Volume Work Research Articles

GHG emissions in KG-CO2 / M2 generated by a House Type INFONAVIT

Climate change is one of the main current problems, it concerns the entire human population since its effects are worldwide, especially now we have seen its consequences, according to Menghi (2007), the average global temperatures grew by more than 0.5 ° C in the last century, and the glaciers are disappearing from the earth. The greenhouse effect generated mainly by the gases of the same name (GHG), is the fundamental factor of climate change. Construction is one of the ways in which the human being contaminates in a constant way this due to urban growth and the demand for infrastructure that this generates. This research has the purpose of determining the KG-CO2 / M2 generated by a 44 m2 house of interest type INFONAVIT using the Life Cycle methodology (ACV) of the products or materials, established in ISO 14040, employee an inventory of KG-CO2 emissions from building materials, obtained from various bibliographic sources and databases and using the work volumes required to build the house. The results obtained of 161.57 Kg-CO2 / M2.

Transfer Function Analysis: Modelling Residential Building Costs in New Zealand by Including the Influences of House Price and Work Volume

An accurate cost estimate not only plays a key role in project feasibility studies but also in achieving a final successful outcome. Conventionally, estimating cost typically relies on the experience of professionals and cost data from previous projects. However, this process is complex and time-consuming, and it is challenging to ensure the accuracy of the estimates. In this study, the bivariate and multivariate transfer function models were adopted to estimate and forecast the building costs of two types of residential buildings in New Zealand: Low-rise buildings and high-rise buildings. The transfer function method takes advantage of the merits of univariate time series analysis and the power of explanatory variables. In the dynamic project conduction environment, simply including building cost data in the cost forecasting models is not valid for making predictions, because the change in demand must be considered. Thus, the time series of house prices and work volume were used to explain exogenous effects in the transfer function model. To demonstrate the effectiveness of transfer function models, this study compared the results generated by the transfer function models with autoregressive integrated moving average models. According to the forecasting performance of the models, the proposed approach achieved better results than autoregressive integrated moving average models. The proposed method can provide accurate cost estimates that can help stakeholders in project budget planning and management strategy making at the early stage of a project.

Maximal strength performance, efficiency, and myoelectric responses with differing intra-set rest intervals during paired set training

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different rest intervals within paired sets (PS) on total work and training volume, efficiency (training volume load/session duration time), and myoelectric activity. MethodFifteen trained men participated in this study. Four experimental protocols were applied: P30 (30 s rest), P60 (60 s rest), P90 (90 s rest), and P120 (120 s rest). The PS bout consisted of a bench press (BP)/lat pull down (LPD), 30° incline bench press (BP30)/wide-grip seated row (SR), and triceps extension (TE)/biceps curl (BC) exercises. Surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of the biceps and triceps brachii were recorded. ResultsVolume load (repetitions x number of exercise sets x loads) was significantly lower for the P30 (5385.8 ± 1224 kg) versus the P60 (6755.6 ± 1398.5 kg), P90 (7358.3 ± 1490.3 kg), and P120 (7463 ± 1310 kg) protocols. No significant differences in sEMG activity was noted between protocols. The efficiency (kg·min−1) of P30 (633.6 ± 144) was significantly higher versus P60 (397.4 ± 82.2), P90 (288.5 ± 58.4), and P120 (219.5 ± 38.5). ConclusionShort intra-set rest intervals (60 s) within PS may be a potential alternative for increasing the volume load, since longer intra-rest (90 s and 120 s) intervals do not provide additional benefits.

Impact of Two Diets on Metabolic- and Exercise-Based Outcomes to Workouts on Gravity-Independent Hardware (P23-002-19)

