Woven Fiber Research Articles

Layer ablation and surface textured of Carbon fiber reinforced plastics by infrared pulsed laser

AbstractFor high‐quality composite bonded repairs, the research utilized a 1064 nm infrared pulsed laser to obtain geometry and texturing surface. The impact of grinding and laser treatment (0.4, 0.7, and 1.5 J/cm2) on the surface features of composite material was investigated, along with the tensile strength and failure modes. Findings demonstrated that laser treatment could significantly enhance surface roughness parameters and wetting properties compared to grinding. Additionally, an optimal laser energy density of 0.7 J/cm2 achieves complete resin removal without fiber damage while creating a laser‐induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) based on a fiber weaving texture. The research revealed the synergistic bonding mechanism of “submicron mechanical locking” and “micron anchoring.” Laser treatment enhances the tensile strength of repaired specimens to 445 MPa, which was 90% of the original specimens, and substrate fracture was the associated failure mode.Highlights This paper applies laser technology to simultaneously achieve 3D geometry and surface texture on composites bonded repairs. A laser‐induced periodic surface structure was achieved while the resin was completely removed without carbon fiber damage. The tensile recovery rate of the laser‐treated sample was satisfied with the requirements of aircraft maintenance.

Silicon elastomer as flexible substrate: dielectric characterization and applications for wearable antenna

In this paper, low-cost mold silicone and silicone elastomers are investigated as substrates for the realization of flexible antennas. A methodical dielectric characterization is carried out, followed by a detailed explanation of the manufacturing process of the silicone elastomers. The prepared silicone elastomer substrates are also subjected to mechanical tests to ensure flexibility and robustness. The mechanical tests corroborated the utilization of the prepared silicone elastomers for the flexible antennas. Silicone has limited adhesion to metal, so when producing a silicone substrate, a 0.5 mm deep cavity is created with a negative impression of the intended metal component. Consequently, the metal layer is embedded within the silicon substrate, aligning the top surface of the metal flush with the silicone substrate edges. The radio frequency (RF) structure incorporates ridges within the silicone substrate to form a gap, effectively securing the metal on the surface of the silicone. Finally, to prevent the metal from falling from the silicone substrate, Kapton tape is laminated on the substrate. The wrapping of the Kapton tape additionally provides protection from moisture since the silicone elastomer substrate is prone to moisture absorption. The proposed technique is experimentally verified by designing and prototyping a coplanar patch antenna using copper and conductive woven fiber on the silicone substrate. The simulation analysis and experimentation results authenticated the effectiveness of the proposed technique to design a flexible antenna on the silicone elastomer substrates. It is also concluded that the conductive woven fiber-based prototype offers higher flexibility as compared to the copper-based prototype. It is also clinched that there exists a trade-off in flexibility and performance characteristics due to the conductivity and texture difference between the copper and conductive woven fiber.

Frequency Characteristics of High Strain Rate Compressions of Cf-MWCNTs/SiC Composites

The incorporation of ductile reinforcements into ceramics helps restrain crack deflection, which can enhance ceramics’ toughness and overcome the matrix’s brittleness. In this paper, we produced a ceramic composite reinforced by carbon fibers coated by multi-wall carbon nanotubes (shortened by Cf-MWCNT/SiC composites) for enhanced impact resistance at a high strain rate that commonly occurs in composite materials used in astronautics, marine, and other engineering fields. The fabrication process involves growing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a carbon fiber woven fabric (Cf) to create the fibril/fabric hybrid reinforcement. It is then impregnated by polymer solution (precursor of the ceramics), forming composites after the pyrolysis process, known as the liquid polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique. To assess the impact resistance of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC under high-strain rate compressions, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique is employed. Since the failure behavior of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC composites in the absence of the ductile phase is not well understood, the study employs the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) to analyze the stress–time curves obtained from the SHPB experiments. By applying the HHT, we obtained the frequency–time spectrum and the marginal Hilbert spectrum of the stress signals. These analyses reveal the frequency characteristics of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC composite and provide insights into the relationship between transformed signal frequency and fracture behavior. By understanding the dynamic fracture behavior and frequency response of the Cf-MWCNT/SiC, it becomes possible to enhance its impact resistance and tailor its performance for specific protective requirements. Therefore, the findings of this study can guide the future design and optimization of Cf-MWCNT/SiC structures for various protective applications, such as body armor, civil structures, and protections for vehicles and aircraft.

