Symbolic Words Research Articles

A new test for evaluation of marginal cognitive function deficits in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus through expressing texture recognition by sound symbolic words.

The number of dementia patients is increasing with population aging. Preclinical detection of dementia in patients is essential for access to adequate treatment. In previous studies, dementia patients showed texture recognition difficulties. Onomatopoeia or sound symbolic words (SSW) are intuitively associated with texture impressions and are less likely to be affected by aphasia and description of material perception can be easily obtained. In this study, we aimed to create a test of texture recognition ability expressed by SSW to detect the presence of mild cognitive disorders. The sound symbolic words texture recognition test (SSWTRT) is constructed from 12 close-up photos of various materials and participants were to choose the best SSW out of 8 choices to describe surface texture in the images in Japanese. All 102 participants seen in Juntendo University Hospital from January to August 2023 had a diagnosis of possible iNPH (age mean 77.9, SD 6.7). The answers were scored on a comprehensive scale of 0 to 1. Neuropsychological assessments included MMSE, FAB, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Pegboard Test, and Stroop Test from the EU-iNPH Grading Scale (GS). In study 1 the correlation between SSWTRT and the neuropsychological tests were analyzed. In study 2, participants were divided into two groups: the Normal Cognition group (Group A, n = 37) with MMSE scores of 28 points or above, and the Mild Cognitive Impairment group (Group B, n = 50) with scores ranging from 22 to 27 points, and its predictability were analyzed. In study 1, the total SSWTRT score had a moderate correlation with the neuropsychological test results. In study 2, there were significant differences in the SSWTRT scores between groups A and B. ROC analysis results showed that the SSWTR test was able to predict the difference between the normal and mildly impaired cognition groups. The developed SSWTRT reflects the assessment results of neuropsychological tests in cognitive deterioration and was able to detect early cognitive deficits. This test not only relates to visual perception but is likely to have an association with verbal fluency and memory ability, which are frontal lobe functions.

PERCEPTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MINDS OF TEACHERS OF RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (Based on a Psycholinguistic Experiment)

The article describes the results of a psycholinguistic experiment aimed at identifying the perceptions of the Russian language in the minds of teachers of Russian as a foreign language. The specifi city of the experi-ment consists of the explicit professionally oriented character of the stimulus Russian language; during planning the experiment, the experience of similar studies with respondents-physicians was generalized of similar studies with respondents-philologists. One of the hypotheses, that preceded the experiment was the assumption that the teachers’ linguistic consciousness combines naive and scientifi c ideas about the Russian language in the teachers’ linguistic consciousness language. The experiment, built according to the free-chain model, was conducted in March–April 2023. The described material was extracted from 177 questionnaires, the total number of analyzed reactions is 1,185. In the fi rst stage of the analysis, the reactions were characterized in structural and grammati-cal aspect (predominantly one-word associations expressed by nouns), and at the second stage — in the semantic aspect. Semantic analysis of the associates allowed us to distinguish three semantic fi elds: “Russian language as an object of evaluation”, “Russian language as the basis of national Russian language as an object of evaluation”, “Russian language as the basis of national self-consciousness”, and “Russian language as an academic subject”. While analyzing the reactions that made up the fi rst fi eld, it proved expedient to refer to the typology of evalua-tive meanings proposed by N. D. Arutyunova. As a result, the predominance of private evaluative meanings in the fi eld was established of a wide spectrum. The second fi eld combines reactions based on their linguocultural potential: thus, the fi eld includes ethnonyms, culturally signifi cant toponyms, precedent phenomena, and symbol-ic words. The third fi eld most clearly represents the results of the work of professional linguistic consciousness and includes reactions of mainly terminological nature, correlated with linguistic concepts, sections of the course “Russian Language”, etc. The interpretation of the empirical material testifi es to the professionalization of the concept “Russian language” in the cognitive space of philologists and confi rms the hypothesis that associations refl ect the specifi cs of teaching Russian as a fo reign language, combining language teaching with immersion in Russian culture and intercultural communication. The respondents’ everyday perceptions include positive asso-ciative and evaluative meanings

THE INHIBITING FACTORS ON STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL

This research intended to figure out the main cause of inhibiting factors in Speaking, the causes of that factor, and how to overcome the problem. Qualitative approach used to conduct the research. The subjects were students of VIII-4 graders at MTs.S Babun Najah Banda Aceh. Some instruments were questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide. The data were analysed qualitative descriptively. The results of questionnaire and interview revealed that three inhibiting factors in speaking English were articulation, lack of motivation, and pronunciation. The most inhibiting factor reached the highest percentage was pronunciation and it was a part of linguistic factors. This factor could be occurred because the students did not recognize the symbols of words. The students faced difficulty when they wanted to pronounce the words correctly, and when it happened the students commonly lost or became a trigger when they expressed their ideas English words are different from how they were written and pronounced. Hence, the students need to learn how to recognize the words’ symbols of English to ease them to make sounds (pronounce) the words consistently. To overcome the problems, this research suggested to the Englis teacher to use Audio-Lingual Method to improve students' pronunciation.

