining of central chest pain following a road traffic accident at 25 miles/hr. Following investigation of cardiac markers and chest x-ray, the patient was diagnosed with non-complicated sternal fracture. Silver trauma sustained by older adults due to various forms of trauma take prolonged time to heal due to the physiological changes that occur in aging such as decreased bone density, diminished organ function and reduced capacity for repair. Management of silver trauma requires a multidisciplinary approach and emphasis needs to be placed on early mobilisation to facilitate recovery. This case report highlights a growing area of concern in healthcare, given the aging population and economic burden placed on the NHS If this vulnerable population is not managed with specialised care and preventative measures.

Synthesis, thermal X-ray, neutron diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic properties investigation of Al doped barium hexaferrite BaFe11AlO19

Polycrystalline aluminum substituted barium hexaferrite BaFe11AlO19 synthesized by the ceramic technique. The results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis, thermal X-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnet properties measurements were measured. XRD analysis demonstrated P63/mmc hexagonal structure of BaFe11AlO19. The magnetic sublattice of barium hexaferrite BaFe11AlO19 was obtained using neutron diffraction data. The distribution of aluminum in barium hexaferrite matrix at positions 2a and 12k was obtained with Mössbauer spectroscopy. A comparison of the calculated intensities of the neutronograms and the actual ones allowed us to establish that in position 2a the aluminum ion occupied a position with the coordinate (1;1;0), and the position of the substituent ion in position 12k (0.83333; 0.66667; 0.10810). According to neutron diffraction data, it was found that the actual Curie temperature is lower than that measured by differential scanning calorimetry.

Synthesis and characterization of indazole derived Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes: Biological and computational studies

Indazoles represent one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules. Therefore, in the pursuit of potent biological agents, a series of ligands (HL1-HL4) and their corresponding transition metal complexes [M(L1-L4)2(H2O)2] were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 6-aminoindazole with various derivatives of salicylaldehyde. Further, the compounds underwent characterization through several physicochemical (TGA, powder XRD, SEM, EDAX) and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR, mass spectrometry, ESR). These techniques suggested hexacoordinated stereochemistry of the metal complexes, where ligands chelate via oxygen atom of phenolic ring, azomethine nitrogen and oxygen atom of water molecules in 1:2 (M:L) molar ratio. The thermal stability of the complexes was demonstrated by thermal analysis revealing three step decompositions leaving behind metal oxide as an end residue. The surface morphology of the ligands was distinct from metal complexes as revealed by SEM analysis, while mapping images demonstrated the simultaneously existence of the elements. While, to ascertain the nature of the obtained compounds (crystalline or amorphous), powder X-ray investigation was conducted by utilizing a wavelength of 1.54 Å. The compound’s antioxidant potential was assessed through DPPH assays and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using BSA denaturation inhibition assay, while their antimicrobial potential was evaluated against six microbial strains (E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, C. albicans, A. niger) by serial dilution approach. The performed biological evaluations revealed that the complexes are more efficient in controlling infectious ailment in comparison of ligands. HL2 (2) and its Cu(II), Zn(II) complexes (11, 12) exhibited potent antimicrobial activity (MIC value: 0.0047, 0.0048 µmol/mL against B. subtilis) and potent anti-inflammatory efficacy (IC50 value: 6.7 ± 0.044, 6.9 ± 0.036 µM). All the complexes exhibited potent antioxidant activity and their is enhancement in the activity of Schiff base ligands upon complexation, complex (19) demonstrated the greatest activity with IC50 value 2.1 ± 0.059. Additionally, the ADMET score provided a robust indication of the compounds’ drug-like behaviour. Furthermore, the biological effectiveness of the highly microbial potent ligand HL2 (2) and its complexes (9–12) was demonstrated through computational studies. The binding studies exposed that complexes (11, 12) exhibited lowest binding energy at −7.8, −7.9 kcal/mol. While, DFT study emphasized that complex (12) exhibits the highest electrophilicity index value (6.359), suggesting its affinity for binding with biological molecules and also revealed that complexes exhibit greater potency compared to the ligands and could potentially be utilized as drugs for combatting pathogen-induced malformations.

