Image Of World Research Articles

Huburow: The Voice and Vision of the Students of the University of Southern Somalia

Literature is one of the most creative areas of study. Its width covers disciplines across philosophy, science fiction, mythology, culture, and beyond. Using the hip hop mode of self-praise, this literary essay explores how narrative can engage with scientific subjects. It attempts to portray how creative art or literature has no boundaries when the author intends to harmonize metaphor, narrative, voice, culture, fiction, science, and society. In this regard, it can be said that as the master of the magic in the word, a writer can establish the latitude of any imaginable scenario to limn his/her inner vision of the images perceived in that particular context. In other words, the image of an imaginary world can be presented as an idealistic viewpoint without a real ecospheric landscape where it can exist beyond the author’s imagination, yet it remains an entertaining piece of literary work on which a reader can reflect. To do so, the essay borrows considerably from selected works by Ali Jimale Ahmed and other Somali scholars.

"Kiedy dzieci są niegrzeczne, nie wiem, co się zdarzyć może!" Obraz dzieci grzecznych i niegrzecznych w polskich piosenkach dziecięcych

The author of the article attempts to reconstruct the image of children’s attitudes and behaviours considered by adults to be desirable and undesirable in Polish children’s songs. The described results represent a part of a wider research project aimed at recognizing the image of the social world contained in songs for children. The qualitative analysis of the linguistic layer of these lyrics, carried out using the discourse analysis method, enabled the author to reach the vision of the social world propagated by them. One of its key elements turned out to be the image of children’s attitudes and behaviours, which are considered appropriate (polite) and inappropriate (rude, naughty) by the songwriters. As the analyses show, apart from a few exceptions, the studied children’s songs clearly fit into the functional and behavioural pedagogical discourse, as they emphasize the need to submit the child to the rules imposed from above. The upbringing process is often presented in the songs as reduced only to the application of punishments and – less frequently – rewards.

Use of convolutional neural networks in skin lesion analysis using real world image and non-image data.

Understanding performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for binary (benign vs. malignant) lesion classification based on real world images is important for developing a meaningful clinical decision support (CDS) tool. We developed a CNN based on real world smartphone images with histopathological ground truth and tested the utility of structured electronic health record (EHR) data on model performance. Model accuracy was compared against three board-certified dermatologists for clinical validity. At a classification threshold of 0.5, the sensitivity was 79 vs. 77 vs. 72%, and specificity was 64 vs. 65 vs. 57% for image-alone vs. combined image and clinical data vs. clinical data-alone models, respectively. The PPV was 68 vs. 69 vs. 62%, AUC was 0.79 vs. 0.79 vs. 0.69, and AP was 0.78 vs. 0.79 vs. 0.64 for image-alone vs. combined data vs. clinical data-alone models. Older age, male sex, and number of prior dermatology visits were important positive predictors for malignancy in the clinical data-alone model. Additional clinical data did not significantly improve CNN image model performance. Model accuracy for predicting malignant lesions was comparable to dermatologists (model: 71.31% vs. 3 dermatologists: 77.87, 69.88, and 71.93%), validating clinical utility. Prospective validation of the model in primary care setting will enhance understanding of the model's clinical utility.

Translating artlangs: the clash of worldviews

The research is dedicated to the problem of translating artlangs as a means of the alternative worldview embodiment. The object of research is twofold: the worldview in its linguistic manifestation and artlangs – artistic languages created within literary discourse mainly for expressive purposes. The aim of the research is equally dual: to determine what (kind of) worldview is reflected in artlangs and how it can be reproduced in translation. Our first hypothesis outlines three instances of worldview clashes connected with the perception, interpretation and translation of a piece of fiction depicting an alternative reality via an artlang. The first occurs when the reader decodes the text and recreates in their mind the author’s artistic worldview, because the resulting ‘picture’ is never identical to the original one due to the uniqueness of information processing. The second occurs in translation, because the image of an alternative world in the translator’s mind is indeed the projection of that of the author, but formed under the influence of their own (target) worldview and incarnated through the available target linguistic resources. The third occurs when the target reader retrieves the information from the target text and once again forms their own view of the alternative reality. According to our second hypothesis, artlangs’ principal translatability is determined by their inextricable ties with natural donor language(s), though their reproduction is a highly demanding creative act whose outcome depends on a number of concomitant circumstances. Here belong: the relation between an artlang’s donor language(s) and a piece of fiction’s source language; the relation between a piece of fiction’s source language and its target language; and, finally, the method of artlang’s manufacturing.

