Symbolic Words Research Articles

Effects of positive pictograms and words: An emotional word superiority effect?

Abstract Studies comparing verbal and pictorial stimuli with emotional content often revealed a picture advantage in terms of larger or more pronounced emotional valence effects evoked by pictorial stimuli. This picture advantage usually is accounted for by their heightened biological relevance compared to symbolic word stimuli. However, physical differences in terms of number of features and discriminability between lexical and pictorial stimuli might also account for this pattern. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the hypothesis that the picture advantage is associated with the pictures' heightened complexity compared to words. In a valence judgment task participants assessed the emotional impact of positive and neutral words and pictograms. It was expected that the differences in the emotion effects for these two types of stimulus modalities were diminished, as a result of the reduced complexity of the pictograms. The results show that both types of stimuli elicited significant and comparable positive-going emotional valence effects around 240–300 ms post-stimulus. However, around 340 ms after stimulus onset the valence effects evoked by pictograms were restricted to posterior regions and smaller in magnitude whereas those evoked by words were characterized by a larger and more widespread scalp distribution, possibly due to their heightened potential to exalt imagination. Furthermore, amplitudes in the late time windows evoked by pictograms over posterior regions were significantly more positive than ERP amplitudes evoked by words, suggesting that the processing of pictograms requires cognitive capacity and effort to a much greater extent than the processing of words. In conclusion, the previously reported picture superiority in emotion elicitation was not replicated using pictograms, suggesting that it can at least partially be explained by the pictures' heightened complexity and spatial distinctiveness.

On Prouhet’s solution to the equal powers problem

Eugène Prouhet is considered to be one of the fathers of combinatorics on words. In his pioneering work, he constructed a solution to the equal powers problem in number theory (later known as the Prouhet–Tarry–Escott problem) based on positions of symbols in words obtained by iteration of a uniform endomorphism of the free monoid over a finite alphabet. We show that composition of uniform morphisms of free monoids is a fairly powerful tool to obtain solutions to a more general problem, which covers the major generalizations of Prouhet’s theorem appearing in literature.

Religiosity, a personality trait to be reckoned within psychiatry

Religiosity, a personality trait to be reckoned within psychiatry

Several extensions of the Parikh matrix L-morphism

The Parikh matrix mapping is a morphism assigning to each word w over a k-letter alphabet a (k+1)×(k+1) upper triangular matrix with entries expressing the number of occurrences in w of some specific subwords. To tackle the problem of ambiguity of this mapping two new mappings have been proposed in literature, assigning to words matrices with polynomial entries (q-matrices). One is a more subtle, but still ambiguous morphism, the other is unambiguous but not a morphism. We show that the former mapping can be extended to match even a fairly general extension of the original Parikh matrix morphism. Then we introduce an unambiguous q-matrix morphism based on the same general Parikh matrix mapping. Finally, we consider the problem of incomplete information on word symbols and show that the general Parikh matrix mapping can be further extended to deal with counts of fuzzy subword occurrences.

Semantic-Domain-Based Classification of Symbolic Words Focused on Sense, Emotion and Perception

Semantic-Domain-Based Classification of Symbolic Words Focused on Sense, Emotion and Perception

A Cross-Linguistic Study of Sound Symbolism in Children's Verb Learning

A long history of research has considered the role of iconicity in language and the existence and role of nonarbitrary properties in language and the use of language. Previous studies with Japanese-speaking children, whose language defines a large grammatical class of words with clear sound symbolism, suggest that iconicity properties in Japanese may aid early verb learning, and a recent extended work suggests that such early sensitivity is not limited to children whose language supports such word classes. The present study further considers the use of sound-symbolic words in verb-learning context by conducting systematic cross-linguistic comparisons on early exposure to and effect of sound symbolism in verb mapping. Experiment 1 is an observational study of how English- and Japanese-speaking parents talk about verbs. More conventionalized symbolic words were found in Japanese-speaking parental input, and more idiosyncratic use of sound symbolism was found in English-speaking parental input. Despite this different exposure of iconic forms to describe actions, the artificial verb-learning task in Experiment 2 revealed that children in both language groups benefit from sound–meaning correspondences for their verb learning. These results together confirm more extensive use of conventionalized sound symbolism among Japanese speakers and also support a cross-linguistic consistency of the effect, which has been documented in the recent work. The work also points to the potential value of understanding the contexts in which sound–meaning correspondences matter in language learning.