Organic-inorganic hybrids of BiI3-polymers with embedded conductive carbon fillers displaying high SNR for direct X-ray imaging detectors

Organic polymers are light weight, low toxic and environmentally stable candidates of interest in X-ray detection application. But low attenuation and high recombination rate of charge carriers cause low sensitivity is major limitation of these detectors. In this work, organic polymers (PS/PMMA) composites were prepared with high-Z inorganic BiI3 by simple dry mixing technique. The organic-inorganic hybrid further embedded with conductive carbon filler (MWCNT, CB, GP) to improve the charge collection of the samples. Resistivity and mobility of the samples were studied with help of Hall measurements and mobility-lifetime was calculated by Hecth equation and found (2.1 ± 0.2) × 10−3 cm2V−1. The elemental analysis of the samples had been done by XPS analysis. The X-ray investigations done by using dental X-ray source and the sensitivity of the samples increases from 3.4 to 200 μGy−1 cm−3 by incorporating CB filler with a low leakage current of order of 33.3 pA/cm2.

AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF BONE FRACTURE IN SMALLER BONES: A SINGLE CASE STUDY

Bone fractures or broken bones are most common in day-to-day practice and can affect anyone at any age. It can be seen as a complete or partial break in the bone. The causes of bone fractures include trauma, over-use and diseases or deficiencies that weaken the bone. Commonly, people will go to a modern hospital after a trauma or hurt, in an emergency, or to manage pain. An X-ray investigation can quickly rule out a bone fracture. Depending on the fracture severity or presentation, there are various types of bone fractures: compound, spiral, comminute, transverse, etc. In our holistic science, can easily manage simple fractures in our OPDs. I got one patient came in clinic on October 2023 with trauma from a Road Traffic Accident. It was a slight fall from the bike on his own, and he was not that much bleeding or injured, but the right-hand ring finger started swelling with pain. As his sister is an Ayurveda medical student and the patient is having belief in Ayurveda, he came to OPD for the management. He consulted a modern hospital, took an X-ray; diagnosed it as a fracture, and he came to us. I managed the case of a simple fracture with Ayurveda medicines.

A Prospective, Multicentric, Open label and Post Marketing Clinical Follow up Study to Monitor the Safety and Performance of Light Cured Limb Orthosis - FlexiOH® (Short Arm Immobilizer) in Fractures Distal Radius

Background: Distal forearm fracture is the most common fracture encountered in daily life. Patients with this type of injury suffer from meaningful pain after Emergency Department discharge. Various studies reported that short-arm, below-the-elbow casts perform as well as long-arm, above-the-elbow casts for maintaining a reduction of distal forearm fractures demonstrated with a comparable risk of complication. Consequently, short casts are the commonly used method of immobilization however, short casts carry a potential disadvantage. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the next-generation FlexiOH® (Short Arm Immobilizer). Settings and Design: This is a prospective, multicentre, and open-label clinical trial conducted in 5 different sites in India by recruiting a total of 137 subjects who were presented with distal forearm fractures. Materials and M ethods: Vital signs, concomitant medication taken by subjects during the study, X-ray results, and adverse events caused during all three visits were evaluated. Results: Overall patients showed normal vital signs, minimal adverse events, and relatively less concomitant medication consumption during the study period and at the end of the study, 100% healing was noted among all the study participants in the X-ray investigation. This clearly demonstrates the benefits over the conventional methods. Conclusion: For uncomplicated care of fractures and sports injuries of the limbs, FlexiOH® (Short Arm Immobilizer) technology offers more than just reliable immobilization and has advantages over contemporary plaster and cast bandages. This product is the most advanced orthopaedic immobilization technology and has the potential to be used and adopted worldwide. Keywords: FlexiOH®, Distal radius fractures, Short arm immobilizer, Adverse events

The Effect of Laser Energy on the Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of CdO Nanomaterials Generated Using (PLD) Technology, and Fabrication a Gas Sensor

In this study, cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles were synthesized using laser produced plasma technology with varying energy levels (300, 400, 500, and 600) mJ. These nanoparticles were deposited as a thin layers on glass surfaces (at a rate of 100 pulses). They were examined structurally and optically using a Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-Ray spectrophotometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The energy gap of the films varied from (1.5 eV) to (2.1 eV). We note that the energy gap decreases with increasing laser intensity. The FESEM and AFM images show a large anisotropy in the structure as the roughness varies with different energies. X-ray investigations indicated the presence of many crystals and a variation in the crystal structure of the film. The Figure of Merit (F.O.M) diagram revealed that the optimal energy was (400 mJ). A gas sensor for gas (NH3) was created, and the impact of increasing gas ratios and temperature on gas sensitivity over time was investigated.

