Wormhole Attack Research Articles

Secure Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks

Multicast is an indispensable communication technique in wireless mesh network (WMN). Many applications in WMN including multicast TV, audio and video conferencing, and multiplayer social gaming use multicast transmission. On the other hand, security in multicast transmissions is crucial, without which the network services are significantly disrupted. Existing secure routing protocols that address different active attacks are still vulnerable due to subtle nature of flaws in protocol design. Moreover, existing secure routing protocols assume that adversarial nodes cannot share an out-of-band communication channel which rules out the possibility of wormhole attack. In this paper, we propose SEMRAW (SEcure Multicast Routing Algorithm for Wireless mesh network) that is resistant against all known active threats including wormhole attack. SEMRAW employs digital signatures to prevent a malicious node from gaining illegitimate access to the message contents. Security of SEMRAW is evaluated using the simulation paradigm approach.

The Improved Overhearing Backup AODV Protocol in MANET

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is one of the most widely used networks, which has attracted attentions, having features such as limited energy resources, limited bandwidth, and security weaknesses due to lack of a central infrastructure. Safe and suitable routing is one of the research aspects of MANET. In this paper, a proposed method, called M-AODV, which is a type of overhearing backup protocol, based on AODV, is presented. The simulation results of this protocol, applied by NS2 simulator, showed the improvement of packet delivery rate and reduction of overhead and delay. Moreover, to assess the security of the proposed protocol, we simulated M-AODV and AODV protocols under black hole and wormhole attacks, using no security solution. The results showed that M-AODV had been improved in terms of packet delivery ratio, and the delay had been reduced as well, but the amount of overhead had been increased.

Wormhole Detection Based on Ordinal MDS Using RTT in Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless communication, wormhole attack is a crucial threat that deteriorates the normal functionality of the network. Invasion of wormholes destroys the network topology completely. However, most of the existing solutions require special hardware or synchronized clock or long processing time to defend against long path wormhole attacks. In this work, we propose a wormhole detection method using range-based topology comparison that exploits the local neighbourhood subgraph. The Round Trip Time (RTT) for each node pair is gathered to generate neighbour information. Then, the network is reconstructed by ordinal Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) followed by a suspicion phase that enlists the suspected wormholes based on the spatial reconstruction. Iterative computation of MDS helps to visualize the topology changes and can localize the potential wormholes. Finally, a verification phase is used to remove falsely accused nodes and identify real adversaries. The novelty of our algorithm is that it can detect both short path and long path wormhole links. Extensive simulations are executed to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach compared to existing ones.

Enhanced dynamic source routing protocol for detection and prevention of sinkhole attack in mobile ad hoc networks

Sinkhole attack is an active routing disruption attack in the routing layer of the mobile ad hoc networks. A sinkhole node attempts to entice all the network traffic towards it by broadcasting bogus routing information to other nodes in the network. On demand routing protocols such as dynamic source routing protocol and ad hoc on demand distance vector protocol are vulnerable to this attack. Sinkhole attack makes use of the route discovery and the route maintenance phases of these protocols. Sinkhole attack often facilitates other attacks such as blackhole attack, greyhole attack, wormhole attack and Sybil attack on MANETs. In this paper, we present a secondary cache based approach to prevent the sinkhole attack in DSR MANETs. The simulation results show that the proposed approach improves the performance of DSR even in the presence of multiple sinkhole attacks.

EPSA: an efficient and privacy-preserving scheme against wormhole attack on reactive routing for mobile ad hoc social networks

EPSA: an efficient and privacy-preserving scheme against wormhole attack on reactive routing for mobile ad hoc social networks

Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Security for Wireless Sensor Networks

Nowadays, the major part and most standard networks usually used in several applications are Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It consists of different nodes which communicate each other for data transmission. There is no access point to control the nodes in the network. This makes the network to undergo severe attacks from both passive and active devices. Due to this attack, the network undergoes downgrade performance. To overcome these attacks, security based routing protocol is proposed with the security based wormhole detection scheme. This scheme comprises of two phases. In this approach, the detection of wormhole attacks is deployed for having correct balance between safe route and stability. Also, to ensure packets integrity cryptographic scheme is used as well as authenticity while travelling from source to destination nodes. By extensive simulation, the proposed scheme achieves enhanced performance of packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput and overhead than the existing schemes.