Influence of Layering Pattern, Fibre Architecture, and Alkalization on Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Behaviour of Banana Fibre Epoxy Composites

In the current investigation, the mechanical properties of epoxy composites reinforced with banana pseudostem fibres, specifically focusing on tensile and impact behaviour, are investigated. The manufacturing process employed the meticulous hand-lay-up technique to fabricate six distinct samples. These samples included various combinations of short and woven banana fibres, treated and untreated, as well as a hybrid configuration involving layers of woven and short fibres. A fixed weight ratio of 60% fibres to 40% epoxy matrix was maintained for consistency. To ensure optimal material integrity, a careful application of resin and hardener in a 10 : 1 weight ratio was layered, with each addition of fibre followed by thorough rolling to eliminate any potential bubbles. The density and void fraction of the resulting composites were meticulously assessed to gauge the influence of this layering approach. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to ascertain the impact of the chemical treatment on the cellulose content of the fibres. Our findings revealed that the tensile and impact properties were notably superior in the woven fibre composites. In particular, the chemically treated woven banana fibre epoxy composite displayed impressive values of 64.95 MPa for tensile strength and 24.37 KJ/m2 for impact strength. To gain deeper insights into the structure-property relationship, test specimens were analyzed using scanning electron micrographs. Lastly, comparative analysis by mapping the tensile properties from our present work with those from existing studies was carried out.

Modeling of frontal polymerization of carbon fiber and dicyclopentadiene woven composites with stochastic material uncertainty

A novel finite element modeling framework is proposed for simulating dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) frontal polymerization in carbon fiber (CF) woven composites. A mesoscale CF/DCPD representative volume element (RVE) model was developed with two triggering directions, resulting in out-of-plane and in-plane DCPD polymerization. The Arrhenius equation coupled with a modified Prout-Tompkins autocatalytic model was used to evaluate the dynamic DCPD polymerization process. The rate and degree of DCPD cure were calculated by the material property uncertainties of DCPD with and without random void inclusions (3 % used as a reference in this work). The DCPD frontal polymerization in CF/DCPD composite was strongly influenced by the triggering direction. In the RVE model considered in this work, DCPD frontal polymerization was slightly faster in the in-plane (warp/weft yarn) directions than the out-of-plane (thickness) direction; polymerization occurs first in DCPD resin and is followed by CF/DCPD interface. Material property uncertainty and void inclusion had significant effects on both out-of-plane and in-plane DCPD polymerization. A large variation in DCPD material properties and the presence of void inclusions significantly delayed the rate and degree of DCPD frontal polymerization. This work provides the preliminary estimation of the frontal polymerization of DCPD-based composites and guides the structural applications of these materials.

Effect of e‐waste materials as filler in the flax woven fiber reinforced polymer composite for a sustainable environment

AbstractThe main aim of the present investigation is to fabricate waste printed circuit board (WPCB) particles and woven bidirectional flax fiber mat reinforced polymer matrix composite through a hand layup technique followed by vacuum bagging technique and examine its mechanical properties using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM), compression testing machine, and Shore D hardness tester. The WPCB particles with weight percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 were used as reinforcement along with five layers of flax fiber mat to improve the adhesion behavior of epoxy resin with reinforcements and thereby improve the properties. The XRF (X‐ray fluorescence) investigation of the prepared WPCB particles confirmed the existence of various toxic elements in the processed printed circuit board (PCB). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the presence of WPCB particles in the composite, along with flax fiber and resin. The tensile, compression, impact test shows that that the 15 wt.% WPCB particles reinforced flax fiber polymer composite gave betters properties, and the reduction of properties was seen thereafter. The percentage of water absorption increased with the weight percentage of the WPCB particles from 0% to 20%. Results indicate that the biodegradable flax fiber composites impregnated with WPCB filler can be utilized for many engineering and domestic applications.

