Words In Source Language Research Articles

Issues of translation for the ISO/TS 12913–2:2018 Attributes: Paradox of Equivalence, Non-Equivalence and suggested approaches to Construct Equivalence in Cross-Cultural soundscape research

ISO/TS 12913–2:2018 includes selected attributes for the characterization of the perceived affective quality of soundscapes. The Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP) is an international collaboration of researchers that aims to provide translations of the ISO/TS 12913–2:2018 attributes in a growing number of languages. However, in the translation process, various issues may arise. ‘Paradox of equivalence’ refers to the issue that if a form of a test or other measure is demanded to yield comparable results in two cultures, then the more equivalent two forms become the less the probability of finding cultural differences. ‘Non-equivalence’, refers to the issue of the target language having no direct equivalent for a source language word, making absolute equivalence unattainable. This study presents and discusses examples of potential issues of equivalence in translations of ISO/TS 12913–2:2018 attributes. Α translation approach is suggested at a theoretical and practical level based on construct equivalence of attributes between source and target language, a prerequisite for valid comparisons in cross-cultural studies. In addition, suggested translation approaches for the issues of ‘paradox of equivalence’ and ‘non-equivalence’ are included. Finally, considering the above, this work discusses and supports the need for standardization of the translation process in soundscape research.

THE IMPACTS OF DIEGETIC STRATEGIES ON THE LOCALIZATION QUALITY OF GENSHIN IMPACTS' ACHIEVEMENT FEATURES

The aim of this thesis is to find out how the strategy of achievement on Genshin Impact term is translated from English into Indonesian in video game. This research uses qualitative method to explore the objectives of the research. The researcher collected data through several steps which aims are: to find the translation strategy contained in the video game, to classify and analyze the types of translation strategy from Achievements on Genshin Impact based on Purnomo translation strategy in video games theory, then determine the most dominant type of translation strategy and describe the translation strategy of Genshin Impact and finally concluded the result. The results of this research showed that Purnomo's (2019) proposed strategies for translating video games are used, 149 data were found, classified into the following categories: 2 Abbreviation, 13 Condensation, 13 Omission, 8 Symbolization, 88 Retention, and 25 Mediation. Therefore, the dominant data is Retention, which means that Retention is used to preserve source language words or terms that are considered and accepted conventionally by gamers and become fatal if translated. Based on the analysis, the localization quality assessment reveals that Achievements in Genshin Impact localization achieve a "Good" rating, with an average score of 2.8.

English Lexical Borrowing in Filipino: Morphophonological Adaptation of English Lexemes and Loanwords

English has profoundly influenced the Philippine language through the assimilation of source language words into the recipient language. This linguistic exchange, influenced by historical and cultural contacts, has resulted in a notable transformation of linguistic aspects in the Philippines. Over time, English has seamlessly been incorporated into the Filipino language, highlighting a notable process of linguistic exchange. This study specifically delved into the morphological and phonological adaptations of English loanwords in Filipino, examining nuances and shifts in linguistic structure and meaning during the borrowing process through purposive sampling. Qualitative research methods and content analysis were employed, focusing on loanwords extracted from Bob Ong’s novels as a linguistic corpus, delving into the process of incorporating English loanwords into the Filipino language, exploring how this integration instigates a transformation to align with the grammatical and linguistic structure of the target language, and revealing notable morphophonological adaptations and semantic shifts that occur during the borrowing process. Inflections of English lexemes, complemented with Filipino morphemes, were observed, along with modifications to phonological rules, phonotactic constraints, morphemes, and shifts in semantic meaning. The analysis revealed an overall change in the morphophonological structure of phrases and sentences within the corpus. This research underscores the impact of cultural and contextual factors on the adaptation of English loanwords into Filipino, emphasizing specific patterns or structures in the vocabulary borrowing process tailored to the target language. This study contributes valuable insights for linguistic researchers, educators, and language enthusiasts interested in tracing language development and evolution through borrowing and adaptation.