The hippocampus supports the representation of abstract concepts: Implications for the study of recognition memory

Words, unlike images, are symbolic representations. The associative details inherent within a word's meaning and the visual imagery it generates, are inextricably connected to the way words are processed and represented. It is well recognised that the hippocampus associatively binds components of a memory to form a lasting representation, and here we show that the hippocampus is especially sensitive to abstract word processing. Using fMRI during recognition, we found that the increased abstractness of words produced increased hippocampal activation regardless of memory outcome. Interestingly, word recollection produced hippocampal activation regardless of word content, while the parahippocampal cortex was sensitive to concreteness of word representations, regardless of memory outcome. We reason that the hippocampus has assumed a critical role in the representation of uncontextualized abstract word meaning, as its information-binding ability allows the retrieval of the semantic and visual associates that, when bound together, generate the abstract concept represented by word symbols. These insights have implications for research on word representation, memory, and hippocampal function, perhaps shedding light on how the human brain has adapted to encode and represent abstract concepts.

Visual field asymmetries in visual word form identification

Visual performance across the visual fields interacts with visual tasks and visual stimuli, and visual resolution decreases as a function of eccentricity, varying at isoeccentric locations. In this study, we investigated the extent of asymmetry and the rate of change in visual acuity threshold for visual word form (VWF) identification at horizontal and vertical azimuths across the fovea, and at eccentricities of 1°, 2°, 4°, 6° and 8° for 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80% contrast levels, to determine whether and how the eccentricities, meridians, and contrasts modulated the VWF identification acuity threshold. The stimuli were 16 traditional Chinese characters of similar legibility. Participants pressed a key to indicate the character presented, either monocularly or binocularly, at one of 21 randomly selected locations. A staircase procedure was used to determine the threshold, and a multiple linear regression model was used to fit the linear cortical magnification factor (CMF). We found that (1) the asymmetry was most pronounced on the vertical and superior azimuths, (2) the asymmetry between the right and left azimuths was not significant, (3) the CMF was significantly smaller on the vertical azimuth than on the horizontal azimuth, (4) the CMF was smaller on the superior vertical azimuth than on the inferior azimuth, and (5) monocular viewing and low contrast enhanced the CMF difference between azimuths. In conclusion, vertical and horizontal azimuths, location of eccentricity, contrast levels of word symbols, and monocular/binocular viewing have different effects on visual field asymmetry and cortical magnification factors.

The Expressive Utterances Found in the Song “Love You Like A Love Song” by Selena Gomez

The study discussed the analysis of expressive utterences found in the lyrics of the song "Love You Like a Love Song" by Selena Gomez and became one of the hits in the music world. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is a match between song lyrics and the expressive expressions conveyed. Song has an important role as an expressive medium because it is able to convey messages and emotions effectively. The research used descriptive qualitative, namely by analyzing the text and contextual approach to understand the meaning of song lyrics and their effect on listeners. The results of the analysis of expressive utterences in the lyrics show their suitability with the theme of the song and the communicative purpose of conveyed true love. The conclusion of the study is to provide an overview of how the lyrics of the song describe feelings of love expressively through the used of symbolic words and melodies that touch the heart.