English Language Adaptation in Cross-Cultural Political Discourse

The topical study of English language adaptation in cross-cultural political discourse is the focus of this essay. It draws attention to the current methods for studying political discourse and emphasizes its features and purposes. The qualities of this idea are developed from the standpoint of the linguacultural paradigm, which has language at its core. Discourse serves as a "live language," applied or "in the process of application" (Van Dijk, 1993), whereas language itself can continue to exist even if it is unclaimed or unapplied. The English language's dynamic nature as an adaptive and self-adjusting system, which responds to the modification of the linguacultural space, social and informational environment in accordance with the communicative needs of society, in particular the need to express the foreign linguacultural lexicon, determines the research mechanism for this work. English is preferred above other languages in contemporary intercultural communication because it is a "lingua franca" for describing contacts. Consequently, the English language must be modified for use. The instability of the political situation, which is reflected in the political world's image and is fixed in the linguistic picture of the world and in contacting languages, is the cause of the political lexicon's ability to transfer.

Utopia and Dystopia as Two Facets of Artistic Reality in V. P. Krapivin's novel "Green's Ampoule"

The object of literary analysis in this article is V. P. Krapivin's novel "Green's Ampoule", the subject of the study is the features of utopia and dystopia in the artistic world of this work. Its genre nature is complex and multifaceted, but the signs of utopia and dystopia, from the point of view of the author of the work, are clearly visible in the text. The study of social and moral-philosophical issues characteristic of the genres mentioned above is being conducted. The author also analyzes the features of the poetics of this work, which work to create images of dystopian and utopian worlds. The method of holistic analysis helps to identify the relationship between two toposes: Empire and the city of Insom – and features of two genres: dystopia and utopia. The study of these genre components of "Ampoule Green" is conducted for the first time and allows us to come to the following conclusions. The image of the Empire, which is associated with the dystopian component of the novel, is the embodiment of totalitarianism, and the life of this country is marked by a deep contradiction of the interests of the individual and the state. The image of the Free City of Insk bears the features of utopia. Describing his life, the author uses the technique of breaking expectations. The assumptions of the reader and the hero playing the role of a traveler in a utopian world are motivated by patterns typical of a society that is far from ideal, and they are refuted by the reality of Insk, where goodness and harmony reign in human relations. It is not by chance that the novel presents the hypothesis that Insk arose from the materialized fantasy of children. If the image of the Empire has the features of the world of the beginning of the XXI century, when the novel was created, then the image of Insk is replete with details related to the past. It is natural to assume that dystopian features for the author are embodied in the present, and utopian – in the past, in the memories and impressions of childhood, that is, the world of adulthood is represented as dystopian, and the world of childhood is represented as utopian.

‘A Scorneful Image of this Present World’

Many of Erasmus of Rotterdam’s works were translated into English during the reign of Henry VIII. In the process of translation, the original intention of these texts was often subverted, as Erasmus’s reputation was appropriated by his translators and their patrons to serve a variety of political and religious agendas. The present article is devoted to the translating history of one of Erasmus’s works, Sileni Alcibiadis, a proverb that was detached from the huge paremiographic repository known as Adagia and published as an autonomous work in London in the early 1540s. By highlighting corrections, retouchings and omissions, the article aims at pointing out the ways in which the anonymous translator adapted Erasmus’s text to a different cultural and pedagogic context. The final purpose of this work is to show the way in which Erasmus’s political thought ‘migrates’, with partial manipulations, into the turbulent context of mid-sixteenth-century England.