Controlled Modification of Triaminoguanidine-Based μ3 Ligands in Multinuclear [VIVO]/[VVO2] Complexes and Their Catalytic Potential in the Synthesis of 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans/4H-chromenes.

Reaction of tris(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-triaminoguanidinium chloride (I·HCl) and tris(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-triaminoguanidinium chloride (II·HCl) with [VIVO(acac)2] (1:1 molar ratio) in refluxing methanol resulted in mononuclear [VIVO] complexes, [VIVO(H2L1')(MeOH)] (1) and [VIVO(H2L2')(MeOH)] (2), respectively, where I and II undergo intramolecular triazole ring formation. Aerial oxidation of 1 and 2 in MeOH in the presence of Cs2CO3 gave corresponding cis-[VVO2] complexes Cs[(VO2)(H2L1')] (3) and Cs[(VO2)(H2L2')] (4). However, reaction of an aerially oxidized methanolic solution of [VIVO(acac)2] with I·HCl and II·HCl in the presence of Cs2CO3 (in 1:1:1 molar ratio) gave mononuclear complexes Cs[(VO2)(H3L1)] (5) and Cs[(VO2)(H3L2)] (6) without intramolecular triazole ring formation. Similar anionic trinuclear complexes Cs2[(VO2)3(L1)] (7) and Cs2[(VO2)3(L2)] (8) were isolable upon increasing the amounts of the vanadium precursor and Cs2CO3 to 3 equiv to the reaction applied for 5 and 6. Keeping the reaction mixture of 1 in MeOH under air gave [VVO(H2L1')(OMe)] (9). Structures of 3, 7, 8, and 9 were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure study. A permanent porosity in the crystalline metal-organic framework of 7 confirmed by single-crystal X-ray investigation was further verified by the BET study. Along with a suitable reaction mechanism, these synthesized compounds were explored as effective catalysts for the synthesis of biomolecules 4H-pyran/4H-chromenes.

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF THE TREATMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL GUNSHOT FRACTURES OF LONG BONES OF EXTREMITIES

Due to the military conflict in Ukraine, the problem of treating gunshot fractures has become acute, which requires an urgent solution. Objective. On the basis of own experience, to determine the primary problems in the treatment of gunshot diaphyseal fractures of the long bones of the limbs and evaluate the preliminary results. Methods. The treatment process and its results were analyzed in 128 victims with gunshot fractures of long limb bones for the period 08.2022–08.2023. Classical methods of clinical, X-ray and laboratory investigations were used. The assessment was carried out according to the AO classification, that was supplemented with new options for tangent and perforated bone injuries, as well as the volume of destruction of adjacent soft tissues. Wounds of all the patinets were treated using vacuum aspiration, the fragments were fixed with external devices manufactured by Biomet, Stryker, ТОВ «Ейч Ві Орто», ОРТОПАК. Results. The analysis showed that 64 (50 %) of the wounded had a need to take additional measures to preserve or improve the position of the fragments: improvement of the geometry of the external apparatus, replacement of the apparatus with a more perfected one, with a plate or intramedular osteosynthesis; replacement of the apparatus with a plaster bandage or orthosis. Conclusions. Based on the study, it can be argued, that most gunshot diaphyseal fractures of long bones are multifragmental and accompanied with destruction of predominantly peripherally located soft tissues. At the same time, the periosteum with a layer of adjacent muscles for the most part retains integrity, viability and connection with the surface of the fragments. The basic and rational method of fixation of fragments for diaphysical gunshot fractures it is necessary to consider external osteosynthesis with schanz-screws devices. According to our preliminary data, the use of external fixator treatment led to fracture healing in 84% of patients with gunshot hip fracture, 56 % — tibia fracture, 59 % — humerus fracture, and 44 % — forearm fractures.