Role of intra-ply hybridization and nano reinforcement on crack growth of epoxy

Purpose Epoxy resins are widely used in a variety of engineering applications, including composite wind turbine blades used in the renewable energy industry, highly complex structural components for aircraft, paints, coatings, industrial tooling, biomedical systems, adhesives, electronics and automotive. Epoxies' low fracture toughness is one of the key obstacles preventing its adoption in a wider range of applications. To address epoxy's low fracture toughness, this paper aims to examine the roles of intra-ply hybridization and nano reinforcing. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates the role of intra-ply hybridization of glass-carbon woven fibers and adding 0.8 wt.% of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nano reinforcement to overcome the low fracture toughness of epoxy. A bending test is used to calculate the composites elastic parameters, and a notched sample three-point bending test is used to show crack behavior in addition to using materials characterization methods to reveal the effect of the MWCNT on structure, bonding, glass transition temperature (Tg) and dispersion of MWCNT in the matrix. Furthermore, this paper suggests using the finite element method to overcome the difficulty in calculating the crack extension. Findings Intra-ply hybridization and MWCNT reinforcement decrease the crack extension of epoxy with time. The inclusion of high-strength carbon fiber increased the fracture toughness of glass composite. Furthermore, the existence of MWCNT in the surrounding area of the notch in epoxy composites hinders crack propagation and provides stiffness at the interface by bridging the crack and eventually enhancing its fracture toughness. Originality/value Studying the role of intra-ply hybridization of glass-carbon woven fibers and adding 0.8 wt.% of MWCNT nano reinforcement to overcome the low fracture toughness of epoxy. Additionally, this research recommends using the finite element method to overcome the challenge of computing the crack extension.

Mechanical and morphological characterizations of epoxy composites reinforced with surface modified woven cotton structures using vacuum bagging technique

Woven fabric structures facilitate the mechanical interlacement of textile yarns for increased strength, which leads to more balanced mechanical properties in a composite. This study worked on epoxy matrix composites reinforced with surface-modified cotton fabrics of different woven structures. The composites were fabricated using the resin vacuum bagging technique and mechanically characterized for tensile, three-point bending, and impact properties. Surface modification was conducted by alkali treatment using a 6% concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The interfacial adhesion of the various fabric structures and epoxy matrix was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained show that surface-treated composites yielded improved mechanical properties than untreated composites, with improvements of up to 14.4%, 36.2%, and 26.7% for impact, flexural, and tensile strengths, respectively. The different woven structures also significantly affected the mechanical performance of the composite. The composites of plain, herringbone, and twill woven structures presented better mechanical properties compared to the other woven composite structures in that order. The plain-woven composite structure, respectively, had the maximum impact, flexural, and tensile strengths of 80.03 KJ/mm2, 38.6 MPa, and 43.7 MPa. This was closely followed by the herringbone and twill-woven composite structures. SEM results revealed complete impregnation of fibers and a strong interfacial relationship between the thermoset matrix and the treated cotton fabrics in the composite laminate structures produced via the vacuum bagging technique. In conclusion, the study indicated that different weave structures and fiber surface treatments, as well as the vacuum bagging technique used, are of significant importance in enhancing the overall mechanical performance of woven fabric composites.