Language-Specific Sound-Shape Matching at 12-Months of Age

ABSTRACT By 12 months of age, infants exhibit behavioral sensitivity to sound symbolism (e.g. sound-shape correspondences) when they hear universally sound symbolic pseudowords (e.g. “bouba,” “kiki”). Here, we investigated whether infant’s sensitivity to sound-shape correspondences is affected when they hear language-specific sound symbolic words. Using the spontaneous preference-looking paradigm, we tested 12-month-old monolingual Spanish (n = 13) and Basque (n = 16) infants matching Spanish-like pseudowords (i.e. “bubano,” “raceto”) with rounded and spiky shapes. These pseudowords were created by Spanish-Basque bilingual adults, who then rated pseudowords as more Spanish or Basque-like, and more rounded or spikey-like. Infants were presented with eight congruent (e.g. “bubano” presented with a rounded shape) and incongruent (e.g. “bubano” presented with a spiky shape) trials. Both Spanish and Basque-learning infants displayed similar increased sensitivity to incongruent than to congruent trials. We found weak evidence that language background modulates sound-shape correspondence. These results suggest that at 12 months of age, specific language experience (e.g. Spanish vs. Basque) most likely does not alter sound-shape bias when hearing Spanish-like sound combinations. This study was the first to utilize language-specific instead of language nonspecific stimuli. Nonetheless, similar to previous investigations, the sound-shape bias effect was exhibited at 12 months of age in both language groups.

Selectively manipulating softness perception of materials through sound symbolism.

Cross-modal interactions between auditory and haptic perception manifest themselves in language, such as sound symbolic words: crunch, splash, and creak. Several studies have shown strong associations between sound symbolic words, shapes (e.g., Bouba/Kiki effect), and materials. Here, we identified these material associations in Turkish sound symbolic words and then tested for their effect on softness perception. First, we used a rating task in a semantic differentiation method to extract the perceived softness dimensions from words and materials. We then tested whether Turkish onomatopoeic words can be used to manipulate the perceived softness of everyday materials such as honey, silk, or sand across different dimensions of softness. In the first preliminary study, we used 40 material videos and 29 adjectives in a rating task with a semantic differentiation method to extract the main softness dimensions. A principal component analysis revealed seven softness components, including Deformability, Viscosity, Surface Softness, and Granularity, in line with the literature. The second preliminary study used 27 onomatopoeic words and 21 adjectives in the same rating task. Again, the findings aligned with the literature, revealing dimensions such as Viscosity, Granularity, and Surface Softness. However, no factors related to Deformability were found due to the absence of sound symbolic words in this category. Next, we paired the onomatopoeic words and material videos based on their associations with each softness dimension. We conducted a new rating task, synchronously presenting material videos and spoken onomatopoeic words. We hypothesized that congruent word-video pairs would produce significantly higher ratings for dimension-related adjectives, while incongruent word-video pairs would decrease these ratings, and the ratings of unrelated adjectives would remain the same. Our results revealed that onomatopoeic words selectively alter the perceived material qualities, providing evidence and insight into the cross-modality of perceived softness.

KEYWORDS, SYMBOLIC WORDS, PRECEDENT UNITS IN BRITISH-UKRAINIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

In this article, the author examines the utilization of “keywords,” “symbolic words,” and “precedent units” in the British-Ukrainian political discourse through an analysis of public speeches by British politician Boris Johnson on the X social network (formerly Twitter). In the context of the russian invasion of Ukraine, the study seeks to elucidate the linguistic aspects of how political narratives and messages shape public opinion. In the contemporary digital era, social media platforms have become influential tools for politicians to interact with their audiences and shape political discourse. Boris Johnson's use of X as a communication platform highlights the significance of analyzing his posts to comprehend the prevailing political topics and issues within the British-Ukrainian political discourse. The author tries to shed light on the prerequisites and causes of the formed political discourse, as well as to establish the cause-and-effect relationships that made the formation of the mentioned linguistic units in the British-Ukrainian political discourse. Boris Johnson's speeches and social media posts address various political subjects, including the Russia-Ukraine war, and the keywords within his communication convey the United Kingdom's stance and support for Ukraine. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics shaping the British-Ukrainian political discourse and its role in influencing public opinion.

A Semiotic Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem Love and A Question Based on Charles Sander Peirce’s Triangle Theory

This study aims to identify the symbols that Robert Frost employed in his poem "Love and a Question" and to elucidate the significance of such symbols “Love and a Question through Peirce’s triangle theory. In this research, the researchers observe the meaning of the used symbols in Robert Frost’s Love and a Question by using descriptive and qualitative research. This research focuses on the interpretation of symbols that are used in the poem. This study, which is library-based, draws on books and other scholarly works to bolster its objectivity. Finally, to explain the meanings of the used symbols in Robert Frost’s poem Love and a Question, the researcher uses a semiotic approach and the theory of Peirce’s triangle. Through Peirce’s triangle theory, the meaning of the symbolic words in the poem Love and a Question. The meaning of the symbolic words are as follows; the green-white stick symbolizes the long journey of life, the stranger symbolizes life’s uncertainty, the rich curse symbolizes life’s priceless, and the the sky symbolizes unpredictable future life. All the symbolized words in the poem have meaning that is strongly related to the essence of life. The real meaning of life is how to live life as a newly married couple and build a household. It also includes the meaning of life that is no longer measured by wealth because wealth is often related to greediness which sometimes ends with misery in life.

