Word-formation Means Research Articles

LINGUISTIC MARKERS OF EXTREMISM IN ISLAMIST TEXTS OF THE RELIGIOUS GENRE “SERMON”: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT

Linguistic examination of texts with allegedly extremist content is carried out using special methods. The most popular today are lexical-semantic, semantic-syntactic methods, as well as the method of discourse anal-ysis, which allow an expert linguist to make an objective expert opinion on the issues raised. An expert linguist conduc ting an examination of texts with allegedly extremist content has to identify linguistic markers of extrem-ism that are implemented at all language levels. The linguistic examination of Islamist discourse texts involves taking into account genre features of a religious text, having an impact on linguistic markers. Islamist discourse is understood as texts related to political radical trends of Islamism. The article presents fundamental diff erenc-es between the terms “Islam” as a world religion and “Islamism” as a political trend. We propose an algorithm for the me thodology of analyzing texts of allegedly extremist content based on the material of an Islamist text of the “sermon” genre, the main function of which is to instruct believers. Linguistic markers of extremism in the sermon genre are identifi ed during the analysis and are classifi ed according to their main functions: motivation and appeal, negation, demonstration of the superiority of one person or group of persons over other people based on nationality, origin and attitude to religion. These linguistic markers are implemented using the following lin-guistic means: morphological (verbs of obligation, verbs of the 2nd person singular or plural in the imperative mood, the form of the imperative of the 1st person plural); syntactic (particles in imperative sentences, complex sentences with subordinate clauses, addresses in combination with verbs in the imperative mood of the 2nd per-son plural); rhetorical means (rhetorical questions, antithesis); lexical and semantic means (nouns, verbs and oth-er parts of speech with negative connotations); morphemic and word-formation means (comparative, superlative forms). The identifi ed linguistic markers realize the function of demonstrating superiority, appeal, negativity in relation to “strangers”, “others”.

Смыслоориентированный подход к описанию семантических полей на занятиях по русскому языку как иностранному (на примере семантического поля «Любовь»)

The article provides an overview of Russian linguo didactic works devoted to the adaptation of the system of typical meanings in the form of lexical functions (in the terminology of I. A. Melchuk and A. K. Zholkovsky) to practical classes in a foreign language audience. The aim of the conducted research is to adapt the system of typical meanings to the presentation and practice of lexical material of the semantic field “Love” in Russian as a foreign language classes (RFL). The novelty of the conducted research lies in the development of the theory of using the system of typical meanings in the educational process in RFL classes from the standpoint of not only stable, but also word-formation means. This approach makes it possible to reassess the prospects for studying lexical compatibility, idiomatics and morphological modifications of Russian words in the aspect of RFL. Own materials are proposed for teaching foreign learners to combine and modify Russian words from the standpoint of the onomasiological approach (from meanings to ways of expressing them) within the semantic field “Love”. As a result of the research, the most frequently used semantic parameters describing love relationships between their participants are demonstrated, and the most universal ways of expressing a particular typical meaning are listed from the standpoint of receptive and productive speech actions. The approach presented in the work allows foreign students to successfully carry out the process of speech creation in Russian with a more accurate transmission of the given meanings, significantly increasing the language competence of the learners.

Семантика нулевого количества в кабардино-черкесском языке: основные способы репрезентации

The aim of the study is to identify the main ways of representing zero-quantity semantics in the modern Kabardian language. The study is novel in that it is the first to examine and systematise in a comprehensive manner lexical, affixal, phraseological units with the semantics of zero quantity in the Kabardian language and analyse the ways of conveying the semantics of non-possession and the semantics of absence in the Kabardian language. The paper analyses the main lexical means of conveying zero-quantity semantics in the modern Kabardian language, identifies typical constructions representing zero-quantity semantics, the features of functioning and lexical composition of phraseological and paremiological units with zero-quantity semantics, examines the main word-formation means of lexemes with non-possession semantics and absence semantics. The obtained results showed that the semantics of zero quantity is implemented in the modern Kabardian language through lexical, phraseological, paremiological, word-formation means. In addition, constructions representing zero-quantity semantics, which contain a verb in a negative form, have been identified in this language.