Effect of woven yarn angle on the low‐velocity impact damage response of fibre woven thermoplastic composites

AbstractFibre woven thermoplastic composites (FWTC) are widely used in aerospace and other fields because of their excellent performance. During service, FWTC structures are inevitably subjected to low‐velocity impact (LVI), which can cause invisible damage and eventual failure of the material. At the moment, studies on FWTC mostly focused on the orthogonal woven yarns while there's few reports about the effect of the yarn angle changing on the woven material's LVI damage response. This study aims at the effect of yarn angle changing on the damage behaviour of FWTC. A method for preparation of nonorthogonal prepregs was proposed, by which FWTC laminates with different yarn angles (60°, 75°, and 90°) were prepared for LVI tests. The results show that the maximum impact displacement and the impact duration of the impactor decrease with the decrease of the yarn angle when the FWTC laminate is subjected to LVI, while the maximum impact force shows an increasing trend. This indicates that the smaller yarn angle causes the better load‐bearing capacity of the FWTC laminate under LVI conditions, while the orthogonal FWTC laminate is more ductile. The damage morphology indicated by the impact of the FWTC laminate are matrix cracks and yarn breaks, and the damage area increases with the decrease of yarn angle, where the damage of orthogonal laminate is more serious more concentrated. The results found in this paper can provide useful guidance for engineering applications and failure analysis of FWTC.

Using woven recycled plastic fibers in reinforced concrete beams

The modern lifestyle, along with the advancement of new technologies has produced plastic waste and the recycling of these waste materials has become an important challenge for human societies. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most consuming waste materials. A solution to repel these materials is to use them in the civil engineering industry and buried them in concrete. PET layers and strips were used in reinforced concrete beams instead of steel reinforcements by some researchers. But, in this study, the longitudinal and transverse steel bars were replaced by woven recycled plastic fibers and tested experimentally. These woven PET bars are produced by the authors and used as a structural element. Six beams with different combinations of steel and woven PET bars are tested under two-point loading and the experimental and analytical results are presented. The results show that using these fibers concludes to increases the ductility of reinforced concrete beams. By replacing PET ropes instead of one, two and three tensile steel reinforcements, the ductility ratios of the beams are about 1.73, 1.76 and 4.12 times of the reference reinforced concrete beam. Moreover, some theoretical formulation is presented and compared with experimental data.

Eksplorasi Karung Goni dengan Teknik Chenille untuk Material Alternatif Elemen Estetis Interior

Utilization of gunny sack waste is still very limited and not proportional to the amount of gunny sack waste produced, even though gunny sacks have characteristics that have the potential to be used as an alternative material for interior aesthetic elements. Its characteristics include, woven fibers that are strong, mildew resistant, textured, stiff and hairy. In addition, gunny sacks have a brown color that gives a natural impression. This research tries to explore and optimize the character of the gunny sack using the Chenille Technique. This technique produces a unique hairy texture with a variety of colors resulting from layering with the additional fabric. The Chenille technique is a textile manipulation technique that is rarely used, thus making the output of this study potentially have good novelty value. This research is a qualitative research with an experimental method. The designed product is an interior aesthetic element in the form of a decorative 3D panel.

Influence of electroless NiP/graphene coating on treated woven ramie fiber and its characterization

Over the years, several researchers have attempted to develop a functional surface through coating technology. However, developing a natural fiber into a functional material continues to be a challenging task. Herein, in the current study, an attempt is made to deposit nickel-phosphorus (NiP)/Graphene (Gr) on the surface of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated ramie fiber (RF) to improve its electrical conductivity and wettability. The influence of NaOH treatment, NiP/Gr coating on the fiber surface is studied by microstructural analysis, elemental compositions, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), wettability, and electrical conductivity. The obtained results confirm the presence of NiP and Graphene on the treated-coated ramie fiber with intensity peaks at 45° and 28°. The analysis of the microstructures reveal the cauliflower and flakes structure of NiP and graphene. The NaOH-treated and NiP-coated sample (T/NiP/RF) has enhanced electrical conductivity of 56.7% when compared to the untreated NiP-coated sample (NiP/RF), whereas the addition of graphene (T/NiP/Gr/RF) increases the electrical conductivity by 74% (14.85 (Ω cm)−1) compared to T/NiP/RF (8.54 (Ω cm)−1).