An Improved DV-Hop Localization Algorithm Against Wormhole Attack in WSN

Wormhole attack is one of the most serious attacks on DV-Hop localization algorithm. Previous solutions usually require hardware support, or a higher ratio of beacon nodes and very complex mathematical operations. In this paper, we analyze the effect of the wormhole attack on DV-Hop algorithm, which mainly destroys the network topological structure and shrinks hop count between nodes and expands the localization error. We propose a modified DV-Hop method without additional hardware support against wormhole attacks. Through analyzing the characteristics of the neighboring nodes set of nodes attacked, this method detects wormhole attack, then locates nodes by using an improved DV-Hop algorithm. We show that the scheme can detect wormhole attacker adequately, and the obtained localization accuracy is even better than that of the DV-Hop method without wormhole attacks in most cases.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in VANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are rapidly emerging networks that are a particularly challenging subset of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Open medium is one of the main features of VANET due to which it often suffers from security attacks and changing its topology dynamically, lack of management and central monitoring, and there is no clear defence mechanism. In this paper, we investigated the impact of Black Hole attack, Worm-Hole attack and Sybil attack on network performance towards VANET environment. We have also analysed which routing protocol is more vulnerable to the different attacks mentioned earlier in VANET. We have also determined that AODV is the most vulnerable routing protocol to attacks in VANET compared to OLSR routing protocol.

Detection of Clone Attack in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor nodes has been used for the sensing the information from harsh environment. In these nodes sensors of different types has been used for collecting information. In MWSNs the main threat in the network is security. Various types of attacks occurred in these networks. Attack occur in WSN is clone attack which is also known as replica attack. In this attack the node copy the id of the other node and show its predictions at different locations. A clone node can create a black hole or wormhole attack include adversary can use them in different ways. This attack can transmit false information to all legitimate nodes. The clone attack is very suitable for adversary. For this attack adversary has not to be compromise for number of nodes. Main problem in this is to detect the node having clone attack, because each and every node has same id and locations at different position on same interval of time. We can remove this clone attack by using witness approach algorithm. In the presented paper, four parameters are generated i.e Packet Loss, Packet Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput and on the basis of these parameters we conclude that our system gives us better performance.

Review Paper on Wormhole Attack

A Wireless Networks are more accessible to different types of attack than wired Network. One such attack is Wormhole Attack, in which traffic is forwarded and replayed from one location to another through the Wormhole tunnel without negotiating any cryptographic techniques over the network. Thus, it is challenging to defend against this attack. In this paper we review WSN concept and Wormhole Attack. Then we discuss classification of wormhole Attack and also mention few of the initiatives to detect the Wormhole Attack.

Wormhole Attack in Mobile Adhoc Network and Its Detection Countermeasures

Wormhole Attack in Mobile Adhoc Network and Its Detection Countermeasures

Multi-Layer Approach for the Detection of Selective Forwarding Attacks.

Security breaches are a major threat in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are increasingly used due to their broad range of important applications in both military and civilian domains. WSNs are prone to several types of security attacks. Sensor nodes have limited capacities and are often deployed in dangerous locations; therefore, they are vulnerable to different types of attacks, including wormhole, sinkhole, and selective forwarding attacks. Security attacks are classified as data traffic and routing attacks. These security attacks could affect the most significant applications of WSNs, namely, military surveillance, traffic monitoring, and healthcare. Therefore, there are different approaches to detecting security attacks on the network layer in WSNs. Reliability, energy efficiency, and scalability are strong constraints on sensor nodes that affect the security of WSNs. Because sensor nodes have limited capabilities in most of these areas, selective forwarding attacks cannot be easily detected in networks. In this paper, we propose an approach to selective forwarding detection (SFD). The approach has three layers: MAC pool IDs, rule-based processing, and anomaly detection. It maintains the safety of data transmission between a source node and base station while detecting selective forwarding attacks. Furthermore, the approach is reliable, energy efficient, and scalable.

Pworm: Passive and Real-Time Wormhole Detection Scheme for WSNs

Wormhole attack is one of the severe threats to wireless sensor and ad hoc networks. Most of the existing countermeasures either require specialized hardware or demand high network overheads in order to capture the specific symptoms induced by the wormholes, which in result limits their applicability. In this paper, we exploit an inevitable symptom of wormholes and present Pworm, a passive wormhole detection and localization system based upon the key observation that a large amount of network traffic will be attracted by the wormholes. The proposed scheme is passive, real-time, and efficient against both active and passive wormholes. Our approach silently observes the variations in network topology to infer the wormhole existence and solely relies on network routing information. It does not necessitate specialized hardware or poses rigorous assumptions on network features. We evaluate our scheme through extensive simulations of 100 to 800 nodes for various network scales and show that Pworm is well suited for false alarms, scalability, and time delay in terms of activation as well as detection latencies.

