Korean Words Research Articles

사용자 사전과 형태소 토큰을 사용한 트랜스포머 기반 형태소 분석기

Since morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning in Korean, it is necessary to develop an accurate morphemes analyzer to improve the performance of the Korean language model. However, most existing analyzers present morpheme analysis results by learning word unit tokens as input values. However, since Korean words are consist of postpositions and affixes that are attached to the root, even if they have the same root, the meaning tends to change due to the postpositions or affixes. Therefore, learning morphemes using word unit tokens can lead to misclassification of postposition or affixes. In this paper, we use morpheme-level tokens to grasp the inherent meaning in Korean sentences and propose a morpheme analyzer based on a sequence generation method using Transformer. In addition, a user dictionary is constructed based on corpus data to solve the out-of-vocabulary problem. During the experiment, the morpheme and morpheme tags printed by each morpheme analyzer were compared with the correct answer data, and the experiment proved that the morpheme analyzer presented in this paper performed better than the existing morpheme analyzer.

Analisa Persepsi Interpersonal Karyawan PT Minu Garment Sukses Pada Penggunaan Kata Umpatan Korea

This study aims to analyze organizational communication in the application of interpersonal perceptions in Minu Garment companies Success in the use of Korean swear words by Korean leaders which has an impact on employee psychological disruption. Participants in the study were employees of PT. Minu Garment Success which includes Top Management and Middle Management statff. Top management staff are Korean company leaders and middle management staff are Indonesian employees. This research is a qualitativedescriptive research with interview method. Based on this study, it was found that the application of interpersonal perception to employees was able to overcome the psychological impact in the use of Korean swear words.
 
 

Translingual English words of Korean origin and beyond: skinship, fighting, chimaek

ABSTRACT This study offers an overview of contemporary translingual English words derived from Korean and examines their unique characteristics. Previous research has highlighted that translingual words transcend borders (Kiaer, 2019), can emerge accidentally and swiftly propagate through online platforms, and exhibit various spelling variations (Ahn, 2021). By analyzing data from online databases like the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Google Trends, this study explores additional qualities present in translingual English words originating from Korean. The qualities of Korean translingual words reveal intricate and diverse developmental trajectories. They enjoy widespread usage in a global context even before gaining local traction. The popularity of these words has surged alongside the remarkable growth of the K-pop fandom and the influence of Asian English speakers who introduce variations in spelling and meaning. Ultimately, this study delves into the pragmatic borrowing of Korean words by English speakers worldwide, underscoring the significant impact of Korean on contemporary English language dynamics.

한·중 냉각 형용사 대조 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study was to illuminate the semantic extension patterns of cooling adjectives in Korean and Chinese through a comparative study focusing on the Korean words ‘차다’, ‘차갑다’, ‘시리다’, ‘쌀쌀하다’, ‘서늘하다’, ‘싸늘하다’, and the Chinese word ‘涼’.
 Methods In this study, the definitions and characteristics of the original meanings, extended meanings, metaphor, and metonymy were first summarized. Then, a comparative analysis of the dictionary meanings of cooling adjectives in Korean and Chinese was conducted. Through this process, distinctions were made between the original meanings and extended meanings of these adjectives. Subsequently, corpus data were used to analyze the patterns of semantic extension of cooling adjectives in Korean and Chinese.
 Results The extended meanings of the Chinese word ‘涼’ and the Korean words ‘차다’, ‘차갑다’, ‘시리다’, ‘쌀쌀하다’, ‘싸늘하다’, and ‘서늘하다’ were found to encompass both similar and completely distinct meanings. However, the most important observation was that even when there are similar meanings, there are significant differences in the extension paths. The extension paths of the character 涼 mainly focus on abstract semantic extensions, and the verb ‘차다’ reveals not only abstract semantic extensions but also sensory extensions. Furthermore, when comparing the extended meanings of 涼 and ‘차갑다’, ‘쌀쌀하다’, ‘서늘하다’, and ‘싸늘하다’, it can be observed that while they share some similar extended meanings, the extension paths of ‘차갑다’, ‘쌀쌀하다’, ‘서늘하다’, and ‘싸늘하다’ are relatively diverse. Lastly, it can be confirmed that there is no similar meaning in the extended meanings of 涼 and ‘시리다’, and from the perspective of extension paths, both words share the commonality of extensions related to ‘state’ and ‘abstract entity’. Additionally, the Chinese character 涼 has additional extension paths related to ‘body parts’ and ‘area (space)’.
 Conclusions This study is meaningful in that when making sentences using adjectives for cold , the vocabulary is accurately selected and used by referring to the expansion path of the extended meaning of Korean and Chinese adjectives for cold.