ObjectivesSpace flight diets include a 55/30/15 (carbohydrate/fat/protein) ratio. Yet recent long-term missions require astronauts to exercise several hours daily for up to seven days a week. We hypothesize a high protein diet (45/25/30) is more conducive to longer missions and their high volumes of exercise. MethodsWith a within-subjects design, participants (8 men, 8 women) adhered to each diet for 14 days. Isocaloric diets were prescribed based on subject’s resting metabolic rate, activity level and body composition. Compliance was monitored daily. Per subject, diet sequence was randomized to limit order effects. Immediately after each diet concluded subjects worked out on a gravity-independent device (Impulse Training Systems; Newnan, GA) while tethered to a metabolic cart. Workouts entailed four (unilateral knee extension, unilateral hip extension, unilateral standing row, bilateral arm pulldown) exercises, comprised of three 60-second sets separated by 60-second rests and done against 4.4 kg. Work volumes were measured from our device, as were pre-exercise respiratory quotients (RQ), and energy costs based on net O2 uptakes. Blood lactate concentrations ([BLa-]) were measured before and five minutes after workouts. Exercise and respiratory data were compared with 2(gender) × 2(diet) ANOVAs, with repeated measures for diet. [BLa-] were assessed with a 2(gender) × 2(time) × 2(diet) ANOVA, with repeated measures for time and diet. ResultsSignificant [BLa-] differences occurred for time (post > pre) and for RQ by diet (55/30/15 > 45/25/30). Trends for work differences occurred by gender (men > women) and diet (45/25/30 > 55/30/15). ConclusionsOur preliminary results concur with those that show greater RQ values from diets higher in carbohydrates. With continued data collection it is of interest to note if inter-work differences reach statistical significance, with higher values produced by the high protein diet. If so, such a diet may be more efficacious as a countermeasure to the muscle atrophy, strength loss and performance decrements for in-flight operational tasks seen with longer missions. Funding SourcesKentucky Space Grant Consortium.

Signaling responses to high and moderate load strength exercise in trained muscle.

We examined signaling responses in the skeletal muscle of strength athletes after strength exercises under high and moderate load. Eight trained male powerlifters were recruited. The volunteers performed four sets of leg presses to volitional fatigue using a moderate load (65% 1‐repetition maximum [1RM]) for one leg, and a high load (85% 1RM) for the contralateral leg. The work volume performed by the leg moving a moderate load was higher than that of the contralateral leg moving a high load. Biopsy of the m. vastus lateralis was performed before, and at 1, 5, and 10 h after, cessation of exercise. Phosphorylation of p70S6kThr389, 4E‐BP1Thr37/46, and ACCS er79 increased after moderate load exercises, whereas phosphorylation of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 increased, and that of eEF2Thr56 decreased, after high load exercises. Exercise under a moderate load and a high work volume activated mTORC1‐dependent signaling in trained skeletal muscle, whereas exercise under a high load but lower work volume activated the MEK‐ERK1/2 signaling cascade and eEF2.

Planning for the Rheumatologist Workforce: Factors Associated With Work Hours and Volumes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with rheumatologists' clinical work hours and patient volumes based on a national workforce survey in rheumatology. Adult rheumatologists who participated in a 2015 workforce survey were included (n = 255). Univariate analysis evaluated the relationship between demographics (sex, age, academic vs. community practice, billing fee for service vs. other plan, years in practice, retirement plans) and workload (total hours and number of ½-day clinics per week) or patient volumes (number of new and follow-up consults per week). Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between practice type, sex, age, and working hours or clinical volumes. Male rheumatologists had more ½-day clinics (p = 0.05) and saw more new patients per week (p = 0.001) compared with females. Community rheumatologists had more ½-day clinics and new and follow-up visits per week (all p < 0.01). Fee-for-service rheumatologists reported more ½-day clinics per week (p < 0.001) and follow-ups (p = 0.04). Workload did not vary by age, years in practice, or retirement plans. In multivariate analysis, community practice remained independently associated with higher patient volumes and more clinics per week. Female rheumatologists reported fewer clinics and fewer follow-up patients per week than males, but this did not affect the duration of working hours or new consultations. Age was not associated with work volumes or hours. Practice type and rheumatologist sex should be considered when evaluating rheumatologist workforce needs, as the proportion of female rheumatologists has increased over time and alternative billing practices have been introduced in many centers.

Determination of the Open Risers more Effective Zone for Steel Wheel Casts

The manufacture by casting, remains the most economical way to obtain pieces with complex geometries and diverse alloys. This is a highly complex process given the large number of variables and factors involved in it, thus, when one of these is ignored and/or left out of control, process errors and distortions usually occur. The present paper introduces a design of experiment of the type: Central Composite Design (22) + Star, that took into account the variation of important parameters in the pouring, solidification and cooling process, such as pouring temperature and pouring ratio, and that also added the “coefficient factor” relating the geometric parameters of the risers. This design studied the factors ‘effects in 16 runs, including 2 central points per block, with the aim of finding the best working area of the risers and the optimal values of the parameters studied under specific conditions. The statistical processing of the data obtained showed the relationships between the parameters studied and the different regression equations. The results obtained allowed to establish new procedures and work volumes for the risers in order to reduce the consumption of material during the process.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY ACTIVITIES - POSSIBILITIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF OPTIMIZATION