Analysis of Mystical and Literary Concepts in Maqalat-e Shams from a Semiotics Perspective

Semiotic systems and implications in the mystical literary work of Maqalat-e Shams Tabrizi raise multilayer. Thus, semiotic analysis of Maqalat can lead to a better understanding of such texts. In this article, Maqalat-e Shams is investigated from both mystical and literary points of view, and the science of semiotics is introduced. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the library research method has collected and reviewed the data. From the mystical point of view, the semiotic analysis consists of expressions/idioms and word symbols. Terms such as Hijab, Samaa, Talab, Love, Monotheism, and word symbols such as Wine, Mirror, and homeland are semiotic features in Maqalat-e Shams and always describe the semantic relations among them. From the literary point of view, the Semiotic code of the creator, aesthetics, and intertextuality are evaluated. There are numerous Semiotic codes of the creator in Maqalat-e Shams that provide useful information about the life, personality, contemporaries, and social status of Shams of the reader. Also, aesthetics makes the text more prominent through symbols, exaggeration, Semantic contradiction, hyponymy, and repetition. Analysis of literary symbols reveals that the Maqalat are not closed texts that are explicit intertextual links between texts like the Quran, prophetic Hadiths, and works of poets and intellects such as Sanai, Attar, Al-Ghazali, and Najm al-Din Razi.

A Semiotic Analysis on Robert Frost’s Poem Love and a Question Based on Charles Sander Peirce’s Triangle Theory

This research aims to identify Robert Frost's symbols in "Love and a Question" and disclose their meanings using Peirce's triangle theory. This study uses descriptive and qualitative methods to examine Robert Frost's Love and a Question's symbols. Interpreting poem symbols is the focus of this research. This library research uses books and scientific materials to ensure objectivity. Finally, using semiotics and Peirce's triangle, the researcher explains Robert Frost's poem Love and a Question's symbols. The poem Love and a Question's symbolic words' significance through Peirce's triangle theory. The symbolic terms were: green-white stick signified lengthy journey, stranger symbolized uncertainty, rich a curse symbolized precious, and sky symbolized unpredictable future. The poem's represented words all have a life-related significance. The actual meaning of life is building a household as a newlywed couple. Also included is a purpose of life that is no longer defined by wealth because greediness can lead to suffering.

The effect of ownership structure on tax avoidance with audit quality as a moderating variable: evidence from the ailing economics

Purpose The purpose of this study is to shed light on the relationships between the different types of ownership structure and tax avoidance activities and examine the moderating effect of audit quality. Design/methodology/approach This study used secondary data from the listed companies in Amman Stock Exchange (2009–2020). To obtain additional robust findings, this study used various proxies for measuring tax avoidance (effective tax rate [ETR] and cash flow effective tax rate [CFETR]). Findings Relying on various proxies for tax avoidance, the results reveal that family and managerial ownership lead to exacerbating tax avoidance activities. Although institutional and board ownership have a positive impact on ETR and CFETR, which indicate that these type of ownership have a negative impact on tax avoidance. Audit quality also has a significant role in moderating the ownership structure–tax avoidance relationships. Besides, the results reveal that audit firm size is not merely symbolic words, but it contributes to reducing and restricting tax aggressiveness. Research limitations/implications This study has policy implications related to the policymakers in creating future tax policies to minimize and avoid tax avoidance activities. Results of this study can be used to improve awareness among the various owners and to reduce the tax avoidance practices in the developing countries. It also determines a good agenda for research in the relationships between ownership identities, audit quality and tax avoidance, which also can be used to encourage and guide future studies. Originality/value This research extends the existing literature by examining both the direct and indirect influence of ownership structure on tax avoidance in Jordanian firms by including audit quality as a moderating variable. This is a pioneering and unique study examining the joint influence of the different forms of ownership on tax avoidance. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first of its kind that examines the interaction influences between the various identities of ownership and audit quality on the tax avoidance activities in the Jordanian context.

Cognitive neural responses in the semantic comprehension of sound symbolic words and pseudowords.

