Wormhole Attack Research Articles

Evaluating Impact of Wormhole on Distance Error and Connectivity of Network

mesh networks are the emerging wireless networks which are self organizing, maintaining, healing and configuring. The main trait of WMN is its dynamic and multi- hop nature. These networks provide the internet services to its users on low costs and with high bandwidth. These are made up of mesh routers and mesh clients. They can be easily deployed and are highly scalable. But the security of WMNs is the area of concern due to their vulnerable features they are open to many attacks of which wormhole attack is the worst. A wormhole attack is the one in which two or more conspired nodes forms a tunnel between them via which they sends the network traffic to one another and replays it. In our paper, we study the wormhole attack and then find its impact on distance error and connectivity of nodes. The distance error is found by knowing the ratio of trusted links and that of connectivity is found by knowing the unaffected, disconnected and partially affected nodes.

Defending against Wormhole Attack in MANET Using an Artificial Immune System

ABSTRACTMANETs are mobile networks that are spontaneously deployed over a geographically limited area without requiring any pre-existing infrastructure. Typically, nodes are both autonomous and self-organized without requiring a central administration or a fixed network infrastructure. Due to their distributed nature, MANET is vulnerable to a specific routing misbehavior, called wormhole attack. In a wormhole attack, one malicious node tunnels packets from its location to the other malicious node. Such wormhole attacks result in a false route with fewer hop count. If the source node follows this fake route, malicious nodes have the option of delivering the packets or dropping them. This article aims at removing these attacks. For this purpose, it investigates the use of an Artificial Immune System (AIS) to defend against wormhole attack. The proposed approach learns rapidly how to detect and bypass the wormhole nodes without affecting the overall performance of the network. The proposed approach is evaluated in comparison with other existing solutions in terms of dropped packet count, packet loss ratio, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. A simulation result shows that the proposed approach offers better performance than other schemes defending against the wormhole attack.

An Efficient Algorithm for the Detection of Exposed and Hidden Wormhole Attack

MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) are slowly integrating into our everyday lives, their most prominent uses are visible in the disaster and war struck areas where physical infrastructure is almost impossible or very hard to build. MANETs like other networks are facing the threat of malicious users and their activities. A number of attacks have been identified but the most severe of them is the wormhole attack which has the ability to succeed even in case of encrypted traffic and secure networks. Once wormhole is launched successfully, the severity increases by the fact that attackers can launch other attacks too. This paper presents a comprehensive algorithm for the detection of exposed as well as hidden wormhole attack while keeping the detection rate to maximum and at the same reducing false alarms. The algorithm does not require any extra hardware, time synchronization or any special type of nodes. The architecture consists of the combination of Routing Table, RTT (Round Trip Time) and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) for comprehensive detection of wormhole attack. The proposed technique is robust, light weight, has low resource requirements and provides real-time detection against the wormhole attack. Simulation results show that the algorithm is able to provide a higher detection rate, packet delivery ratio, negligible false alarms and is also better in terms of Ease of Implementation, Detection Accuracy/ Speed and processing overhead.

Trust and Reputation Based Seurity of MANET by Worm Hole Attack

Mobile ad-hoc network is one of the most attractive fields for research. Any new node easily entered or left the network because of this property is easily thretend by the attack. A wormhole is one of the most crucial attack of MANET in this paper, we study lots of prevention and detection technique. In our propose work we work on trust and reputation mechanism and then secure network novelity of proposed work we proof by our outcomes.

Combined Approach for the Analysis of Black Hole and Worm Hole Attack in MANET

MANET is vulnerable to most of the security threats and we proposed a combined approach which is used to detect both the black hole and worm hole attack. We also carried out black hole and worm hole attack on MANET using Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and analyzed the performance parameters like Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR) and Normalized Routing Load (NRL). After implementation of proposed technique, we found that the parameters for Quality of Services (QoS) in MANET improved significantly as compare to conventional techniques.

Research on Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm in Space Information Networks

Wormhole attack is a coordinated attack that launched by two or more malicious node. With a high quality private link malicious node, attracted traffic, attacked routing protocol, destroyed network topology, has a great threat to space information network. We propose a wormhole attack detection algorithm based on abnormal topology and time delay in space information network and the algorithm is mainly composed of two phases: finding abnormal topology and getting the malicious node. According to the number of nodes which are mutually non-one-hop neighbors in the normal network and the abnormal topology in backbone get the suspicious neighbors. To confirm the fake link, uses the round trip time to detect suspicious neighbors. Sends warning messages to isolate false neighbors or malicious nodes to ensure the security of the network. Using the network simulation software NS2 analyses the performance of the detection algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can detect wormhole also has high detection rate and a low false positive rate.