“Clinical Laboratory” is an independent medical specialty, a dynamic clinical discipline of a scientific and applied nature. Laboratory researches, the results of which are objective indicators of the state of the organism, are of great importance in terms of modern medicine. Laboratory analyses help to achieve, within certain limits, such a result that can be used for the purpose of making the necessary medical decisions. “Laboratory Medicine” is a complex specialty, covering different directions: clinical chemistry, laboratory haematology, immunology, immunohematology, biology, drug monitoring and laboratory toxicology. A wide varietyof techniques is used for the analysis of biological fluids, the composition and properties of different types of cells, tissues, organs and systems.According to World Health Organization (WHO)data, in the past 20 years, the rate of morbidity within the population of nosologic units requiring high technologies and accuracy of diagnostic tests has increased. Modern revolution in clinical medicine complicates research methods and, as a result, increases significantly their value and cost.Laboratory units are widely considered to determine the status of each national healthcare system. Effectiveness of laboratory diagnostic process can be ensured by two key elements – high-tech equipment and professional staff. A need exists for identifying and using internal reserves with a view to the optimization of work volume and structures of laboratory and diagnostic units, being a promising and the most realisticdirection in the contemporary socio-economic situation.The mission of Clinical Laboratory departments is focused both on the provision of fast, adequate and accurate medical-diagnostic assistance, as well as on making effective use of any available material and technical resources and personnel potential. The problem being studied, its importance and the analysis of Clinical Laboratory activity are an essential component of the vision for this activity: high quality of clinical and laboratory results, timely and accurate diagnosis, adequate, timely and effective medical decisions.Main activities such as management; documentation of researches assigned and carried out; financial and economic aspects related to the valuation of laboratory analyses; tracking cost and available options for their optimization; reasonable time reduction for the production of laboratory analyses; introducing new high-performance technological equipment to improve the quality of laboratory activities and optimize the healing process have been researched and analysed in the Clinical Laboratory of “Kanev” University Multi-Profile Hospital for Active Treatment, Ruse.