KAJIAN PUISI JERMAN MELALUI METODE SEMIOTIK

As one type of literature, poetry, the unit called a rhyme, is the most unique genre. The uniqueness is due to all forms of expression that stick out in rhyme. In contrary to other literary works such as short stories, novels, or plays, poems written succinctly in the form of stanza and line. Due to the density of the message to be conveyed in such a confined space, then the choice of words and forms of writing that used very unique and complex elements by accentuating of poetic sense. That means, understanding a poem as a form of literary works the same as dealing with the texts of poems that are strung in a poetic language different with language in general. The uniqueness of the language used in the poem appeared on the use of symbols words that are figurative and the use of a distorted form of writing. Deviation form is for example the accentuation of cutting sentences or lines unreasonably, the use of words and sounds are repetitive, the use of words by imitating certain sounds or the use of meaningful associative words excessively. Modern German poetry lies in the harmony of the poetic elements that build a rhyme. Thus the resulting of rhyme and diction values and its imagery is based on how the elements that form the building of rhyme which is coherent and intact. The process of reading poetry in the context of semiotic dialectic is a process of giving meaning to a text of modern poetry through a text search in order to find the code or semiotic signs.<br /><br />Keywords: Puisi Jerman, Modern, Semiotika<br /><br />

Един стар български обред и магическата сила на думите

The ritual „Gramada” is a typical tradition of the Bulgarian ethnic territories that appeared between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It represents a symbolic way of „escorting” (a sort of symbolic funeral) of a dead man, who committed an act unacceptable for the community, upon the world of the dead. The „Gramada” ceremony is observed as piling up some stones on a sacral place so they can form (create) a barrier between the sinner and the righteous. During the ritual, symbolic words and acts are performed as a verbal and nonverbal act of magic. It reveals thebelief of the traditional Bulgarian people in the magical power of words.

Semantic-Domain-Based Classification of Symbolic Words －Focused on Mimetic Words about the motion of human－

Semantic-Domain-Based Classification of Symbolic Words －Focused on Mimetic Words about the motion of human－

On the automaticity of emotion processing in words and faces: Event-related brain potentials evidence from a superficial task

The degree to which emotional aspects of stimuli are processed automatically is controversial. Here, we assessed the automatic elicitation of emotion-related brain potentials (ERPs) to positive, negative, and neutral words and facial expressions in an easy and superficial face-word discrimination task, for which the emotional valence was irrelevant. Both emotional words and facial expressions impacted ERPs already between 50 and 100 ms after stimulus onset, possibly reflecting rapid relevance detection. Following this initial processing stage only emotionality in faces but not in words was associated with an early posterior negativity (EPN). Therefore, when emotion is irrelevant in a task which requires superficial stimulus analysis, automatically enhanced sensory encoding of emotional content appears to occur only for evolutionary prepared emotional stimuli, as reflected in larger EPN amplitudes to faces, but not to symbolic word stimuli.

Learning Adinkra symbols: The effect of testing

The testing effect (i.e., long-term memory is improved more by intermediate testing than by restudying the information) has been studied using a variety of materials. However, almost all testing effect studies to date have used purely verbal materials such as word pairs, facts and prose passages. The testing effect has not yet been established using symbol–word pairs. In the present study symbol–word pairs were used as to-be-learned materials to demonstrate the generalisability of the testing effect to symbol learning. The results showed that there was no difference in final memory-test performance after a retention interval of 5 minutes, but after a retention interval of a week tested pairs were retained better than repeatedly studied pairs. Hence, the present research suggests that the testing effect can also be obtained in symbol learning.

Characteristics of Components in Domestic National Men's Wear Brand Logos - Focused on Visual Components -

The purpose of this research is to study the visual characteristics of domestic national men's wear brand logos. For this purpose, 80 of national men's wear brands were selected from '2010/2011 Korea fashion brand Annual' For analysis, they were classified into three categories: logo types composed only with logomark or symbol and logomark together. Types of symbol were classified into word symbol, descriptive symbol, and abstractive symbol. And the used typefaces were classified into serif and san serif and acromatic and cromatic The results are as follows: The visual characteristics of domestic national men's wear brand logos, there were more brands that used logomark with symbol together than logomark only. And the type of symbols were appeared descriptive symbol(32% ) that meaned the men's power, nobleness and royalty. In domestic national men's wear brands, color of logos were more frequently used acromatic color as black and grey than cromatic color. Among the cromatic colors were more appeared to a kind of blue and green. And the used typefaces were the more frequently used to serif typeface of capital. As a result, the visual characteristics of domestic national men's wear brand logo were that they used the brand logos composed of descriptive logomark with symbol together, black serif typeface the most. From this results, we could find that visual stragety of domestic national men's wear brand logos had the tendency to emphasize the function of conveying information, brand concept that men's wear. The specific and continuous following research in which psychological factor of consumer reflected was requested as a measure to seek brand logo that aid to establish brand power and reinforce brand image.