The Deep Learning-Based OCR System for Korean Word with Web Search Engine

The Deep Learning-Based OCR System for Korean Word with Web Search Engine

Language Experience Modulates the Visual N200 Response for Disyllabic Chinese Words: An Event-Related Potential Study.

Prior event-related potential (ERP) research on how the brain processes non-alphabetic scripts like Chinese has identified an N200 component related to early visual processing of Chinese disyllabic words. An enhanced N200 response was observed when similar prime-target pairs were presented, but it was not elicited when native Chinese speakers read Korean Hangul, a script resembling Chinese characters. This led to the proposal that N200 was not a universal marker for orthographic processing but rather specific and unique to Chinese. However, there was uncertainty due to the absence of Korean participants in the previous research. The impact of language experience on N200 remains unclear. To address this, the present pilot ERP study included three adult groups (totaling 30 participants) with varying language proficiency levels. The participants judged if randomly presented words were Chinese or Korean, while the ERP responses were recorded. The behavioral data showed high accuracy across the groups. The reaction times differed between the groups with the native speakers responding faster. The N200 patterns varied across the groups. Both Chinese native speakers and Chinese-as-second-language learners showed stronger N200 responses for Chinese words compared to Korean words regardless of whether an adaptive or a fixed-time window was used for the N200 quantification, but this was not the case for Korean native speakers. Our cross-linguistic study suggests that N200 is not exclusive to Chinese orthography. Instead, it reflects general visual processing sensitive to both orthographic features and learning experience.