Intrinsic image decomposition using physics-based cues and CNNs

Intrinsic image decomposition is the decomposition of an image into its reflectance and shading components. The intrinsic image decomposition problem is inherently ill-posed, since there can be multiple solutions to compute the intrinsic components forming the same image. In this paper, we explore the use of physics-based priors. We also propose a new architecture that separates the learning components in a stacked manner. We explore various ways of integrating such priors into a deep learning system. Our method is trained and tested on a large synthetic garden dataset to assess its performance. It is evaluated and compared to state-of-the-art methods using two standard intrinsic datasets. Finally, the pre-trained network is tested on real world images to show the generalisation capabilities of the network.

СВІТОГЛЯДНІ УНІВЕРСАЛІЇ В ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of rendering linguistic manifestations of worldview universals in English-Ukrainian literary translation. The fantasy genre as the material of the study proves to be the author’s embodiment of worldview universals, which, in their interaction and connection, set a holistic, generalized image of the human world. Worldview universals are categories that accumulate historically stored social experience. The system of worldview universals is the space in which a person of a certain culture evaluates, interprets and experiences the world, integrates all the phenomena of reality that appear in the sphere of his experience. It has been proved that the fantasy work of J. Rowling is represented by the opposition of the “good” and the “evil”, which are constituted by the realities of the magical world. The results of the structural-semantic analysis of the thematic groups of the worldview universals that create the philosophical concept of the fantasy work and the lexical units that actualize them made it possible to set the following groups of realities: onomastic realities, everyday realities, ethnographic and mythological realities, the realities of the state-administrative system and public life. The comparative analysis of the peculiarities of translation of the realities of the magical world suggests that the translator resorts to different translation techniques: actually descriptive translation, as well as various combinations of descriptive translation: transcription and descriptive translation in the translation commentary, transcription and descriptive translation in the text of the work, graphic transfer (preserving the original writing) and descriptive translation in the text of the work, calque translation and descriptive translation in the translation commentary.

Genre originality of King Vachiravudh's novel "The Heart of a Young Man"

The object of this study is the analysis of the genre of the novel "The Heart of a Young Man" by the Thai king Rama VI Vachiravudh (1881-1925) – the monarch who stood at the origins of the formation of modern national literature of Siam / Thailand. The subject of the evaluation was the compositional and stylistic features of the work of the king-composer. Vachiravudh's innovation in the field of genre allowed not only to truthfully depict the personal experiences of the protagonist of the work, but at the same time to pose an important problem – man and society in an era of global change. Biographical, historical and comparative methods were used for a detailed analysis of the novel's genre originality. This is the first original Thai-language epic work of the monarch, which is of unconditional interest and artistic value. Previously, the novel was not translated into Western languages and did not become the subject of a separate study by both national Thai literary critics and foreign ones. In "The Heart of a Young Man", Vachiravud proved himself as a talented artist-innovator, creating an original genre synthesis: a sentimental novel in letters with elements of a realistic psychological novel. The form of the Western European sentimental novel in the letters of the XVIII century. Vachiravudh uses the connection of the social into the personal in the fate of an individual to express topical issues. Based on the material of "The Heart of a young Man", the plot and compositional organization of the epistolary novel, the originality of the typological features of the genre (Preface, indication of the place and date of writing, address to the addressee, signature, etc.), its chronotope and the relationship between the hero - narrator – author, as well as the features of the image of the inner world of the protagonist and his spiritual evolution are investigated. It is shown that, having inherited the tradition of European literature of the XVIII – XIX centuries, Vachiravud anticipated in his novel one of the dominant lines of development of Thai literature of the twentieth century.