Editor’s Acknowledgment of Service to JSSWR

Previous articleNext article FreeEditor’s Acknowledgment of Service to JSSWRPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreThe peer-review process is critical to ensuring the quality and rigor of the work published by the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research (JSSWR). Peer reviews are the core of good scholarly publishing and a hallmark of all reputable, respected journals. The peer reviewers listed here contributed their time and talents during 2018 to review manuscripts, provide thoughtful and constructive critiques, and encourage authors to produce their best work. These reviewers have played a vital role in maintaining JSSWR’s high standards and promoting rigorous social work research. Indeed, the time and effort that our peer reviewers dedicate to providing well-considered reviews is a priceless gift not only to JSSWR but also to the social work field. The responsiveness of our reviewers has enabled JSSWR to maintain its commitment to rapid review of manuscripts, with authors receiving a decision within 38 days of submission. As a gesture of our appreciation to the referees who have unselfishly given of themselves, we would like to formally thank them for their service to JSSWR.Haksoon AhnBecci AkinEdward AlessiMustapha AlhassanInna AltschulCecilia AyonStephanie BegunAngela BelcherShelly Ben-DavidKimberly BenderKia BentleyRupaleem BhuyanBeverly BlackDenise BlackHeidi BonnerLindsay BornheimerCaroline BotvinMichela Bou GhosnNatasha BowenJavier BoyasSara BressiCharlotte BrightDaniel BrissonMary Ellen BrownSamantha BrownChristina BruhnAlicia BungerThomas ByrneWilliam CabinCarol CatonAmy ChanmugamPajarita CharlesShirley ChauDing-Geng ChenXinguang ChenMary CollinsJohn CooleyMatthew CuellarSandra DanzigerAngeleique DayKathryn DePaolisMathieu DespardAlan DettlaffSarah Dow-FleisnerCaroline EvansMegan FeelyDale FitchJohn FlukeRowena FongCynthia FontanellaMaryah FramTodd FrankeAndrew FrazerJohn GallagherAntonio GarciaSharon GarrettJennifer GeigerJeremy GoldbachGeetha GopalanAaron GottliebJeffrey GrossmanMing-Hu HanMary HeldJulieta HernandezAmy HillierLaurel HitchcockIan HollowayJun Sung HongMichin HongMatthew HowardTyriesa HowellHsun-Ta HsuXiaoning HuangAzfar HussainKat JacobsTodd JensenPeter KindleJulia KobulskyKaren KolivoskiAlfgeir KristjanssonSheryl KubiakAlicia KyteTravis LabrumAshley LandersJungeun Olivia LeeJuyeon LeeMadeline LeeRufina LeeTae LeeEricka LewisCaroline LimMelissa LippoldMark LittRebecca MacyJennifer ManuelChristopher MaxwellDaniel MeyerEunji NamSarah NarendorfChristina NewhillNicole NicoteraWilliam NugentIjeoma Nwabuzor OgbonnayaMary OhmerDavid OkechGeraint OsborneMegan PaceleyDeborah PadgettLawrence PalinkasJane PalmerJose Parra-CardonaBina PatelDesmond PattonMonica Perez JollesRyan PetrosCarrie PetrucciBarbara PierceMargaret PolinskyTamara RadohlRamesh RaghavanVirginia Ramseyer WinterKaren RandolphAlexandra RedcayHarmony RhoadesLauren RicciardelliRoderick RoseBenjamin RothSonia RubensDouglas RughMelanie SageChristopher Salas-WrightAmy SalazarRebecca SanfordAnna ScheyettTerry ShawCorey ShdaimahHee-Choon ShinFlorian SichlingShannon SlivaEusebius SmallPhyllis SolomonKatie StalkerJohanna ThomasEmmy TideringtonGeorge TsagarisValandraTonya VanDeinseStijn VandeveldeMichael VaughnYolanda VillarrealRachel Voth SchragXiafei WangYi WangKristina WebberKai WeiBridget WellerStacia WestKevin WhiteDarren WhitfieldTraci WikeJeffrey WilsonJessica WojtalikMichael Wolf-BraniginYing-ling WongMichael WooleyChristopher WretmanLiyun WuQi WuShiyou WuFred WulczynJoanne YaffeChangmin YooJoan YooAmanda Yoshika-MaxwellAnao ZhangQianwei ZhaoGuest Editor Special AcknowledgmentThe JSSWR editor-in-chief and associate editors extend their deepest gratitude to those who serve as guest editors. Guest editors take on a crucial role in ensuring the quality of content in special publications, including special issues and topical sections. As part of their role, guest editors not only endeavor to select the highest quality articles from the best researchers in the field but also seek to ensure that the articles published reflect important or emerging research in the field. We thank Shaun M. Eack (University of Pittsburgh) for his service as guest editor of the 2018 special section on Neuroscience and Social Work. We also thank Valerie B. Shapiro (University of California, Berkeley) and Kimberly Bender (University of Denver) for their work as guest editors of the special issue on Ensuring Healthy Development for All Youth Through the Power of Prevention. Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research Volume 10, Number 1Spring 2019 Published for the Society for Social Work and Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/701842 © 2019 by the Society for Social Work and Research. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Life and Career of Matthew O. Howard

The Life and Career of Matthew O. Howard

How can LVAD support influence ventricular energetics parameters in advanced heart failure patients? A retrospective study

Background and objectiveHere we present a retrospective analysis of six heart failure patients previously discussed at a multidisciplinary team meeting. Only three out of six patients underwent LVAD insertion as the most appropriate management option. MethodsWe sought to reproduce the baseline conditions of these patients on hospital admission using our cardiovascular software simulator (CARDIOSIM©). Subsequently, we simulated the effects of LVAD support and drug administration on left and right ventricular energetics parameters. LVAD assistance was delivered by CARDIOSIM© based on the module reproducing the behaviour of the Berlin Heart INCOR pump. ResultsThe results of our simulations were in agreement with the multidisciplinary team meeting outcome. The analysis of ventricular energetics parameters based on external work and pressure volume area confirmed LVAD support as a beneficial therapeutic option for the three patients considered eligible for this type of treatment. The effects induced by LVAD support and drugs administration showed specific patterns between the two groups of patients. ConclusionA quantitative approach with the ability to predict outcome during patient's assessment may well be an aid and not a substitute for clinical decision-making.

Predicting the Required Volume Need for Architectural Work Using Artificial Neural Networks in Hospital Buildings

Decision-making in construction design has an important role. The need for estimation tools of planning and project management aspects needs to develop. This paper discussed the benefits of artificial neural network methodology to overcome the problem of estimated the needs of the volume of wall paired, ceiling worked pairing, and ceramic floor pairing for architectural work at the designed stage of the building. The average architecture cost of state building is 29%-51% of total construction value. Data from 15 projects was used for being trained and tested by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods with 5 design input variables. The ANN helped to estimate the value of volume requirement on the architectural working of Pratama Hospital building project in remote areas of Indonesia. Those input variables include building area, average column span distance, the height of the building, the shape of the building, and a number of inpatient rooms. From ANN simulation, the best empirical equation of P2V5 modeling was used to predict the need of hospital architecture work volume at conceptual stage with best ANN structure 5-9-3 (5 input variables, 1 hidden layer with 9 neurons and 3 output) with result of estimation accuracy a maximum of 96.40% was reached.