Modified Hop Count Analysis Algorithm (MHCAA) for Preventing Wormhole Attack in WSN

Modified Hop Count Analysis Algorithm (MHCAA) for Preventing Wormhole Attack in WSN

A Review on Detection and Prevention of Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network

A wireless sensor network (WSNs) is ubiquitous and gets a lot of interest from researchers towards the best applications. Wormhole nodes are false routes that are shorter than the original route in the network it creates problem in routing mechanism, which rely on the facts about distance between nodes. The attacker node captures the packets from the legitimate nodes. In our proposed research work we identify the wormhole node by their high power transmission in the network and also put off the network from the wormhole by achieving confidentiality in our modified AODV.

Designing an Adversarial Model Against Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols in MANETS: A Comparative Performance Study

Mobile ad-hoc networks are self-organized infrastructure less networks that consists of mobile nodes, which are capable of maintaining and forming the network by themselves. Recently, researchers are designed several routing protocols on these networks. However, these routing protocols are more vulnerable to attacks from the intruders, which can easily paralyze the operation of the network due to its inherited characteristics of MANETS. One such type of attack is wormhole attack. Because of its severity, the wormhole attack has attracted a great deal of attention in the research community. This paper compares reactive and proactive routing protocols in adversarial environment. Specifically, wormhole attack is applied to these routing protocols to evaluate its performance through simulation. Comprehensively the results shows the comparative performance of these protocols against wormhole attack is hard to detect and easy to implement.

An Improved DV-Hop Algorithm for Resisting Wormhole Attack

As DV-Hop algorithm estimates distance by distance vector exchanging, positioning process is vulnerable to devastate wormhole attacking. An improved DV-Hop algorithm (AWADV-Hop) which resists wormhole attack is proposed, based on the original algorithm in this paper. To solve the problem that hops and the average distance per hop is the most vulnerable to wormhole attack in DV-Hop. This paper first fixes hop value by detecting the wormhole attack. Then, according to error comparison of the average distance per hop of anchor node and the average distance per hop of the whole network, locate permission of anchor nodes are re-decided. Average distance per hop of anchor nodes with positioning permissions is weighted to be the ultimate per hop distance of unknown node. Finally, simulated by MATLAB and simulation results show that this algorithm can effectively resist wormhole attack and improve the positioning accuracy.

Performance Metrics of Wormhole Detection using Path Tracing Algorithm

Objective: Mobile Adhoc Networks contains set of mobile nodes does not have a fixed structure. It is very important to protect the network secure. The main aim of the paper is to protect the network from worm hole attack using path tracing algorithm with the advancement of aodv and compare the performance parameters. Methods: We propose path tracing algorithm for detection of worm hole attack as a extension of aodv protocols the path of the node effectively computes the per hop distance of its neighbor node with per hop distance of the previous node to identify the worm hole attack. NS2 simulator is used to compare the performance parameters of the worm hole attack. Conclusions: Simulated parameters like packet delivery ratio, delay, and packet loss with attacker and without attacker are done and the detection ratio is identified.

Algorithm to Detect and Recover Wormhole Attack in MANETs

Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a network in which the mobile nodes are randomly connected with each other. Nodes are dynamically in nature. It usually works by broadcasting the information. Its nature is broadcasting so there is a chance to disrupt network by attacker. The number of attack can be done in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. In this paper we have studied about wormhole attack in AODV. We have analyzed different technique to detect and prevent wormhole attack. In our proposed solution detect and overcome the effect of wormhole attack in MANET. KeywordsWormhole attack, Wormhole detection techniques

UNIACK- Universal Adaptive Acknowledge Intrusion Detection System in Manets

MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) a unique network which provides communication between mobile nodes available outside or within the radio range. This unique feature migrated from wired network to wireless network and resulted in the security issues. So, there is need to secure the MANETs. As compared to other types of networks, MANETs are more vulnerable to different attacks such as black hole attack, gray hole attack, wormhole attack, etc. MANET decides a radio range within which node can move and can feasibly transmit the data. And if any of the nodes migrates from one radio range to another, it relays the messages to their neighbors. This means that two communicating nodes are notable to exchange messages if those nodes exceed the radio range. To avoid these types of attacks, different Intrusion Detection System (IDS) in MANETs are introduced to follow secure data transmission. In this paper, a secure IDS plays an important role and gives the system which improves the efficiency of EAACK (Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledge) and is compared with different IDS in MANETs using RSA, AES and ZRP algorithms. RSA algorithm is used for encryption and decryption of the message to securely transmit data using mathematical model. AES algorithm is combinely used with RSA. And ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) divides network into small zones to decide the route with nearby nodes and ensure the authentic path in the mobile network.