CONCEPT “SNOW” IN THE LINGUISTIC AND FOLKLORE PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF YAKUTIA

The article undertakes a comparative analysis of the concept “Snow” in the linguistic and folklore worldview of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of representation of this concept in the linguistic and folklore worldview of the Yakuts, Evens, Evenki, Yukaghirs. The methods used in the paper include linguocultural analysis, continuous sampling, comparison and collation. Following the research of verbalisation of the concept “Snow”, it was revealed that it is universal and significant in the conceptual framework “Natural phenomena”. It was found that the concept “Snow” in the Yakut linguistic and folkloric world image represents a complex, multilayer formation going beyond the framework of natural phenomena, being capable of expressing figurative meanings involving negative connotations, when designating failure, loss of orientation, deception, tears, as well as measure, quantity, time; act as part of an anthroponym, etc. It was established that the most relevant features are the makeup, depth of snow, time of snowfall, etc., which is important in horse husbandry, cattle breeding and hunting. It was revealed that the concept “Snow” in the Even, Evenki and Yukaghir linguistic world image is presented mainly as a component of the concept “Natural phenomena”, characterising snow in terms of various qualitative, temporal and spatial attributes associated with reindeer breeding and hunting. The explored folklore materials reflecting the life of the Evens, Evenki, Yukaghirs showed that this concept serves mainly as a marker of winter onset, colour white, a component of everyday life activities, of time, sometimes of danger, transience. The work results can be used in the development of theoretical provisions of cultural linguistics, in comparative research of ethno-cultural features of the linguistic and folklore picture of the world of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia.

Spinoza’s Doctrine of Affect in Cultural-Historical Psychology

Spinoza regarded life as an active play of affects, and human freedom as the taming of passions by means of the concepts of reason. Following him, Lev Vygotsky treats affect as the alpha and omega of mental development. The key theme of Vygotsky’s last manuscripts is the same as in Spinoza’s Ethics: man’s path to freedom via the reasonable mastery of his affects. Vygotsky defines freedom as the affect in the concept; in the last years of his life, he investigates the processes of synthesis of emotional and intellectual forms in a child’s psychical development. Following Spinoza, Vygotsky defines affect as a dynamogenic state of the body, increasing or decreasing its capacity for action. Thus, affect acts as the intrinsic driving force behind the behaviour of all living beings. In the Spinozist view, psychology is the science about production of affects in the process of objectoriented activity and about exchange of affects in the process of communication of living beings. Vygotsky did not have time to carry out his project of the new psychology of man, and his successors refused or failed to continue this work. Aleksey Leontiev, Vygotsky’s closest disciple and associate, denounced his turn to Spinoza and returned to the phenomenological treatment of affect as a form of experiencing activity. As a consequence, Vygotsky’s problem of the relation between affect and intellect proved to be unsolvable. The philosopher Evald Ilyenkov, who adhered to the Vygotsky school, linked the beginning of psychical activity to the formation of images of the external world, losing sight of affect and, thus, of the problem of freedom as understood by Spinoza. Resuming of L. S. Vygotsky’s height psychology project and studying the evolution of the psyche, based on the concept of freedom as the active mastery of human affects and communication relationships, form two growth points of cultural-historical psychology.

The Expressive Use of Adjectives in Metropolitan Anthony Bloom’s Religious Discourse