DEUTSCHE WIRTSCHAFTSTERMINOLOGIE: STRUKTUR-SEMANTISCHE BESONDERHEITEN

In the modern world, with the deepening of the internationalization of the economy and the growing interaction between different countries, there is a need for effective use of language tools to ensure quality and accurate translation of economic terminology. German language is particularly important in this regard, as it is one of the key languages of the European Union and has great significance in the field of economics. This article discusses the structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases; it also characterizes word formation tools and their role in defining the meanings of economic vocabulary and facilitating its translation into the Ukrainian language. The structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases are quite complex and require careful study. German economic terminology is provided with various terms used in the fields of banking, accounting, finance, insurance, taxation, and other areas of the economy. The peculiarity of German economic terminology lies in its structural and semantic characteristics, which include both lexical and morphological peculiarities. Terminological phrases have a stable character in terms of their semantic specification. One of the ways to determine the meaning of an economic term is to use knowledge of methods and means of word formation. The peculiarity of the German language lies in its large number of word formation tools, such as suffixes, prefixes, infixes, suffixal abbreviations, and others. The use of these tools allows for the creation of new terms and terminological phrases that reflect new realities in the economy. This article is useful for those interested in linguistics, especially in the field of economic vocabulary. It can also be helpful for translators and those involved in translating texts from German to Ukrainian.

Структурно-семантическая характеристика производных глаголов движения в немецком языке

The aim of the research is to identify and describe the structural, semantic and functional features of derivative verbs of motion with derivational suffixes of the directional meaning in the German language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in taking a holistic approach to the study of the ways of dynamic relations explication. Carrying out a component analysis, the paper is the first to identify the semantic features of functioning of the German derivative units belonging to the lexico-semantic group ‘Motion’ in syntagmatic structures based on the correlation of ‘verbs of motion with the verbal components-particles of prepositional and adverbial character of the directional semantics + a prepositional/non-prepositional construction’ with the causators of the initial, intermediate and final points of motion. The research findings have shown that the nominative field of spatial-directional relations consists of 12 propositional models and word-formation categories, the constitutive components of which are word-formation types (series of word-formation types) with a certain degree of productivity, as well as a connotative and collocational potential. In addition, German verbal particles of directional semantics demonstrate nominative independence and, as a result, affect the processes of text generation. It has been found that the influence of the studied suffixes on the content structure of the motivating word forms two types of word-formation meanings: the modifying meaning, which includes the modifying-amplifying one, and the mutational meaning, which includes the neutralizing one.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY WORDS INCLUDED IN DOOM3 (THE ORTHOGRAPHIC, ORTHOEPIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF ROMANIAN). GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL COMMENTS

The development of science and technology at a rapid pace and access to information through the media, which informs the public about various aspects of social and political life, have brought more and more terms into the common language. Among specialized languages that have become increasingly popular is medical language. Thus, the present article aims to trace the newly introduced elements in DOOM3 that belong to medical terminology. The selection of medical terms – out of a total of 3600 words added in the new edition of DOOM – is made by referring to medical lexicography and, where appropriate, to specialists’ articles. After the actual identification of medical terms, several statistical tables are set up on the basis of lexical-grammatical information. The last part contains comments on the means of word formation we delimited.

WORD-BUILDING MORPHONOLOGY OF THE DEVERBATIVES IN THE WORKS OF M. KIDRUK

The article deals with the specifi city of the deverbatives in the word-formation and morphonological aspect based on M. Kidruk’s prose works; the derivational means, the word-formation models and morphonological models of the verbal derivatives of the author are identifi ed. The main feature of M. Kidruk’s language material is high intellectualism, coupled with the linguistic realism. The writer’s idiostyle is a system of the language means formed as a result of the creative use of the linguistic phenomena in Ukrainian. The main aspects of the individual style of the writer such as the deeply moving narrative, dialogues, naturalness, clarity of presentation are shown. The specifi ity of the language organization is defi ned, active word-formation resources and accompanying morphonological processes are described in the nomination of fragments of the modern Ukrainian-language picture of the author’s world, word-formation and morphonological features of the deverbatives in the prose works are determined, word-formation means and morphonological models of the verbal derivatives are highlighted in the works of the author in the stylistic aspect as means of stylistic expressiveness. It has been established that the deverbatives of the substantive block used in the prose works of M. Kidruk indicate the names of the persons, objects of the abstract names, indicated action and they belong to the productive linguistic units. The nouns for naming the abstract action and the result of the action are characterized by the lower productivity. It has been revealed that for the verbal derivatives of the substantive block, the following morphonological phenomena, such as the verbal ending, consonant alternation (P//P1 (the alternation of the labial and labial + l, C//C), the alternation due to the infl uence of the ancient suffi xal phoneme j, the alternation of the linguistic dental consonants with the pre-dental hushing sound), C//C ‘(the alternation of hard consonant with the palatalized phoneme), C’//C (the alternation of palatalized with the hard consonant phoneme) and the vocal (V//V) alternatives, the shift of accent are applied.