Word Sense Disambiguation applied to Assamese-Hindi Bilingual Statistical Machine Translation

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is concerned with automatically assigning the appropriate sense to an ambiguous word. WSD is an important task and plays a crucial role in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. A Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system translates a source into a target language based on phrase-based statistical translation. MT plays a crucial role in a WSD system, as a source language word may be associated with multiple translations in the target language. This study aims to apply WSD to the input of the MT system to enhance the disambiguation output. Hindi WordNet was used by selecting the most frequent synonym to obtain the most accurate translation. This study also compared Naïve Bayes (NB) and Decision Tree (DT) to test and build a WSD model. NB was more appropriate for the WSD task than DT when evaluated in the Weka machine learning toolkit. To the best of our knowledge, no such work has been carried out yet for the Assamese Indo-Aryan language. The applied WSD achieved better results than the baseline MT system without embedding the WSD module. The results were analyzed by linguist scholars. Furthermore, the Assamese-Hindi transliteration system was merged with the baseline MT system for the translation of proper nouns. This study marks a remarkable contribution to Assamese NLP, which is a low computationally aware Indian language.

Decomposition of meaning in translation of cultural terms in the novel Alfu Laylah Wa Laylah into Indonesian

The This study is objected to describe the decomposition of meaning that includes distortion, narrowing and expansion as well as omissions in the translation of cultural terms in a novel titled alfu laylah wa laylah along with their impact on target text. This research utilized a descriptive method with a qualitative research approach. The data collection method used in several stages, as follow: 1) reading the entire contents of the novel; 2) identifying; 3) recording and; 4) giving code and page on each data. The data were subsequently analyzed in several steps including 1) classifying the types of cultural terms in the novel; 2) identifying the meaning of cultural terms in source language and target language; 3) comparing two words in source language and target language; 4) interpreting the findings in form of analysis. It was 29 data found, there were seven cultural terms that experience meaning distortion, twelve with narrowing and expansion of meaning, and ten others underwent omission. In conclusion, four factors of information reduction result in loss.

Equivalences of words in source and target languages ​​in translation (په ژباړه کې د مبدا او موخنې ژبې د کلمو تعادل)

In translation, the principle of equivalence is still significant, and this principle is divided into details, one of which is the equivalence of words. Linguistic elements and especially words cannot study simply and singly, but are related to the culture, values, experiences, and environment of a language, because of this, the discussion of the equivalence of words in translation becomes complicated. Words have different meanings, sometimes words convey the primary meaning, sometimes their meaning becomes implicated, and when it comes to other words change their meaning. Sometimes it happens that the same word has opposite meanings in two places, so it is important for the translator to understand these meanings and find an alternative for them in the target language. In the discussion of word equivalence, it is not necessary to find one word for the source language word in the target language, but the important thing is that the cooperation of one or more words has the same role and meaning value as in the source language, it must also have in the target language. Accordingly, sometimes a word of the source language becomes several words in the target language, sometimes it becomes a sentence or sentences and even long descriptions. Sometimes the translator needs to borrow the word of the source language and sometimes needs to explain this borrowed word. It also happens that a word of the source language is equivalent to a word of the target language, but it is necessary to add an adverb or another word. Accordingly, the translator should understand all these nuances and use them for a better translation. Keywords: Equivalence, natural equivalence, lateral equivalence, source language, target language, meaning of words

FOREGNISASI SEBAGAI IDEOLOGI TERJEMAHAN LAGU BAHASA JAWA VERSI INDONESIA: KAJIAN ANALISA TERJEMAHAN

The highest of indonesian musician to develop Indonesia’s song force them to recycle a popular song into two version (Javanese and indonesia). This paper focused in analysing how the process of transalation is and what ideology that was used in transalting these songs. Qualitative is the method that was used in this research. The data of this research is dangdut songs entitile “layang sworo” and ”oplosan”. In gathering the data, researcher used observation and questioner and in analyzing the data researcher used analysing and clasifiying. The result of the analsis shows that the translator used foreignisation ideology in translating these songs. It goes to that conclusion because the characteristic and the use of method in translating the songs. The characteristics are the translator put some word in source language in the target language, the target language text is like a translation text, and the translator almost did not add or reduce the source language text in the target language text. Then the methods were used are word for word, literal translation and semantic translation.