An overwhelming personality of the 20th century, Metropolitan Anthony Bloom was the spiritual head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain (1948-2003) who really raised the British people’s awareness of what Orthodoxy meant. He provided the realm of religious discourse with a particular outlook on Christianity (mainly sprung from his own revelation of the risen Christ), which he expressed in a perfectly natural and unsophisticated manner. Interestingly enough, Anthony Bloom and C. S. Lewis can be viewed as “kindred spirits”, as not only did they embrace Christianity after being non-believers, but their writing styles are also similar in that “both have an uncanny ability to explain difficult concepts with simple and engaging language” (“Beginning to Pray (A. Bloom)” [book review]). In Metropolitan Anthony’s view, Christian life represents the personal encounter with God. His discourse is in fact a place of encounters; it is where Eastern Orthodoxy meets Western spirituality, where the sacred realm meets the secular realm and, perhaps most importantly, where the metropolitan’s inner world meaningfully interacts with his addressees’ spiritual searches. We hereby examine the ways in which adjectives contribute to creating an image of a particular world in the following books: Living Prayer (1999a), School for Prayer (1999b), Meditations on a Theme: A spiritual journey (2003). Our approach relies on the Jakobsonian model (1960/1987) of language functions, Kinneavy’s (1980) Theory of Discourse, van Eemeren’s (2002) pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation and various studies on religious discourse. The current paper reveals such discourse constants as the triadic pattern of adjectival constructions, the abundant use of the adjectives “real” and “true”, as well as the presence of adjectives in parallelism and repetition. All these expressive uses of adjectives contribute to the creation of a complex network in which the world of the Gospel, the discursive ethos (conveying the author’s attitude in its diversity) and the reader’s image intermingle in a most harmonious manner.

Automatic Logo Detection with Deep Region-based Convolutional Networks

Abstract: Deep learning is an important element of data science, which includes statistics and predictive modeling. It is extremely beneficial to data scientists who are tasked with collecting, analyzing and interpreting large amounts of data. It makes this process faster and easier. We present a deep learning system for automatic logo detection in real world images. We base our detector on the popular framework of Faster R-CNNand compare its performance to other models such as Mask R-CNN or RetinaNet. We perform a detailed empirical analysis of various design and architecture choices and show how these can have much higher influence than algorithmic tweaks or popular techniques such as data augmentation. We also provide a systematic detection performance comparison of various models on multiple popular datasets including FlickrLogos-32, TopLogo-10 and recently introduced QMUL-OpenLogo benchmark, which allows for a direct comparison between recently proposed extensions. By careful optimization of the training procedure we were able to achieve significant improvements of the state of the art on all mentioned datasets. We apply our observations to build a detector to detect logos of the Red Bull brand in online media and images. Automatic logo detection and recognition is a challenging computer vision task with many applications. One of the typical purposes of such systems is measurement of brand visibility and prominence in online media or television broadcasts.

A robust deep attention dense convolutional neural network for plant leaf disease identification and classification from smart phone captured real world images

Plant diseases cause significant food loss and hence economic loss around the globe. Therefore, automatic plant disease identification is a primary task to take proper medications for controlling the spread of the diseases. Large variety of plants species and their dissimilar phytopathological symptoms call for the implementation of supervised machine learning techniques for efficient and reliable disease identification and classification. With the development of deep learning strategies, convolutional neural network (CNN) has paved its way for classification of multiple plant diseases by extracting rich features. However, several characteristics of the input images especially captured in real world environment, viz. complex or indistinguishable background, presence of multiple leaves with the diseased leaf, small lesion area, solemnly affect the robustness and accuracy of the CNN modules. Available strategies usually applied standard CNN architectures on the images captured in the laboratory environment and very few have considered practical in-field leaf images for their studies. However, those studies are limited with very limited number of plant species. Therefore, there is need of a robust CNN module which can successfully recognize and classify the dissimilar leaf health conditions of non-identical plants from the in-field RGB images. To achieve the above goal, an attention dense learning (ADL) mechanism is proposed in this article by merging mixed sigmoid attention learning with the basic dense learning process of deep CNN. The basic dense learning process derives new features at higher layer considering all lower layer features and that provides fast and efficient training process. Further, the attention learning process amplifies the learning ability of the dense block by discriminating the meaningful lesion portions of the images from the background areas. Other than adding an extra layer for attention learning, in the proposed ADL block the output features from higher layer dense learning are used as an attention mask to the lower layers. For an effective and fast classification process, five ADL blocks are stacked to build a new CNN architecture named DADCNN-5 for obtaining classification robustness and higher testing accuracy. Initially, the proposed DADCNN-5 module is applied on publicly available extended PlantVillage dataset to classify 38 different health conditions of 14 plant species from 54,305 images. Classification accuracy of 99.93% proves that the proposed CNN module can be used for successful leaf disease identification. Further, the efficacy of the DADCNN-5 model is checked after performing stringent experiments on a new real world plant leaf database, created by the authors. The new leaf database contains 10,851 real-world RGB leaf images of 17 plant species for classifying their 44 distinguished health conditions. Experimental outcomes reveal that the proposed DADCNN-5 outperforms the existing machine learning and standard CNN architectures, and achieved 97.33% accuracy. The obtained sensitivity, specificity and false positive rate values are 96.57%, 99.94% and 0.063% respectively. The module takes approximately 3235 min for training process and achieves 99.86% of training accuracy. Visualization of Class activation mapping (CAM) depicts that DADCNN-5 is able to learn distinguishable features from semantically important regions (i.e. lesion regions) on the leaves. Further, the robustness of the DADCNN-5 is established after experimenting with augmented and noise contaminated images of the practical database.