PPS composite membrane preparation based on aramid and glass fiber woven fabric support

Polyphenylene sulfide@aramid fiber (PPS@AF) composite membrane was synthesized using the dip drawing method. This involved coating a PPS separating membrane over both sides of AF support via the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. In order to overcome the drawbacks of a dense skin and limited flux, we explored the influence of PPS concentration in the casting solution on membrane morphology and PPS composite membrane performance. Compared to the 6.7 N of PPS membrane, the prepared composite membrane displayed a tensile strength up to 445 N. The pure water flux of PPS composite membrane can reach 888.15 L⋅m−2⋅h−1 ⋅bar−1, which is 20.7 times greater than that of PPS membrane. We also successfully developed a PPS composite membrane with superior mechanical properties which was uniformly coated by PPS membrane on both sides of a glass fiber woven fabric (GFWF) using the TIPS membrane scraping method. The ratio of Benzoin (BZ) and Benzophenone (DPK) in casting solution were adjusted to control the surface structure of composite membrane, which was systematically characterized. The results revealed that when the casting solution contained 25 % DPK, the composite membrane supported by GFWF reached a tensile strength of 207.84 N, 31 times stronger than that of PPS membrane. When the casting solution contained 10 % DPK, the pure water flux of PPS/GFWF microfiltration membrane was 75.3 L⋅m−2⋅h−1⋅bar−1, 1.75 times higher than that of PPS membrane.

Improving mechanical and life cycle environmental performances of recycled CFRP automotive component by fibre architecture preservation

Recycled carbon fibre reinforced polymer (rCFRP) is attracting interest for automotive applications but has reduced mechanical properties due to a loss of intact fibre architecture. This study investigates the effects of fibre architecture preservation during recycling of carbon fibres on the mechanical and life cycle environmental performances of rCFRP applied to a vehicle roof panel. Results show that rCFRPs with preserved unidirectional and woven fibre architectures have average flexural properties at least 4 times higher than those of current rCFRP with unpreserved fibre architecture. A hypothetical rCFRP roof panel with preserved plain woven rCF reduces the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions by 11% and 23% compared to the current rCFRP, respectively, when used in gasoline vehicle and battery electric vehicle. This paper demonstrates that the recycling approach with fibre architecture preservation offers great opportunities to improve the mechanical and environmental performances of rCFRP for use in the automotive industry.

ANALISIS KEKUATAN IMPACT DAN MODEL PERPATAHAN KOMPOSIT POLYESTER BERPENGUAT SERAT ALAM IJUK

The objective of this study is to find significant differences in impact forces between continuous, discontinuous, and woven fiber type of polyester composites with natural palm fibers and to find out the description of the microfracture structure. This study used experimental methods with independent and dependent variables. The independent variables are continuous, discontinuous, and woven fiber type. Then, the dependent variable was impact forces. Based on the results of tests, show that results from the average score at continuous fiber type = 1.082.88 J/m2, discontinuous = 794.67 J/m2 and woven = 1.427.06 J/m2. The conclusion of this study is that between various fiber orientations was a significant difference in impact forces. The type of woven fibers has a higher value compared to the type of continuous and discontinuous fibers. Discontinuous fiber type has a lower score than continuous fiber type. The fracture model of polyester composite with natural palm fibers showed the mechanism of brittle fracture (brittle) in all test specimens. However, in specimens with the type of continuous fibers and woven, the fracture conditions indicate a brush fracture mechanism.

Design and numerical studies of microwave absorption structure based on hybrid weave of fibers with different dielectric properties

Continuous fibers reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CFCMCs) are considered as key thermal structural materials for realizing components electromagnetic wave (EMW) stealth of future aircraft. As the main EMW absorber, design and manufacture fiber woven fabrics with high performance of EMW absorption for CFCMCs attract increasing global attentions. In this study, a thin, broadband-absorption multi-fibers mixed fabric structure was designed by using multi-fibers with different dielectric properties as design units. This as-designed structure can achieve effective absorption of < −10 dB throughout the whole X and Ku bands, while being insensitive to EMW angles. The absorption mechanism of multi-fibers hybrid fabric structure was investigated by numerical simulation. Reflected wave interference, multiple scattering and absorption of incident electromagnetic wave in the fiber fabric, and strong electromagnetic resonance absorption between adjacent fibers cooperation are key factors to realize broadband EMW absorption.