한글 단어재인에 있어서 음운재부호화 가설 검증 : 음운 점화 과제를 중심으로

한글 단어재인에 있어서 음운재부호화 가설 검증 : 음운 점화 과제를 중심으로

Semantically related Korean words can be processed in parallel

Semantically related Korean words can be processed in parallel

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0174-0181)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that Korean language is truly different from Chinese language. Several researchers had done their researches about the relation between Persian language and Korean language (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher tried to find out the relation between Korean words and Persian words. And the researcher wants to know the origin of Persian culture and Korean culture. The present researcher chose several Persian words randomly, and the researcher tried to compare those Persian words with Korean words. The researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). This is in order to compared those words of the two languages. The present researcher chose eight Persian words, and the researcher tried to compare those Persian words with Korean words. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0174-0181)’. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0174-1 Raqam (species, kind, sort) I-rweo-gam (They will complete the thing.) 0174-2 Raqam (species, kind, sort) I-reo-han (It is done on the way.) 0175 Bo (odor) Bwa! (You! See the thing now!) 0176 Hadiya (present) Eo-di-ya? (Where are you now?) 0177 Hadya dadan (to give something to somebody, or to give the present) Eo-di-ya taktak (Where are you now? Here, ‘taktak‘is the sound of the knock or the sound of clapping the hands.) 0178 Ash (meal, nutrition) Eol-ssu, Eol-ssi-gu! (It is the voice for expressing the harmony when the people are in great joy.) 0179 Ash dadan (get a suntan) Eol-ssu taktak! (‘Eol-ssu’ is the voice for expressing the harmony. The ‘taktak’ is the sound of clapping the hands.) 0180 Kalame (parole, word) Kola mal (You, select the word and the sentence) 0181 Dar ol Salam (Jerusalem) Teo reul Salim (It is the person who save this land!). The eight Persian words seemed to be very similar or to be same to Korean words.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0164-0173)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote that there are many differences between Chinese people and Korean people; their race and their language and their culture. Several researchers have done researches about the relation between Persian language and Korean language (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher started to know the relation Korean language and Persian language. The present researcher selected several Persian words randomly, and the researcher tried to study the similarity of Korean words and Persian words. The researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0164-0173)’. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0164-1 Ramz (secret number) Daramzwi (squirrel) 0164-2 Ramz (secret number) Amho (watchword) 0165 Robab zadan (to play the musical instrument) “Boribab Boribab Ssalbab!” Nol-i hada (We play a game with our hands together. At that time, we say “Boribab Boribab Ssalbab!”) 0166-1 Amiq (deep) A Miggeu-reo-weo! (Oh! It is too slippery!) 0166-2 Amiq (deep) Eom-ni ggeos! (It is the thing of my mother!) 0167 Portagal (Portugal) Pul eul dda-ga! (You, pick the grass!) 0168 Portegal (Portugal) Pul eul ddeo-ga! (You, take the grass out of the ground!) 0169 Aks (photograph) Eu-sseug eu-sseug! (to be proud of oneself) 0170-1 Este mal (work, usable) Igoss-e mal! (You, make the horse to be here!) 0170-2 Este mal (work, usable) I-sseul-mo (This is something good.), Il-teo (working place), Sseul-mo (utilizable, something good) 0171 Adam (nothing) Eob-da (There is not anything.) 0172 Amr (order, commandment) Eo-heum! (The voice of higher level person) 0173 Majzum (leper, leprosy) Ma-tchim (the end). It is considered that there is deep relation between the Persian culture and Korean culture, because there is very close relation between the two languages.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0145-0152)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that Korean culture is different from Chinese culture. Several researchers studied the relation between Persian words and Korean words (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher selected several Persian words, and compared them with Korean words. The researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008) in order to translate those 8 Persian words into Korean words. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0145-0152)’. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0145 Ejra kardan (to complete a work) Adeula-gireuda (to bring up the son) 0146 Qazi (to do justice) Ggeus-ggazi-ganda (I want to come to the end in order to judge it.) 0147 Gap (word, talk, conversation) Gabs (to say valuable things, to intend to do so) 0148 Alam (flag) Alim (notice, announcement) 0149 Aksar (the major part) Ag-sseo-ra! (You, tell it in the loud voice! Speak in the crying voice!) 0150 Memar (carpenter) Mweol-man-deul-eo? (What do you make now?) 0151 Tabela (livestock house) Tabolae? (Do you want to ride the horse or sheep?) 0152 Neza (dispute, quarrel) Mis-zyeo! (I lose my money! I do not gain money now!) From this study, it is found that most of Persian words here in this study are similar to Korean words. Therefore, it is considered that both Persian culture and Korean culture have same origin.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0132-0144)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that Korean language and Chinse language is really different. Several researchers studied the similar relation between Persian language and Korean language (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). And now, the present researcher tried to know if there is close relation between Korean language and Persian language. The present researcher selected several Persian words randomly, and compared them with Korean words. The researcher used the Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008) in order to study the relation between Korean language and Persian language. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0132-0144)’. The present researcher tried to compare 13 Persian words with Korean words. And the results obtained here is described as follows. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0132 Gozashita (passed thing, before) Ggoza-eoss-da (I have stabbed, pinned, stuck) 0133 Gor (tomb) Golo-ganda (He or she is going to die, toward death) 0134 Gozar (passage for the river, for road) Gosat (a narrow alley, a small road in the village) 0135 Yunani (Greek, of Greece) Yunan-eul-ddeolda (make a big deal (out of), specially) 0136 Doxtar (daughter, girl) Ddog ddeol-eo-zyeo-yo (It was fallen as a present suddenly.) 0137 Hafez (The person who can memorize Koran) Yeobo! (Calling each other by husband and wife) 0138-1 Pomi (large) Gippeumi (A person who gives joy to others) 0138-2 Pomi (large) Yeppeumi (A person who is beautiful) 0139-1 Panah gah (refuge) Pinan ga! (You, take your refuge!) 0139-2 Panah gah (refuge) Pihae ga! (You, escape from here!) 0140 Awi (Look at the thing!) Ayu! (Oh!) 0141 Hawi (I am afraid of the thing!) Huyu! (I am afraid of the thing!) 0142 Ajala (Make haste!) Ap-zil-leo (You, become faster than others!) 0143 Amma (but, at any case) Omma (My mother! No, it is not such a thing!) 0144 Shora (meeting) Seora (You, stop!) From this study, it is considered that there is a close relationship between Persian language and Korean language.