Reading patterns, reformulation and eye-voice span (IVS) in sight translation

Abstract The study examined how a required reformulation of a source text affects reading patterns in sight translation. We also tested how interpreters regulated their eye-voice span (IVS, understood as the delay between viewing the source language word and speaking it in the target language) in the task. Twenty-four professional conference interpreters sight translated (from Polish into English) a text with syntactically symmetrical sentences (that could be copied in the target language) or asymmetrical ones (that required reformulation). The participants’ output and eye movements were recorded. Mean IVS turned out to exceed 8s. Text viewing durations and IVS did not differ between symmetrical and asymmetrical sentences. In contrast, reformulated output structures generated larger IVS than the retained ones. Also, words appearing later in the text on the screen were associated with longer IVS. This shows that IVS is a complex construct and that reformulation affects reading patterns in sight translation.

FOREGNISASI SEBAGAI IDEOLOGI TERJEMAHAN LAGU BAHASA JAWA VERSI INDONESIA: KAJIAN ANALISA TERJEMAHAN

The highest of indonesian musician to develop Indonesia’s song force them to recycle a popular song into two version (Javanese and indonesia). This paper focused in analysing how the process of transalation is and what ideology that was used in transalting these songs. Qualitative is the method that was used in this research. The data of this research is dangdut songs entitile “layang sworo” and ”oplosan”. In gathering the data, researcher used observation and questioner and in analyzing the data researcher used analysing and clasifiying. The result of the analsis shows that the translator used foreignisation ideology in translating these songs. It goes to that conclusion because the characteristic and the use of method in translating the songs. The characteristics are the translator put some word in source language in the target language, the target language text is like a translation text, and the translator almost did not add or reduce the source language text in the target language text. Then the methods were used are word for word, literal translation and semantic translation.

Hindi to English transliteration using multilayer gated recurrent units

Transliteration is <span lang="EN-US">the task of translating text from source script to target script provided that the language of the text remains the same. In this work, we perform transliteration on less explored Devanagari to Roman Hindi transliteration and its back transliteration. The neural transliteration model in this work is based on a sequence-to-sequence neural network that is composed of two major components, an encoder that transforms source language words into a meaningful representation and the decoder that is responsible for decoding the target language words. We utilize gated recurrent units (GRU) to design the multilayer encoder and decoder network. Among the several models, the multilayer model shows the best performance in terms of coupon equivalent rate (CER) and word error rate (WER). The method generates quite satisfactory predictions in Hindi-English bilingual machine transliteration with WER of 64.8% and CER of 20.1% which is a significant improvement over existing methods.</span>

The Case of the Curious Comestible from Bengali into English: Rendering Sarcasm, Polysemy, Ambiguity, and Connotation by Direct Translation, Footnoting, Transliteration, and Addition

A translator's choices include directly translating source language words into the target language (with and without inverted commas), retaining these in transliteration, explaining them in footnotes, and inserting unmarked additional words (a few or many) as seems best. This essay focuses on a single word, a metaphor for reddening in anger, its literal referent most likely the word for a sweetmeat, the Bengali lāl-mohan, used sarcastically (so it seems) for the angry being to whom it is applied. This comes from Gaganendranath Tagore's classic humorous fantasy narrative Bhondaṛ Bahadur (1926), translated in Fantasy Fictions from the Bengal Renaissance (OUP, 2018). This word lāl-mohan has several referents, multiple etymologies, and pairs of positive/negative connotations. A sense of all these is automatically part of the linguistic capital of the Bengali speaker, and not that of Anglophone readers, pan-South Asian or other. Hence I attempt to justify my inclusion of what seemed to be the most important shades of meaning, and how I attempted this, and why I left out the others.