Filtration efficiency of woven metal fiber filter for aerosol generated by plasma torch metal cutting

Filtration efficiency of woven metal fiber filter for aerosol generated by plasma torch metal cutting

Comparative study of performance of wicking and conventional railway geotextiles under the synergetic simulation of train loads and flooding

Geotextiles are used within railways and highways to reduce settlement and improve drainage characteristics. However, the drainage performance of conventional geotextiles under unsaturated conditions can be limited due to capillary barrier effects. Therefore, more recently, wicking geotextiles consisting of woven fibers with deep groves have been developed to improve drainage performance. Despite these potential performance benefits and many related highway studies, there has been minimal study into the performance of wicking geotextiles for railways. Therefore, this study performs large-scale laboratory tests on railway ballast-subgrade materials under three conditions: non-stabilized (NSS), conventional geotextile stabilized (CGSS), and wicking geotextile stabilized (WGSS). Each test sample is subject to 600,000 cyclic loading cycles over 3 phases. The first phase is a stationary phase for consolidation, the second is to simulate loading directly after rainfall, and the third is to simulate loading after flooding. The results are analyzed and four conclusions are drawn: 1) both geotextile types prevent rainfall water from infiltrating into subgrade soils, however the wicking shows elevated performance, 2) the wicking geotextile produces capillary suction, which compared to the conventional geotextile, significantly delays infiltration and helps to reduce the moisture content in subgrade soils, 3) both geotextiles are capable of separation and filtration during rainfall and flooding simulation, however the wicking offers additional performance, 4) the deformation of both geotextiles is similar.

Improving mechanical properties of laminated biocomposites for artificial lower limb socket

People need artificial limbs for many reasons, such as illness, injury, or a gene problem. However, these limbs must be changed often because the human body changes as it gains or loses weight. This study examines whether plant fibers could be used instead of metal to make sockets for lower limb prosthetics using a vacuum bagging process. The laminates were formed using woven ramie fiber, bamboo fiber, carbon fiber, glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMWPE fiber. Several mechanical tests, such as impact, maximum shear stress, and flexural tests, were done to investigate the effect of different ways of stacking the fibers on certain mechanical and physical properties. The goal was to find out how changing the orientation and distribution of the fibers affected the composite's properties and how it worked. The outcomes of the tests were evaluated and analyzed to identify the optimal stacking pattern that would yield the desired properties for the composite material. The present investigation demonstrated that the incorporation of diverse reinforcing agents into composite materials exerted a significant influence on their mechanical strength. The composite's properties, such as flexibility, stress tolerance, and toughness upon fracture, improved proportionally with the increasing addition of these materials. The sample with the lamination of (2 perlon + 2 ramie + 2 carbon + 2 ramie + 2 perlon) fiber layers has shown a good impact strength of 81 KJ/m2, a maximum shear stress of 6.07 MPa, and a fracture strength of 174.1 MPa. Novel findings regarding the effect of altering the orientation and distribution of these fibers on the composite's properties could develop more effective prosthetic materials.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF KEVLAR EPOXY COMPOSITES ON DIFFERENT FIBER ORIENTATIONS

Nowadays, polymer fiber composites are very popular due to its weight-strength ratio in various industries. There are different types of natural and artificial fibers used for different purposes, according to the strength requirements. Uni-directional and bi-directional woven fabrics are very common for commercial purposes. Here this paper is focused on the behavior of different orientations of bi-directional woven reinforced composites to improve the efficiency of the ability of composites to resist bending deflection when energy is applied to the structure, it determines the resistance to flexing or stiffness of a material. In the present research, the theoretical and practical method was used to calculate the flexural strength of composite material consisting of epoxy resin LY 556 (50%) with different fiber orientations of woven Kevlar fibers. Ansys 2020R version was used to study the effect on different shapes of Kevlar-epoxy composite material. The standard ASTM D790 was used for the laboratory test and Ansys program. the result analysis focused on the stress-strain variation with the orientation and shapes