Are they Similar or are they Same Origin, Persian Language and Korean Language? (0153-0163)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that Korean language is different from Chinese language. Several researchers studied the relation between Persian words and Korean words (Park et al., 2019: Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher tried to find out the relation between Persian language and Korean language. The researcher selected several Persian words, and imagined possible counter-part Korean words. The present researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). This study was done on the basis of pronunciation of the two languages. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0153-0163)’. The result obtained is as follows. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0152-2 Neza (dispute) Eo-zzu (It is not good! It is not right!) 0153-1 Mizan (balance) Mis-zin (He or she lost the money, There is not any gain.) 0153-2 Mizan (balance) Mas-tchun (adjusted) 0154 Maqad (anus) Mag-a (You, close the anus!) 0155 Ba kar (necessary) Ba-ggweo (You, change the thing!) 0156 Qadim (antique) Gga- dang (the voice of knock down, the voice of falling) 0157 Zadan (strike, batter) Tchada (kick) 0158 Mehmiz zadan (claw, talon) Maen-mis Tchada (strike the lowest part) 0159 Mehmiz (claw of iron) Mae maz-zi? (You, you get flogged, you are whipped, you are hit?) 0160 Maydan (soil, plain) Maen ddang (bare ground, ground) 0161-1 Mahram (lunar calendar) Ma-gam (It was closed! It was ended.) 0161-2 Mahram (lunar calendar) Mal-eum (the rolled thing) 0161-3 Mahram (lunar calendar) Mul-leo-nam (retreat) 0161-4 Mahram (lunar calendar) Mus-na-eum (All of them are cured.) 0162 Adawat (not favorable) A! Ddeu-geo-weo! (It is too hot! I do not like the thing!) 0163 Al yawm (today) An-nyeong ha-se-yo! (How are you, today?).

Developing a Classification Algorithm for Prediabetes Risk Detection From Home Care Nursing Notes: Using Natural Language Processing.

This study developed and validated a rule-based classification algorithm for prediabetes risk detection using natural language processing from home care nursing notes. First, we developed prediabetes-related symptomatic terms in English and Korean. Second, we used natural language processing to preprocess the notes. Third, we created a rule-based classification algorithm with 31 484 notes, excluding 315 instances of missing data. The final algorithm was validated by measuring accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 score against a gold standard testing set (400 notes). The developed terms comprised 11 categories and 1639 words in Korean and 1181 words in English. Using the rule-based classification algorithm, 42.2% of the notes comprised one or more prediabetic symptoms. The algorithm achieved high performance when applied to the gold standard testing set. We proposed a rule-based natural language processing algorithm to optimize the classification of the prediabetes risk group, depending on whether the home care nursing notes contain prediabetes-related symptomatic terms. Tokenization based on white space and the rule-based algorithm were brought into effect to detect the prediabetes symptomatic terms. Applying this algorithm to electronic health records systems will increase the possibility of preventing diabetes onset through early detection of risk groups and provision of tailored intervention.

한·중 색채어의 실제 사용 및 인지 양상 대조연구: 고빈도 색채어 ‘노랗다/黄’을 중심으로

한·중 색채어의 실제 사용 및 인지 양상 대조연구: 고빈도 색채어 ‘노랗다/黄’을 중심으로

Korean named entity recognition based on language-specific features

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel way of improving named entity recognition (NER) in the Korean language using its language-specific features. While the field of NER has been studied extensively in recent years, the mechanism of efficiently recognizing named entities (NEs) in Korean has hardly been explored. This is because the Korean language has distinct linguistic properties that present challenges for modeling. Therefore, an annotation scheme for Korean corpora by adopting the CoNLL-U format, which decomposes Korean words into morphemes and reduces the ambiguity of NEs in the original segmentation that may contain functional morphemes such as postpositions and particles, is proposed herein. We investigate how the NE tags are best represented in this morpheme-based scheme and implement an algorithm to convert word-based and syllable-based Korean corpora with NEs into the proposed morpheme-based format. Analyses of the results of traditional and neural models reveal that the proposed morpheme-based format is feasible, and the varied performances of the models under the influence of various additional language-specific features are demonstrated. Extrinsic conditions were also considered to observe the variance of the performances of the proposed models, given different types of data, including the original segmentation and different types of tagging formats.

A role of functional morphemes in Korean categorial grammars

Abstract This study discusses a role of functional morphemes in Korean categorial grammars, providing the reviews of various types of Korean categorial grammars that have never been conducted so far, notwithstanding many previous studies on them. Previous work has presented different morphological segmentation because of Korean’s agglutinative characteristics, implying that Korean words may contain a different segmentation sequence of morphemes. We focus on functional morphemes in Korean categorial grammars, which have been explored in different ways by previous work. We present detailed analyses for postpositions and verbal endings in categorial grammars, insisting that the functional morphemes in Korean should be treated as part of a word, with the result that their categories do not require to be assigned individually in a syntactic level, and also that it would be more efficient to assign the syntactic categories on the fully inflected lexical word derived by the lexical rule of the morphological processes in the lexicon.