Language, culture, and image-driven interpretations in translation: A case for the university translation classroom in Ukraine

In this paper, we develop a theory of image-driven interpretations for the translation studies domain. Interpretations make the core of translation and are explained in terms of mental images. An image-driven interpretation gives a meaning to a source-language word and finds in the target language the word to capture this meaning, which is a creative act and a cross-cultural transfer. An interpretation is ‘drawing’ images in the human mind by the powers of the mind’s representational content. Our theory proposes a role for etymological insight in boosting translation students’ interpretive skills via exposed inner word forms. These archaic archetypal images contain culture-specific information transmitted through human generations with the help of language. Inner word forms are non-trivial triggers in cultural exposure that raise students’ awareness of the native and foreign cultures and add an in-depth dimension to regular vocabulary work and other good practices in the translation classroom. We pin down some of the influences that native Ukrainian words and borrowings have had on the Ukrainians’ interpretive mind.

The Used Of Translation Techniques By Donna Widjajanto In Tranlating CSI’s In Dterlizzi’s The Field Guide

The goal of the study is to know the implementation of translation techniques are used by the translator. This research design uses descriptive qualitative research approach. Meanwhile, the findings of this research show that 9 translation techniques were applied in the book 1 “The Field Guide” in rendering 69 words which are classified to CSI’s. Translator borrowed the source language terms (pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing) majority applied by the translator which is used to translate terms in anthroponyms, belief and religion concepts, ecology. The translator expected to SL oriented in the execution of translation techniques in rendering culture-specific items in The Field Guide book. Dealing with back translation, translator intends to prevent the culture-specific items in source language. To achieve balance, the translator should decrease in taking the originality of source language words into target language words and prevent the use of strange cultural terminologies.

The Used Of Translation Techniques By Donna Widjajanto In Tranlating CSI’s In Dterlizzi’s The Field Guide

The goal of the study is to know the implementation of translation techniques are used by the translator. This research design uses descriptive qualitative research approach. Meanwhile, the findings of this research show that 9 translation techniques were applied in the book 1 “The Field Guide” in rendering 69 words which are classified to CSI’s. Translator borrowed the source language terms (pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing) majority applied by the translator which is used to translate terms in anthroponyms, belief and religion concepts, ecology. The translator expected to SL oriented in the execution of translation techniques in rendering culture-specific items in The Field Guide book. Dealing with back translation, translator intends to prevent the culture-specific items in source language. To achieve balance, the translator should decrease in taking the originality of source language words into target language words and prevent the use of strange cultural terminologies.

The Addition of Indonesian Prefixes meN- and di- to English Bases: A Corpus-based Study

This paper serves as an initial identification of the addition of Indonesian inflectional prefixes meN- and di- to English bases of any word class through a corpus-based study. With the prevalence of English influence in Indonesian native speakers’ linguistic repertoire, particularly within the scientific and computational domain, there emerges a tendency to resort to the original terms in English than those of the Indonesian equivalences. This phenomenon, addressed as leksikalisasi timpang or unequal lexicalization, refers to the use of words in source language to make up for the lack of corresponding lexicalization in target language. This leads to a linguistic innovation to ‘localize’ English words by adding Indonesian inflectional prefixes such as meN- and di-. Out of 1 million sentence size Web corpus obtained from The Leipzig Corpora Collection, this paper is able to yield approximately 489 (0,21%) combinations of meN- + English bases with 2,813 (0,018%) word tokens and 475 (0,20%) combinations of di- + English bases with 2,377 (0,015%) word tokens. Six allomorphs of meN- are also attested, namely meng-, men-, mem-, me-, menge-, and meny-, with meng-, men-, and mem- as the most used allomorphs by word frequency and type. This investigation backs up the hypothesis that the process of word assimilation leads to nasal sound changes. This paper also observes that there are 13 most used typographic forms shared between the combinations of meN- and di- + English bases, and 7 other forms on a very low frequency. The words observed in this paper’s database are then grouped into three semantic clusters based on their use in context: computer-related (CR), non-computer-related (NCR), and both (NCR/CR), where computer-related words are observed to dominate the database. The findings indicate that this linguistic creativity is the outcome of how familiar Indonesians are with English terms than the official equivalences, especially towards technology and computational vocabulary.