Using worn out insole to express human foot

The human foot is unique, which is evident in its print. The purpose of this work was to determine the foot's work volume given a footprint. Five volunteers participated in the study who supplied their used shoes. The insole images were processed to find the effective regions. The correct spots were identified and were marked. The drawn footprints looked similar geometrically; however, each footprint had a different node positions profile. The aspect ratio of the foot length, width, and height congregated to 3:1:1, and the footprint angle was 30 degrees. The actual plots revealed that the ranges of the foot length ratio and the footprint angle were 2.20 to 3.00, and 30 degrees to 45 degrees, respectively. Therefore, the human foot identity may be expressed by simple measurements of the foot height, the foot width, the foot height following the standardised node locations.

Using worn out insole to express human foot

The human foot is unique, which is evident in its print. The purpose of this work was to determine the foot's work volume given a footprint. Five volunteers participated in the study who supplied their used shoes. The insole images were processed to find the effective regions. The correct spots were identified and were marked. The drawn footprints looked similar geometrically; however, each footprint had a different node positions profile. The aspect ratio of the foot length, width, and height congregated to 3:1:1, and the footprint angle was 30 degrees. The actual plots revealed that the ranges of the foot length ratio and the footprint angle were 2.20 to 3.00, and 30 degrees to 45 degrees, respectively. Therefore, the human foot identity may be expressed by simple measurements of the foot height, the foot width, the foot height following the standardised node locations.

Effect of Strain Induced Martensite Reversal on the Degree of Sensitization of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

Effect of reversion of strain induced martensite on degree of sensitization (DOS) of Cr-Mn Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) have been examined. The martensite reversion is known to be effective in refining the grain size of metastable ASS. However, martensitic reversal takes place only after severe cold rolling reductions. In this study, the effect of degree of cold rolling and subsequent thermal ageing on the microstructure, mechanical, and sensitization properties of a metastable Cr-Mn ASS was investigated. Samples were cold worked (25% and 45%) and then thermal aged at different temperature of 700°C and 900°C for 2 hrs. Microstructures were subjected to optical microscopy. Microstructural study shows that with increasing thermal ageing temperature, strain induced martensite undergoes reversal to austenite and is associated with grain refinement. XRD analysis has revealed that at 25% cold work, volume fraction of martensite was 24%, and as cold work was increased to 45%, the volume fraction of martensite was 42%. Whereas after thermal ageing at 700°C, part of strain induced martensite undergo reversal to austenite and only 18% martensite is left in the matrix. On thermal ageing at 900°C, only 2% strain induced martensite was left in the matrix. Hardness also follows the same trend as observed for volume fraction of martensite during cold work and subsequent thermal ageing. As the cold work percentage increases, hardness and volume fraction increases but as thermal ageing temperature increases, both hardness and volume fraction of martensite decrease rapidly. Degree of sensitization (DOS) decreases with increasing thermal ageing temperature.

Application of lean manufacturing practices in the banking industry - a case study

Due to the highly competitive nature of service industries, lean manufacturing intervened service sector as a methodology to reduce waste and improve productivity. Among various service industries, banking sector was selected for the study due to the highly customer centric nature, product complexity and increased transactional work volume persisting. Study was focused on implementing lean manufacturing practices in banking industries for which different lean enablers existing in banking sector were explored from a detailed field study conducted among various banks. A modified lean implementation model for banking industry was designed from literature survey and field study conducted. Analytic hierarchy process was executed among the different enablers and sub-enablers of lean model to obtain the priority percentage of each. Based on priority percentage from AHP the lean manufacturing model was implemented in one of the branches of a private sector bank. A few performance indicators were identified, observed and analysed from the period of implementation. Various performance indicators including productivity index and customer satisfaction index of the bank was calculated and improvements were achieved, which helped the private banking branch to perform better in the current global competitive market.

Experimental Study of the Creep Behaviour of Nano-Composites Carbon Fibres

In this work, the effect of nano carbon black particles (N220) on creep behaviour of epoxy-fibres carbon composites was study. The nano composites were prepared with (2, 3and 4 wt %) of carbon black nanoparticles using ultrasonic wave bath machine dispersion method. The creep test was performed by using creep test rig for carbon- epoxy composite specimen with and without add carbon black nanoparticles. The volume fraction of this work (volume of carbon fiber to volume of composites specimen) was 30 %. The result show that, there is an improvement on the creep strain behaviour (10 %), (12.5 %) and (19%) for the specimen with nano carbon (2%), (3%) and (4%) wt % respectively.