Comparative Study of Attacks with Clustering based and Routing Protocols in MANETs

A mobile ad-hoc network is a self-configuring, substructure network of mobile devices associated by wireless links. Loopholes like wireless average, lack of a secure infrastructure, dynamic topology, rapid disposition practices, and the hostile surroundings in which they may be deployed, make MANET susceptible to a wide range of security attacks and Wormhole attack is one of them. During this attack malicious node detentions packets from one location in the network, and channels them to another colluding malicious node at a detached point, which replays them locally. The protocol is an optimization of the traditional link state algorithm personalised to the supplies of a mobile wireless LAN. The key concept used in the procedure is that of multipoint relays. MPRs are selected nodes which advancing broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique significantly reduces the message overhead as associated to a classical flooding apparatus, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state information is caused only by nodes elected as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is achieved by reducing the number of control messages flooded in the network. This paper presents a cluster based Wormhole attack prevention technique. The concept of classified clustering with a novel hierarchical 32bit node addressing scheme is used for eluding the attacking path during the route discovery phase of the OLSR protocol, which is measured as the under lying routing protocol.

Dynamic Detection and Prevention of Clone Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are often deployed in adverse environments where an attackers can physically capture some of the nodes, first can reconstruct the programme, and then, can replicate them in large number of clones, easily takeover the control of network. Wireless Sensor Networks highly indispensable for securing network protection. Various kinds of major attacks have been documented in wireless sensor network, till now by many researchers. The Clone attack is a massive harmful attack against the sensor network where large number of genuine replicas are used for illegal entry into a network. Discerning the Clone attack, Sybil attack, sinkhole, and wormhole attack while multicasting is a excellent job in the wireless sensor network. The existing method Randomised, Efficient, and Distributed (RED) has only a scheme of self-healing mechanism, which just verifies the node identities by analyzing the neighbours. A survey was done on a Clone attack on the objective of dissolving this problem. The overview of survey has proposed a combined PVM (position verification method) with MVP (Message Verification and Passing) for detecting, eliminating, and eventually preventing the entry of Clone nodes within the network.

Prevention and Detection of Wormhole Attack in Mobile Adhoc Network Using Clustering and RTT

A security constraint in mobile adhoc network is very critical task. Some critical security issue such as black hole attack, wormhole attack, sinkhole attack, prevention and detection of attack is major challenge. For the detection of wormhole attack various authors used various technique such as clock synchronization, threshold based technique, nearest neighbor node selection method. In this dissertation modified the IMAODV protocol in terms of IMAODV protocol.In this paper modified the AODV routing protocol for the detection of wormhole attack. The modified protocol is called secured energy efficient routing protocol (IMAODV). The IMAODV protocol based on two functions one is threshold based function and one is energy based function. The threshold based function measure the distance of normal node and wormhole node. Our proposed algorithm is

Wormhole-Free Routing and DoS Attack Defense in Wireless Mesh Networks

Owing to the growth in several applications, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is emerging as a vital technology for future wireless networks. Wormhole attack is one of the major security threats, which can disturb majority of routing communications, even when placed strategically. Therefore, a technique that can find wormhole-free routes in the network is required. In order to achieve this, in this paper, we propose a Monitoring Technique for Wormhole-Free Routing and DoS Attack Defense in WMNs. Initially, finite state model is applied where the node keeps the information about its sender and neighborhood receiver. Then, wormhole-aware secure routing is implemented to find wormhole free routes in the network. Finally, the priority mechanism is applied where the data packets are transmitted based on their priority. Based on the finite state model and priority mechanism, the malicious or wormhole nodes in the network are removed.

SecAODV: Lightweight Authentication for AODV Protocol

n nature of the transmission medium the broadcast, Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to security attacks. The nodes are placed in a hostile or dangerous environment where they are not tangibly safe in the MANETs. In many application, the data obtained from the sensing nodes need a false, or malicious node could intercept private information or could send false messages to nodes in the network. Among the major attacks Eavesdropping, Spoof Attack, Denial of Service, Wormhole attack, Sinkhole attack, Sybil attack, Selective Forwarding attack, Passive information gathering, Node capturing, and False or malicious node, Hello flood attack are common. In this paper, authors have proposed and implemented an efficient light weighted authentication secure routing protocol on top of an AODV. The focused area of the proposed routing protocol is increasing the network security of the MANET. Additionally, the paper evaluates the implemented protocol using NS2 simulator in different networks with SecAODV.

Evaluation Performance of Worm-Hole Attack Using Proposed AODV In MANET

Evaluation Performance of Worm-Hole Attack Using Proposed AODV In MANET

A Review on Effective Algorithm to Secure Network Coding Systems against Wormhole Attack

A Review on Effective Algorithm to Secure Network Coding Systems against Wormhole Attack

Secure energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor network

Abstract The ease of deployment of economic sensor networks has always been a boon to disaster management applications. However, their vulnerability to a number of security threats makes communication a challenging task. This paper proposes a new routing technique to prevent from both external threats and internal threats like hello flooding, eavesdropping and wormhole attack. In this approach one way hash chain is used to reduce the energy drainage. Level based event driven clustering also helps to save energy. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme extends network lifetime even when the cluster based wireless sensor network is under attack.