Christian Platonism: A History ed. by Alexander J. B. Hampton and John Peter Kenney

Reviewed by: Christian Platonism: A History ed. by Alexander J. B. Hampton and John Peter Kenney Jessica L. D. Jones HAMPTON, Alexander J. B. and John Peter Kenney, editors. Christian Platonism: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. xv + 497 pp. Cloth, $130.00 One would be hard-pressed to think of a philosophical school more consistently in dialogue with Christianity over the centuries than Platonism. Platonism's influence on the development of Christian theology and philosophy has at times been one of assistance in articulating the intelligibility of the Christian faith to the degree that it can be articulated, as we find in Augustine's oeuvre. But fierce debate has also marked the relationship between Christianity and Platonism. Platonist thinkers in the early centuries of Christianity, such as Porphyry in his Κατὰ Χριστιανῶν, have been among the religion's most dedicated critics. Christian Platonism: A History is self-conscious about this complicated relationship between Christianity and Platonism. As such, the volume's purpose is not to shy away from this relationship but, rather, to articulate its complexity in all its facets. For Christianity's longstanding dialogue with Platonism exhibits the best kind of philosophical and theological influence, one that refines the thought of both Platonists and Christians alike as members of each school deliberate about the highest things. As the editors Alexander Hampton and John Peter Kenney point out in their introductory essay, such rigorous debate could not have taken place at the level of sophistication that it did without some common, shared principles. One of those common principles, they contend, is Christianity and Platonism's mutual and fundamental "commitment to transcendence" and "adherence to an ontology countenancing the existence of a higher level of reality beyond the manifest image of the physical world." Another is a shared interest in articulating the precise sort of ontological relationship that transpires between transcendent, immaterial being and sensible being, with a "focus on the incarnational, participatory, and sacramental character of being, which calls us back to its motive force in love." Such ontological assumptions held in common made a profound dialogue between Christianity and Platonism possible. Christian Platonism uses the term "Platonism," then, for a purpose. The volume traces Christian reception of both Plato as well as subsequent philosophical iterations of Platonic-inspired schools (such as the Neoplatonists and the Cambridge Platonists). It is an intimidating task for any volume of collected essays to undertake. But the book does a wonderful job of capturing the scope of such a project by distinguishing [End Page 819] three primary areas for reflection: the conceptual, the historical, and the topical. The first distinguishes conceptual allegiances and distinctions between Christian and Platonic thinkers; the second treats a chronological set of historical intersections between Christianity and Platonism; and the final section engages subjects of contemporary concern through the lens of Christian Platonism. Rather than summarize all the essays contained in such an expansive volume, I shall highlight a few essays that may be of interest to Review of Metaphysics readers. The volume opens with Lloyd Gerson's defense of the perennial importance of Platonism, in which he focuses on drawing out the reasons why a Platonic metaphysic of eternal forms grounding the multiplicity of existing things and the possibility of practical wisdom endures in its attractiveness. While Gerson notes that Christianity is a "mixed" science, given that Christianity has to work out its theological positions with an attentiveness to history (Platonism does not have the same restriction), he nevertheless attributes Christianity's incorporation of Platonic-inspired metaphysical reflections into Trinitarian theology as a sign of Platonism's philosophical explanatory power. The subsequent essays in the conceptual section trace out the dialectic between Platonism and Christianity on metaphysical topics such as the transformation of Platonic forms into the theory of divine ideas, the nature of participation of sensible things in relation to the ideas, the simple yet Trinitarian nature of God, and the nature of theology itself. The next section concerns itself with essays on various historical intersections and divergences of Christianity and Platonism. These essays open with tracing Platonism's influence on the early Church's theological attempts to interpret scripture, which John Peter Kenney recounts as beginning with...