Sound symbolism is the phenomenon of sounds having non-arbitrary meaning, and it has been demonstrated that pseudowords with sound symbolic elements have similar meaning to lexical words. It is unclear how the impression given by the sound symbolic elements is semantically processed, in contrast to lexical words with definite meanings. In event-related potential (ERP) studies, phonological mapping negativity (PMN) and N400 are often used as measures of phonological and semantic processing, respectively. Therefore, in this study, we analyze PMN and N400 to clarify the differences between existing sound symbolic words (onomatopoeia or ideophones) and pseudowords in terms of semantic and phonological processing. An existing sound symbolic word and pseudowords were presented as an auditory stimulus in combination with a picture of an event, and PMN and N400 were measured while the subjects determined whether the sound stimuli and pictures match or mismatch. In both the existing word and pseudoword tasks, the amplitude of PMN and N400 increased when the picture of an event and the speech sound did not match. Additionally, compared to the existing words, the pseudowords elicited a greater amplitude for PMN and N400. In addition, PMN latency was delayed in the mismatch condition relative to the match condition for both existing sound symbolic words and pseudowords. We concluded that established sound symbolic words and sound symbolic pseudowords undergo similar semantic processing. This finding suggests that sound symbolism pseudowords are not judged on a simple impression level (e.g., spiky/round) or activated by other words with similar spellings (phonological structures) in the lexicon, but are judged on a similar contextual basis as actual words.

Smashing verb learning through parental sound symbolic input in preterm and full-term children

ABSTRACT Sound symbolism, the iconic link between speech sounds and meanings, helps children’s verb learning. In sound symbolically rich languages such as Turkish, hearing sound symbolic words might facilitate early verb learning and later language-specific expressions of motion events, by providing an easier way to map verbs onto events. These links could be much stronger for children who had difficulties in word-referent mapping (e.g., preterm children). The current study examined the association of Turkish-speaking parents’ sound symbolic input at 20 months with children’s concurrent verb knowledge and later motion event descriptions at 48 months. Ninety-one parent-infant dyads (Mage = 19.92 months, SD = 1.38; 41 preterms) were observed at 20 months, where we measured sound symbolic input and verb knowledge. Sixty-four of these dyads participated in a motion event description task at 48 months (25 preterms, Mage = 48.79 months, SD = 1.68), where we coded how children use path (the trajectory of motion) and manner (how an action is performed) of a motion. Results from the robust regression models suggested that for preterm children, parents’ sound symbolic input used in adverb forms was positively and concurrently related to children’s verb knowledge. Only for full-term children, sound symbolic input (used as adverbs) predicted full-term children’s use of both path and manner information in their descriptions at 48 months. Lack of replication of these findings with outlier-removed analyses could only suggest a trend toward the differential contributions of sound symbolic input in different child populations and the importance of sentential cues in sound symbolic input in verb learning.

Science of Yoga in Bhagavad Gita: A Review

In the Indian tradition, the Moksha (Salvation) is reckoned as a super goal of life and its genuine scripture is Bhagavad Gita, but where in Yoga is the super means of all that, connecting life i.e. as a spine of the India’s mysticism. In accordance with the tradition Bhagavad Gita is known as the specific treatise of Yoga-practices along with super ethics and as its originator Lord Krishna who was become in the unknown deeper past. So the Gita is extreme holly text particularly for the Hindus communities. For the spiritual transformation of human’s life, it describes prominently two streams of Yoga- first common Path of Yoga (Indirect travelling to cosmic consciousness) and second esoteric Path of Yoga (Direct travelling to cosmic consciousness). Although the major difficulty to understand is that the Gita is codified as the formulas (Sutras), symbolic words and metaphors, so it cannot be decoded exactly by the common skill but it’s needed enlightened skill for the exact de-codification and interpretation. In order to another context, Gita discusses the “Pravitti Marga” (Path of Tantra) and along with “Nivritti Marga” (Path of Yoga) in detail. If we see the entire scenario around spirituality so the Gita has been more popular from ancient to now because of introducing the Path of devotion, Path of action and Path of knowledge. So therefore these all Yoga has discussed briefly in this review article.