Examination of AODV Routing Protocol with Wormhole Attack

In Adhoc Network, Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is vibrant Adhoc network. MANET is collection of mobile network devices that are connected through wireless medium i.e., radio signals. These mobile network devices form a dynamic topology i.e., mobile nodes move freely and quickly, in and out from network. These is no central control for co-coordinating these network device i.e. decentralized network .These devices control each other directly i.e, peer-to-peer connection. The dynamic nature of MANET makes it vulnerable to variety of security threats like wormhole attack, eavesdropping etc. The performance and reliability of the network is affected by making alteration in routing protocols by the attacker. Wormhole attack is a type of tunneling attack where an attacker at one end of tunnel attracts data packets from one hop neighbors and transmits these data packets to another attacker of the tunnel which delivers these data packets to destination node. Transmitting data packets through tunnel may result various security attacks like wormhole attack, black hole attack, eavesdropping attack. This proposed paper examines the consequences of wormhole attack in AODV routing protocol based MANET using OPNET Simulator.

Detection of Hidden Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Neighbourhood and Connectivity Information

Detection of Hidden Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Neighbourhood and Connectivity Information

Research on Improved DV-HOP Algorithm against Wormhole Attacks in WSN

The secure location of node is significant in the WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) of the troop frontier defence system. The wormhole attack is a big threat in the secure location. The credibility of the beacon node was used to determine the malicious nodes produced by wormhole attack in the WSN. The estimated method of multibeacon nodes was adopted to improve DV-HOP algorithm after excluding the malicious nodes. In this paper, we compared the basic DV-HOP algorithm and the improved DV-HOP algorithm in the coverage percentage and the error of network localization by simulating. The simulation results indicate that the improved DV-HOP algorithm makes the localization coverage percentage can reach 90% on a certain scale of the network, and it makes the error percentage lower when the number of beacons is different.

WRHT: A Hybrid Technique for Detection of Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wormhole attack is a challenging security threat to wireless sensor networks which results in disrupting most of the routing protocols as this attack can be triggered in different modes. In this paper, WRHT, a wormhole resistant hybrid technique, is proposed, which can detect the presence of wormhole attack in a more optimistic manner than earlier techniques. WRHT is based on the concept of watchdog and Delphi schemes and ensures that the wormhole will not be left untreated in the sensor network. WRHT makes use of the dual wormhole detection mechanism of calculating probability factor time delay probability and packet loss probability of the established path in order to find the value of wormhole presence probability. The nodes in the path are given different ranking and subsequently colors according to their behavior. The most striking feature of WRHT consists of its capacity to defend against almost all categories of wormhole attacks without depending on any required additional hardware such as global positioning system, timing information or synchronized clocks, and traditional cryptographic schemes demanding high computational needs. The experimental results clearly indicate that the proposed technique has significant improvement over the existing wormhole attack detection techniques.

Detection and Prevention of Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network using AOMDV Protocol

Unique characteristics like limited bandwidth, limited battery power and dynamic topology makes Wireless sensor network (WSN) vulnerable to many kinds of attacks. Therefore interest in research of security in WSN has been increasing since last several years. Infrastructure less and self-governing nature of WSN is challenging issue in terms of security. Wormhole attack is one of the severe attack in wireless sensor network. In this paper, the techniques dealing with wormhole attack in WSN are surveyed and a method is proposed for detection and prevention of wormhole attack. AOMDV (Ad hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol is incorporated into these method which is based on RTT (Round Trip Time) mechanism and other characteristics of wormhole attack. As compared to other solution shown in literature, proposed approach looks very promising. NS2 simulator is used to perform all simulation.

EPSA: an efficient and privacy-preserving scheme against wormhole attack on reactive routing for mobile ad hoc social networks

In this paper, we propose an efficient and privacy-preserving scheme against EPSA wormhole attack on reactive routing, called EPSA, for mobile ad hoc social networks. We choose the AODV and DSR as reactive protocols. Specifically, the proposed EPSA scheme consists of four phases: the system initialisation phase, the peer registration phase, the document forwarding phase, and the detection, verification and avoidance phase. Based on the public key encryption with keyword search PECSK, the cooperative neighbour × neighbour CNN, and the short signatures technique SST, the proposed EPSA scheme can not only detect and avoid but also can preserves the resources privacy against wormhole attack on reactive routing. Both wormhole time analysis and security analysis demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed EPSA scheme in both reactive routing protocols.