WORD-FORMATION AND ORIGINS OF ETHNOPHOBIC TERMS IN THE AMERICAN AND UKRAINIAN NON-STANDARD LANGUAGES

The article aims to outline extralinguistic factors of the emergence of American and Ukrainian ethnophobic terms and to study the means of their word-formation. The methods applied in the research include the analysis of dictionary definitions, as well as semantic, structural, conceptual, comparative, and linguocultural analyses. Metaphor, metonymy, and antonomasia are established as the semantic means of ethnophobic terms formation, whereas compounding, suffixation, clipping, and onomatopoeia – as the predominant means of structural word-formation in both American and Ukrainian nonstandard languages. Blends and acronyms are established as typical of American ethnophobic terms formation only, while the combination of semantic and structural word-formation is evident in both languages. Borrowings are determined as a significant means of replenishing the corpora of ethnophobic terms in both American and Ukrainian non-standard languages.

Derivatives -či/čï in the medieval Kipchak manuscript Temür Qutlugh Khan’s yarliǧ

In 1397, Temür Qutlugh, Khan of the Golden Horde, issued the edict (yarlïǧ) to a local royal family in Crimea. In this medieval manuscript, the addresser mentions dozens of profession names, many of which are formed with the help of the word-formative suffix (affix) -či/čï. The derivative -či/čï is a common word-formation affix in Old and modern Turkic languages, its origins are in the Proto-Altaic language. -či/čï is actively functioning in both the early and late Middle Ages, which is also confirmed by the analysis of derived words in this specific manuscript. Historically, -či/-čï denoted a person’s connection with a subject, an action, or a professional activity to which it attaches, and this word-formation meaning has also existed in this manuscript (bitigči, tartnaqčï, köprükči, etc.). The authors have made a semantic and etymological analysis of the generating bases of lexemes, identified the corpus of derived words denoting professions in the Golden Horde, considered their syntagmatic and contextual compatibility, and concluded that derived words with derivatives -či/-čï in the vocabulary of Temür Qutlugh yarlïǧï, and their word-formation meanings have continuity with similar derivatives of modern Turkic languages

Polymotivated compound nouns in Russian language

This article presents the results of the survey of polymotivation in word-formation of compound nouns in the modern Russian language. Polymotivation as well as homonymous, synonymous, and antonymous in the formation of compound nouns is a kind of formal-semantic relations between the components of compound nouns. A polymotivated word has different direct derivation relations with different words with the same root because of being the result of different motivations, i. e. different word-formation ways or methods. Therefore, they have different word-formation structures and corresponding different word-formation meanings. Polymotivated words take up about 2,5% of compound nouns in the modern Russian language. Most of them are two-motivated and only some are three-motivated. Polymotivated compound nouns are classified according to their motivations, i. e. their word-formation ways: there are 12 types of two-motivated words and 3 typed three-motivated words. Two-motivated compound nouns can be formed in the same word-formation way, which is pure compounding with different components, or in two different word-formation ways, mainly pure compounding and suffixation, or rarely pure compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation. Three-motivated compound nouns are formed in three different ways: pure compounding, compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation or pure compounding/compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation with different suffixes. The polymotivation of Russian compound nouns shows diversity and complication in the mutual relation between the form and meaning of the word-formation system in Russian language.

The communicative and pragmatic potential of non-standard vocabulary

The article is devoted to the study of the sub-standard vocabulary of the English language using examples of American slang, which makes up its main part. The development of language and society entails the constant emergence of new units of both standard and non-standard vocabulary. Knowledge of this layer of vocabulary is necessary for a better understanding of native English speakers, modern literature and mass media. The definitions and stylistic characteristics of the layers of non-standard vocabulary are indicated, combining them into a lexico-semantic paradigm based on the principle of socio-cultural and stylistic determinism of their functioning. The communicative structure of a literary text as a linguocultural space is determined to identify the stylistic characteristics of non-standard lexical units. The features of the conceptualization of the world through non-standard vocabulary are revealed. In addition, the article describes the communicative and pragmatic techniques of non-standard vocabulary at the lexical and semantic levels. At the word-formation level, non-standard compatibility manifests itself, as a rule, through a language game created with the help of word-formation means, as a rule, it is affixation, contamination, abbreviation, truncation.