Are they Similar or are they same Origin, Persian Language and Korean Language? (0125-0132)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in his book that the Korean people are not similar to the Chinese people. Several researchers studied the relation between Persian language and Korean language (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). The present researcher tried to translate several Persian words into Korean words on the basis of the pronunciation of the two languages. The researcher used the Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). The sound of the two language words is expressed in English. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0125-0132)’. The 9 Persian words were interpreted into Korean words. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0078 Adab (politeness, Your sitting attitude is well!) Areumdabda (You are beautiful!), 0125 Boz (goat) Beos (friend, colleague), 0126 Gosh (ear) Gwi (ear), 0127-1 Mashima (placenta) Meosimae (a boy, a son), 0127-2 Mashima (placenta) Keuda (It is big or it is great!), (from the meaning of the English word ‘Maximal’), 0128 Zarar (bad, the bad thing, to lose money) Zza-reu-da (to cut), 0129 Hoson (beauty) Heos-son (faint motion, pawing the air, to repeat air), 0130 Asa (baton, stick, bar) As-ssa! (Thank God! Extremely! Voice of exclamation), 0131 Adabiyat (good letters, literature) Areum-da-weo-ya! (You are truly beautiful!), 0132 Tatilat (vacation) Da teul-lyeoss-eo! (All is not well! All things are wrong!), Among these 9 Persian words, 8 Persian words can be translated similarly. As a conclusion, it is assumed that there is a deep relation between Persian language and Korean language.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0113-0124)

French missionary Dallet (1874) wrote in book that Korean people is truly different from Chinese people. This is also applied to the two languages (Dallet, 1874). Several researchers studied the relation between Persian language and Korean language (Park et al., 2019; Kim and Park, 2022). Now, the present researcher chose several Persian words randomly, and the researcher tried to find out the relation between the two words (Persian and Korean). The present researcher wants to know the origin of Korean culture. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0113-0124)’. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0113-1 Zeraat (agriculture) Zal-hae-ya! (You must do it well!) 0113-2 Zeraat agriculture Zal-was-so! (To visit a good place, Welcome!) 0114 Asel or Asl (principle, origin) Adeul (son) 0115 Balad (familiar) Bareuda (To rub something. Someone is right, bright.) 0116 Pas tar (inferior in value) Pag ddeol-eo-zyeo! (Just now, you, have a distance from that! Because it is bad!) 0117 Ba xod (to oneself) Bwa sog-eul! (You, see the inside of the thing!) 0118 Xod (oneself) Sog (the inside of something, the heart) 0119 Ba (to, toward) Bwa! (You, see the thing!) 0120 Din (religion) Dding (the voice of clash against something) 0121 Gol e roz (rose) Ggoss-eu-ro (It is classified as a flower.) 0122 Oqab (eagle) O! Keob-na! (Ah, I am so much afraid of something or somebody!) 0123 Xalifa (a caliph) Sal-lyeo-bwa! (You, make the dead person to be safe! You, rescue the person from the death!) 0124 Parda (curtain) Bareuda (to cover something, to apply, to paste) In general, it is difficult to know the source of Korean language. It means that there is no origin for Korean language. At present, this study showed that there might be the same or the similar origin for Persian language and Korean language.

Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0105-0112)

Now at this work, the present researcher tried to translate 8 Persian words into Korean words. And the present researcher wanted to know the origin of Korean language. The present researcher used a Dictionary of Persian/French and French/Persian (Bau, 2008). The present researcher randomly chose 8 Persian words. And the researcher tried to translate several Persian words into Korean words. This study was done on the basis of pronunciation of the two languages. The title is ‘Are they similar or are they same origin, Persian language and Korean language? (0105-0112)’. The results of translation were obtained as follows. <number Persian word (its meaning) Korean word (its meaning in English)> 0105 Okom or Hokom (sentence) Yeog-geum (to weave, to tie together) 0106 Ejaza (permission) Essu-za (Here, it is!) 0107 Tshutsh peshak (kitten, kid cat) Tchutchu bazzak! (Come here, near to me!) 0108 Tshtsh ahu (fawn, kid deer) Tchutchu eohu! (voice when calling friendly, and voice of growl) 0109 Bayanya (conference) Bi-eos-nya? (Is there any vacant seat?) 0110 Romman (pomegranate) Zamong (zamboa, grape fruit) 0111 Besat (demonstration, parade) Gosat (a narrow alley, the common place of the village) 0112 Tshay (tea) Tcha (tea). It is difficult to say in one sentence about the relation between Persian language and Korean language. But at the present level, it can be said that there is a common language both of Persian language and of Korean language. In other words, it can be said that both Persian language and Korean language come from same origin.