Вербализация символа: блазонирование в государственной геральдике постсоветских республик

The article deals with the linguistic embodiment of national symbols. On the basis of lexicography, the author determines the semantic structure of the national idea and describes its implementation in the heraldic symbols of the countries of the former USSR. The semantics of the state contains the following semantic blocks: power, territory, population (people) and the country as a whole. It is established that the main symbols of power amid artifacts are the crown, sword, scepter, orb and trident, and amid the images of fauna – images of a lion, an eagle and a griffin. The territory is symbolized through the image of the administrative and historical division of the country, images of typical representatives of its flora and fauna. Most frequently, on the coats of arms one can see images of the economically most important or most typical representatives of the country’s flora, followed by landscape elements, and only after them the images of the animal world. The symbols associated with the people inhabiting the country of the certain coat of arms include images of specifically national artifacts, objects of material culture. A significant part of the images of the national heraldry symbolizes the concepts and ideals common to the country of the coat of arms as a whole: mythological and folklore images, confessional and astronomical symbols, history and other symbols. National anthems and national heraldry coincide in the history and geography of the country, while the latter is practically lacunary in relation to the emotional and evaluative side of patriotism.

Фреймовая репрезентация концепта «цифровая экономика» в русскоязычной дискурсивной практике

The article presents the primary structure of the concept "digital economy". The research material is comprised of lexical units and word combinations that verbalize this concept and are included in electronic dictionaries and scientific publications on the relevant topics, selected by the keyword method. Frame analysis clarified that the concept "digital economy" in its cognitive structure reflects a hierarchy of cognitive layers that includes artificial intelligence and data subframes, which are distributed into several interconnected slots, including development, information, ICT, technology. A number of typical thematic categories and morphological-and-syntactic constructions were revealed in the structure of the concept digital economy. The application of linguacultural approach resulted in the thematic categorization of units, which represent the concept under study. The linguistic and cognitive approach has enabled part-of-speech categorization of the concept representatives. It is revealed that thematically the concept "digital economy" is represented by the following categories: tools and means, processes, goods and services. By means of the morphological-and-syntactic categorization of the language units, the dominance of the "Adjective + Noun" model was identified, the attributes informational, digital, electronic are found to be most frequent; they reflect the processes and categories of digitalization and informatization in the modern linguistic world image.