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS IN GARUDA INDONESIA’S INFLIGHT MAGAZINE "COLORS"

The aims of this research were to find the translation strategies, translation accuracy, and translation readability of cultural expressions in tourism texts of the Garuda Indonesia Inflight Magazine Colors. The research used a descriptive – qualitative method. To achieve the aims of this study, the researcher used some techniques to analyze the data such as reading and collecting data, encoding data, underlining the cultural expressions in the tourism texts, assessing translation accuracy, assessing translation readability, categorizing types of translation strategies and drawing conclusion. Based on the data analysis from three expert judgements, it was found that 84.5% of the data were accurate because the expressions in the target language have equivalent meaning with the source language; 15.5% of the data were less accurate because the expressions had no equal meaning with the source language and the equivalence seemed less natural; and 0% of the data were inaccurate. Meanwhile, 74% of the data were readable because the translation was very easy to understand; 16.67% of the data were less readable because the translation was not very easy to understand; and 9.33% of the data were unreadable because the translation was difficult to understand. The dominant strategy was the synonymy which got the percentage of 29%, which meant that translators also used the target language words which were more or less the same as the general source language words.

Exploiting Cross-Lingual Subword Similarities in Low-Resource Document Classification

Text classification must sometimes be applied in a low-resource language with no labeled training data. However, training data may be available in a related language. We investigate whether character-level knowledge transfer from a related language helps text classification. We present a cross-lingual document classification framework (caco) that exploits cross-lingual subword similarity by jointly training a character-based embedder and a word-based classifier. The embedder derives vector representations for input words from their written forms, and the classifier makes predictions based on the word vectors. We use a joint character representation for both the source language and the target language, which allows the embedder to generalize knowledge about source language words to target language words with similar forms. We propose a multi-task objective that can further improve the model if additional cross-lingual or monolingual resources are available. Experiments confirm that character-level knowledge transfer is more data-efficient than word-level transfer between related languages.

A proposed model for neural machine translation of Sanskrit into English

Sanskrit, one of the oldest of human languages, has an algorithmic, calculus like grammar which resembles a computer program. In this paper, we propose a model for machine translation of Sanskrit Sentences into English using recurrent neural networks. We have trained our Recurrent Neural Network by sequence to sequence examples, to account for infrequent cases like extra-long sentences and unusual words. Special weight factors are used during training to account for unusual words. We have employed parallel analysis of all words in source sentence to speed up the translation. Novelty in this work is use of a two pronged approach to find the most suitable word in target language for a word in source language. For simple words, consisting of a single words or a conjunction of at most two words, we use a partial bilingual dictionary and for words formed by conjunction of three or more words we use the output of machine learning classifier module as target word. In case of simple sentences, with up to 5 words, use of a combination of partial dictionary and a classifier improves the translation speed by 30% as compared to by using full dictionary only and accuracy by 10% as compared to using only the output of classifier for translation. We used Support Vector Machine classifier to find English word for a Sanskrit word in case of sentences with more than 5 words and it resulted in 10% more accurate translations as compared to that by using Naive Bayes Classifier.

Non Equivalence at Scientific Terms in Mathematics Bilingual Textbook

This study entails the translation of scientific terms from English into Indonesian. The objectives of this study are to investigate the problem of non-equivalence at word level found in mathematics bilingual textbook and to investigate the translation strategies used. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this study were 89 words and phrases containing scientific terms. The data were collected through documentary technique. The technique of data analysis was interactive model. The finding of this study revealed that there were five problems of non-equivalence at scientific terms found in mathematics bilingual textbook. They were the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, the source language word is semantically complex, the source and target language make distinction in meaning, the target language lacks hyponym, and difference in form. To solve the problems of non equivalence, it was found that four translation strategies proposed by Baker were applicable.

The Application of Translation Strategies to Cope With Equivalence Problems in Translating Texts

Translation is a process to render the meaning from the source text into the target text. A translator, however, will find some problems during translation process. Equivalence is the case which often appears (i.e. culture specific concept, the source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, source-language word is semantically complex, etc). To cope with equivalnce problems in translation process, some experts suggest some strategies which can be applied in doing translation. Some strategies are transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, etc. The strategies which often appears in the example texts in this paper are transference, naturalization, descriptive equivalent, couplet and through-translation. It is recomended that translator apply the strategies if only there is no equivalence problem in target language.