Исследование характеристик обнаружения ошибок кодами Хэмминга, учет которых целесообразен при синтезе самопроверяемых устройств автоматики

The peculiarities of using Hamming codes in the synthesis of automatic devices with fault detection are investigated. Such devices imply the organization of embedded control schemes to detect occur-ring faults indirectly based on the results of calculating the values of operational functions. Various methods can be used by the implementation of embedded control schemes. In this study, the focus is shifted to the issues of synthesizing embedded control schemes using the method of logical signal correction (the method of logical complementation). This method involves transforming all or part of the signals coming from the diagnostic object in the embedded control scheme in such a way that the code word generated after the signal correction block belongs to a preselected block uniform code. The study considers the application of classical Hamming codes for these purposes. The use of the method of logical signal correction allows obtaining the values of the informational symbols of the code words of the Hamming code directly as values at the operational outputs of the diagnostic object, while the check symbols are obtained by correcting signals from some of the operational out-puts. However, it is also possible to use transformations of operational function values to obtain in-formational symbols, which expands the number of ways to organize the embedded control scheme. The article presents previously unknown absolute and relative error detection metrics in the code words of the Hamming code, taking into account their categorization based on types (according to the number of distortions in zero and one bits) and multiplicities. The experimental results with test combinational circuits confirm the effectiveness of using the method of logical signal correction with computation control using Hamming codes for synthesizing embedded control schemes. The results obtained in this study extend the theory of synthesis for self-checking digital devices and computational systems and can be practically applied in improving the methods for synthesizing au-tomatic devices with fault detection.

Determining the Effect of Concept Cards on Students’ Perception of Physics Concepts with Concept Mapping

The aim of this research on student perception in physics concepts about matter is to determine the effect of concept cards specially designed for primary school children with concept mapping. The study group of the research consisted of 9-year-old volunteer students (n=6) studying at a public school in Turkey. As a measuring tool, the spider concept map was selected in accordance with the developmental stages of the children. This map was created on a 3x1 meter giant platform without any concept written. In the first stage, students created their concept maps by placing symbolic word cards on the empty platform. In the second stage, 24 specially designed concept cards were introduced, and the work was repeated. The third stage of the research consisted of a semi-structured interview with the students. In the research, a total of 12 maps were obtained. The maps were scored with the CmapTools program and analyzed with the SPSS Wilcoxon sequential test. As a result of the research, it was observed that the concept cards activated the cognitive images in the students' minds faster (z =2.02, p< 0.05). As a result of the interview, students expressed that they created an emotional connotation by creating a visual image in the perception of the concepts. This research is currently broadcast on Vitamin TV, one of Turkey's national education channels, in terms of the use of concept cards in Turkey, the widespread use of Cmap Tools, and the use of concept maps as a measurement and evaluation tool. It is recommended to study with larger student groups and in different countries on concept teaching with concept cards.

Hsiao Codes Properties in Discrete Devices Technical Diagnostics Systems

The error detection features by modified Hamming codes — codes with odd column weights, or Hsiao codes — are analyzed. The error detection properties of Hsiao codes are considered separately for data symbols, as well as for all code word symbols. It is shown that Hsiao codes detect any errors with odd multiplicities and errors with multiplicities d < 4. The Hsiao codes error detection performance is compared with the error detection performance by classic Hamming codes. The experiments results showing the Hsiao codes high efficiency in organizing the calculation testing at the automation device outputs are given. Hsiao codes can be very effectively used in solving problems of automation devices synthesis with the malfunctions and errors detection in calculations, including the devices synthesis with controllable structures and with concurrent calculation testing circuits.

The Arctic and the North: The Problem of Conceptualization

The article is dеvoted to the problem of conceptualizing a holistic image of the Arctic and the North from a transdisciplinary perspective, as well as in the context of the spiritual and civilizational identity of Russia, the search for the national idea. The objectives of the study are to draw attention to the need to develop an integrative paradigm of Arctic socio-humanitarian knowledge, to identify cultural and symbolic codes in the mass consciousness that characterize the conceptual field “Arctic and North”. The notions of the Arctic and the North are considered as universal concepts of world culture, a deep understanding of which is possible only by interconnection of humanitarian component with natural science aspects of cognition. For full-fledged interpretation of the mental image of a place, “the spirit of a place”, not only specific spatial coordinates, event line and personalities are extremely important, but also artistic symbolism (literature, painting, cinema, etc.), as well as linguistic-communicative component (symbolic words, verbal associations, stable expressions). The article characterizes the phenomenon of northern literature based on the perception of the Russian North and the Arctic as a special mythopoetic space, the semantic cores of which are both concrete historical and sacred-mythological semantic components. The article briefly presents the results of associative experiment conducted with the students of Saint Petersburg Mining University in order to identify stereotypical ideas about the circumpolar region in the linguistic consciousness of young people. The representation of Arctic megatrends in the Russian and global media communication space is noted as a promising research direction, especially in connection with the intensification of geopolitical disagreements. The article makes a conclusion about the actualizing of the symbolic and ideological value of the Arctic and the North for modern Russia, which is especially important in the aspect of value-semantic interaction of generations.