Barley Anther Culture.

The production of doubled haploid (DH) barley plants through anther culture is a very useful yet simple in vitro technique. DH plants derive from divisions of haploid microspores that have undergone a developmental switch under the appropriate conditions. The successive divisions lead to the formation of an embryo or callus rather than the formation of mature pollen grains. Plants that regenerate from these embryos are often either haploid, in which case their chromosome set can be doubled by treatment with colchicine, or spontaneous double haploids. The efficiency of DH plant production is highly variable depending on the genotype of the source material. Despite this limitation, DH plants have been widely used in breeding and research programs. Compared to conventional approaches, breeding strategies that makes use of DH plants achieve a homozygous state, allowing transgene or mutation stabilization in the genome, within a considerably shorter time, thus accelerating workflow or reducing work volume.

The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain: A Mini-Review.

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein mainly synthetized in the neurons. Early evidence showed that BDNF participates in cognitive processes as measured at the hippocampus. This neurotrophin is as a reliable marker of brain function; moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that BDNF participates in physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The BDNF has been also studied using the exercise paradigm to determine its response to different exercise modalities; therefore, BDNF is considered a new member of the exercise-related molecules. The high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise protocol characterized by low work volume performed at a high intensity [i.e., ≥80% of maximal heart rate (HRmax)]. Recent evidence supports the contention that HIIT elicits higher fat oxidation in skeletal muscle than other forms of exercise. Similarly, HIIT is a good stimulus to increase maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Few studies have investigated the impact of HIIT on the BDNF response. The present work summarizes the effects of acute and long-term HIIT on BDNF.

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise on Blood Creatinine, Urea, Total Protein and Uric Acid Levels of Trained and Untrained Subjects

There are numerous studies about exercise-induced sports hematuria, proteinuria, acute renal failure following a marathon (Steward, Posen, 1980; Poortmans et al., 2001; Ayca et al., 2006). But studies investigating the effects of exercise on blood indicators of renal function are quite few.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of submaximal veloergometric exercise on very important bio-chemical indicators of renal function — level nitrogen compounds in the blood. We investigated concentration of creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid in venous blood samples before and after submaximal veloergometric exercise. Those nitrogen compounds were studied in three groups of subjects.The study was performed with 10 trained (Group 1), 10 untrained subjects (Group 2) and 10 subjects with I o hiper-tensive status (Group 3). The age range was 20.5—21.3 years, weight — 71.8—77.3 kg, height — 180—177 cm. All subjects voluntered to participate in the study after providing written informed consent. The study was approved in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Blood samples were collected before and after the submaximal velo-ergometric test into vacumtrainer tubes. Concentrations of creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid in the serum were determined using Technicon Auto Analyzer ADVIA 1650 system.All data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise specifi ed, and statistical signifi cance was recognized when p ≤ 0.05.No statistically signifi cant difference was observed between pre- and post exercise blood creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid mean levels of all group subjects. A marked exercise induced increase in blood creatinine and total protein concentrations was observed when the results of trained and untrained participants’ parameter differences were compared after the exercise.A signifi cant (p &lt; 0.05) exercise-induced increase in blood urea and total protein concentration was observed when the mean values of Group 1 and Group 2 before the exercise and parameters after the exercise were compared.When blood creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid levels were compared separately for the participants, it was observed that seven persons in Group 1 and three persons in Group 2 showed a marked exercise-induced increase in the blood nitrogen compounds level.Research results suggest that 1) the testing exercise-induced statistically insignifi cant (p &gt; 0.05) increases in the blood parameters of nitrogen compounds (creatinine, urea, total protein and uric acid) could be due to the common phenomenon of the physical stress and catecholamine effects, 2) postexercise changes of blood nitrogen compounds were signifi cant (p &lt; 0.05) when the results of Group 1 with Group 2 participants were compared. The signifi cant differences in metabolic responce in Group 1 and Group 2 participants probably refl ect differences in work volume and intensity, and 3) further studies are needed to be performed on more subjects to evaluate exercise-specifi c effects on postexercise changes of blood nitrogen compounds in athletes and nonathletes.Keywords: blood, creatinine, urea, total protein, uric acid.