Symbolic Words describing shapes and states of things in Mongolian

Symbolic Words describing shapes and states of things in Mongolian

A Study on Character Adjectives in Korean that Have Symbolic Words as Roots

A Study on Character Adjectives in Korean that Have Symbolic Words as Roots

The Shamanic Background of LiSao's Symbolic Words

The Shamanic Background of LiSao's Symbolic Words

Sým-bolon

■ The Greek roots for the word symbol are sým (thrown) and bolon (together). In the recent idealized and abstract turn of the social sciences towards ‘discourse’, it has been forgotten how in their production meanings carried by symbols are precisely thrown together with material, social, and interactive circumstances. Urban ethnographers are well equipped to see the signifier not as ‘free-floating’ but as always engaged — through its intransigent opacities as well as its transparent relevancies — in socially situated context and social action as it finds its signified. Utilizing examples from my own ethnographic work, this article presents an urban and class-specific view of how symbols are thrown together with the circumstances of material want, social pressure, and ideological abjection suffered by young people at the bottom of social space in deprived urban areas. The struggle for survival here produces cultural forms and meanings which are no less creative and complex than the recognized formal creations of ‘art’ but are formed in quite different ways under pressure and compression, rather than in ‘choice’ and ‘freedom’.

Is there only one “fenêtre” in the production lexicon? On-line evidence on the nature of phonological representations of pronunciation variants for French schwa words

This study examines whether the production of words with two phonological variants involves single or multiple lexical phonological representations. Three production experiments investigated the roles of the relative frequencies of the two pronunciation variants of French words with schwa: the schwa variant (e.g., ▪) and the reduced variant (e.g., ▪). In two naming tasks and in a symbol–word association learning task, variants with higher relative frequencies were produced faster. This suggests that the production lexicon keeps a frequency count for each variant and hence that schwa words are represented in the production lexicon with two different lexemes. In addition, the advantage for schwa variants over reduced variants in the naming tasks but not in the learning task and the absence of a variant relative frequency effect for schwa variants produced in isolation support the hypothesis that context affects the variants’ lexical activation and modulates the effect of variant relative frequency.

Aleksandr B(i)elugin, de son nom rrom Leksa Manu?

Leksa Manus (1942-1998, the poet who celebrated the Indian origin of the Rroms in his writings. Rromani literature emerged, like all literatures of the world, in oral form, through songs, stories, legends, poems. Around 1920, the first Kromani language texts appeared which were transcripts of oral, or original works by Kromani writers. Several themes come into view from all of the emerging literature of the early 20 th century Rromani authors: some were devoted to the search for identity, while others dealt with the genocide committed during the Second World War; moreover, a significant number of writings centred on romantic themes, such as friendship and love, while others were what can be regarded as poetry for poetry's sake, as the soaring away of romantic, mysterious and symbolic words. Yet, Kromani literature still lacked a fifth literature: one that would connect Rromani culture with its mother culture: the Indian one. In this context, Leksa Manus emerges as a Rromani writer of the highest importance. Recognized as a rromani Latvian poet, and possessing an encyclopaedic mind (he was not only a poet but also a great scientist andprofessor at the Moscow university), Leksa Manuś absorbed the ancestral memories of India and came surprisingly close to filling the cultural gap in Rromani literature between the India of former centuries and modern Europe by translating and adapting the Ramayana by Valmiki into Rromani. More, he wrote several poems dedicated to the long odyssey of the Rromani ancestors from the North-East of India into Europe. He traced this journey (which spanned two continents) with poems incorporating allusions to the Ganges, the Brahmanic gods... In this sense, Leksa Manuś was the first to have cast a poetic bridge between the literature of the Bromani people without land scattered across the globe and India, where the source of their language and traditions lie.

用語「鎮守の森」の近代的性格に関する考察

Nowadays an idiom or a term Chinju-no-mori has been a symbolic word which refer to forests of Japanese shrines and their ecosystems. It is already known that this idiom/term is not an old word and had emerged in modern ages (Meiji, Taisho, and early Showa era) despite its connotation of Japanese traditional culture.However, any backgrounds of the birth of this term remain still unknown. To know the history of vocabularies related with landscape is one of the important issues for landscape planning and design,so this study tries to make clear the process and backgrounds of the birth and establishment of the term Chinju-no-mori in modern ages. The results are, 1)Chinju-no-mori is estimated to have been thought about and used by a novelist Tayama Katai in 1892 for the first time. 2)Tayama intended to depict some panoramic countryside landscapes with a landmark in mid-distance by Chinju-no-mori,under influences of the way of perceiving scenery in western literature. 3)Chinju-no-mori is estimated to have been established as a general word by the end of Meiji period, extending its meaning from shrine landscape to shrine itself, with some connotation of Japanese tradition or sacredness of holy space.

Keberhasilan Hukum Islam Menerjang Belenggu Kolonial dan Menjaga Keutuhan Nasional

The receptie exit theory of Hazairin has freed Islamic Law from legal colonization as aresult of the receptie theory. Since the independence day, the receptie theory has not beeneffective any longer, because since then Pancasila has been the main source of laws,including Islamic Law, without any subordination. However, the inclusion of the word “Islam”in the previous Pancasila, known as Piagam jakarta, had been controversial. Nevertheless,Hatta had been successful to cope with the problem by substituting the controversialword in the first principle to the symbolic word of “Oneness” which remains tocontain Islamic spirit. This choice has succeeded to defend Indonesian state integrity.Keywords: receptie exit, receptie, colonization, state integrity.