The ideals of student youth in relation to the present, possible and anti-ideal

Introduction. The study of youth ideals is of traditional interest because they provide an understanding of youth values and social orientations, which determine the choice of future and current social behaviour. Ideals are a component of a single image of the world; they are interrelated with the actual (present), possible/impossible and anti-ideal as fundamental modes of human existence. The correlation of ideals with these categories reveals their functionality as regulators of social behaviour. The theories of self-concepts and identity most fully use this system of categories. However, there is still no research of these categories as a single functioning system when studying the image of the social world of young people.Aim. The aim of the current research is to study the ideals of student youth in the context of the desired/present, possible/impossible, and permissible/unacceptable (anti-ideal).Methodology and research methods. The object of research is images of “other people” with socio-group and characteristic features, freely reproduced by students. The online study involved 284 second-year students; they reproduced 6472 images of “others” and attributed 13961 features. To identify the implicit structure of the desired categories, the respondents evaluated “others” on an ungraded scale of “Bottom” (anti-ideal) – Self – “Top” (ideal). The implicit structure includes ideals; images of the present (equivalent Self); images of the desired-possible; images of the undesirable, but possible and permissible; images of the unacceptable (anti-ideals). The author compared the ideals with other evaluative and normative categories by three parameters: 1) the frequency of actualisation in consciousness (relevance); 2) socio-group (institutional) specificity; 3) the value-added content of characteristic features.Results. The frequency of updating images was determined: ideals (7.9%), present (15.4%), desirable-possible (21.9%), undesirable, but possible and permissible (44.9%), anti-ideals (5.6%). Frequency reflects the relevance of categories in the general evaluation and regulatory system, and the probability of their occurrence in students’ minds in a situation of uncertainty. The socio-institutional specificity of ideals lies in the predominance of older and female images, images of relatives, parents and representatives of science. The priority of “loved ones” combines ideals-standards with the composition of the present, and orientation to “distant ones” as anti-ideals. It was found that the content of the ideals represents the hierarchy of personal students’ values and includes several levels: 1) central values are communicative and altruistic; they have the same frequency in all the compared categories; 2) the first level of significance is the values of knowledge; their relevance increases in terms of the possible-desired; 3) the second level is the values of achievement, struggle and risk, practical activity, physical data and comfort; their relevance increases in the samples of the possible (desirable and undesirable); 4) the third level is the values of social normativity; their relevance increases for anti-ideals. The images of the present indicate a low relevance of struggle, risk and achievements. The images of the possible correspond to ideals in the content of values, and reflect the values of the second level most specifically and differentiated. The most relevant are the samples of the undesirable possible.Scientific novelty. The values and social attributes of ideals are considered in relation to the categories of the present, possible (desirable and undesirable), anti-ideal. Quantitative relations of these categories in the current consciousness of young people are described.Practical significance. The results are useful for analysing and predicting the social behavior of young people.

Monocular Depth Estimation (Literature Review)

Background. The physiological basis of spatial perception is traditionally attributed to the binocular system, which integrates the signals coming to the brain from each eye into a single image of the three-dimensional outside world. The perception of three-dimensionality, however, is also possible due to the evolutionarily older monocular system of spatial perception. Normally, the binocular mechanism plays the leading role in depth perception, and its violations lead to a shift towards the monocular. In this regard, one of the relevant areas of ophthalmology and neurophysiology is the study of the features of monocular depth estimation in normal conditions and cases of ophthalmic pathology.Purpose: to study the literature data on the monocular depth estimation mechanism, methods of its assessment, as well as the peculiarities of its manifestations in normal conditions and cases of ophthalmic pathology.Materials and methods. The literature analysis of publications on PubMed, eLibrary, Cyberleninka and crossref metadata search was carried out.Results. The review considers modern ideas regarding monocular depth cues that can ensure the effective operation of the monocular mechanism of spatial vision. The stereokinetic effect (SE) is considered in detail. The possibilities of using SE assessment methods to evaluate the state of spatial vision mechanisms in cases of ophthalmic and neurological pathology have been studied.Conclusion. There are a number of monocular depth cues that can ensure the effective operation of the monocular mechanism of spatial vision, such as: perspective, light and color effects, accommodation and knowledge of the true sizes of the objects acquired with experience. Stereokinetic effect caused by the successive displacement of projections of circular eccentric images on the retina, which allows to evaluate relationship of monocular and binocular mechanisms of spatial perception, has a particular importance for ophthalmology practice. In patients with binocular vision disorders (amblyopia and strabismus), a decrease in monocular and an increase in binocular SE indicators were observed, whereas only a decrease in monocular indicators is more typical for organic ocular fundus pathology. At the same time, changes in SE indicators can serve as additional criteria for evaluating the efficacy of functional treatment of binocular disorders.