Word-forming semantics of nouns in denumerative word formation

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to take into account the principle aspect in the analysis of the the word-forming system of the modern Ukrainian language. Scientific works testify that the derivatives motivated by noun-, adjective-, and verb-forming bases, which represent the core parts of the language, are considered for the most part. The purpose of the article is to establish the word-forming semantics of denumeratives – derived nouns grouped according to the nesting principle with vertex numerals belonging to the periphery of the forming base, find out the types of derivation and models of creation. The analysis was carried out using the structural-semantic method in combination with the use of lexical-semantic transformations. The onomasiological aspect involves the interaction of a simple motivational base, which is represented by adjectives, nouns, numerals, and verbs, and word-forming means; hence, thirteen word-forming meanings have been established, the carriers of which are simple substantives. The word-forming semantics of compound two- and three-base nouns, motivated by word combinations with subordinating and singly consecutive types of connection, have been determined; the number of word-forming meanings of complex formations is six. The nature of the correlation of the semantics of the formed word with the word-forming means was analyzed, particularly in syntagmatic word-forming meanings complicated by subcategorization and recategorization content, thus the types of derivation of word-forming meanings were established – mutational, modificational, and transpositional. Within each of the nineteen semantic positions of derivative substantives, one hundred and twenty-nine word-forming models were identified, presented in a descending order of their performance. The interpretation of the noun as a part of speech block in denumerative word formation contributes to the identification of the derivational capacity of the numerals of the modern Ukrainian language, complements the achievements of the principle derivation.

Deanthroponymic contaminants as objects of language game (based on the material of Spanish-language media)

The article is devoted to the study of anthroponymic occasionalisms-contaminants – lexical innovations created on the basis of anthroponyms, used in publications of the Spanish-language media within the framework of the communicative strategy and creative potential of the language game, implemented during the dynamic process characteristic of modern Spanish socio-political discourse. Objectives: a) to identify models of this method of word formation and b) to establish the type of relations realized between the components of the above-mentioned derived words. The anthroponyms selected by random sampling from the publications of Internet publications are studied, considered as objects of language game, on the basis of which, as a result of deliberate wordmaking, accidental formations are created – contaminated formations expressing, in addition to nominative meaning, expressiveness and emotive coloring. In the analysis of the material, the method of component analysis of the word was used; the wordformation method of studying transformational techniques; the method of contextual analysis, which allows to identify the communicative parameters of the use of language units and contextual features of the implementation of their meaning in the text; descriptive-analytical method to identify the essential characteristics and features of the linguistic facts under consideration against the background of extralinguistic factors; the classification method and the method of linguistic and stylistic analysis, focused on identifying the specifics of individual word usage due to the communicative and aesthetic tasks of the author of the text. The relevance of this study is due to the attention of linguists to axiological issues, the increasing regularity of the use of language play in the media space in particular, contamination as one of the means of expression in the Spanish-language media at the present stage, using anthroponyms as an object. Anthroponymic contaminated formations are growing quantitatively and becoming more diverse, and there is a need to systematize their models and study their structure and semantics. As a result of the examination carried out on a certain array of initial data, semantic-stylistic, axiological functions of contaminants – mainly defamatory, invective – are established, in accordance with the pragmatic goals of the author of the text. The models of creation of anthroponymic contaminants by both occasional and conventional wordformation means are identified and systematized.

Semantics and Creation of Eponyms in the English-Speaking World

The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by the importance of researching derivational processes in the modern English-speaking world, in particular using the example of eponyms, with the aim of tracking the transition of proper names to common names, creating occasional vocabulary and its unification and codification at the national or international level. The purpose of the article is the structural-linguistic analysis of eponymous units with regard to the sphere of everyday life in different contexts (medical, political, social), the study of various derivational models functioning in the English-speaking environment. The main method is a comparative study of various productive word-forming classes on the example of the development of the English language system, a historical-typological study of the mechanisms of adding elements to its derivational composition. This article reveals the main word-formation models that are most characteristic for the formation of eponymous vocabulary (conversion, suffixation, composition, blending, acronymization), analyzes the metaphorical and metonymic features of figurative reinterpretation during the transition of a linguistic unit from the composition of its own vocabulary to general use, points out the grammatical nature of eponyms (noun, adjective, verb, adverb), highlights productive suffix morphemes, indicates the linguistic potential of various means of word formation, the main lexical-semantic transformations as a result of the implementation of derivational models, and special attention is paid to suffixation as the main way of forming new eponyms. The materials presented in this paper will further help in the study of various language systems in view of the derivational, lexical-grammatical, structural features of a separate national language, the study of global influences on the linguistic culture of creating occasional vocabulary and its standardization and codification in the national language space.

Nomen Est Omen Socialis

Abstract Functioning in media discourse as reference points for shaping people’s worldview, sociocultural stereotypes are considered cognitive-linguistic phenomena, formed in the process of evaluative categorization. A lexical item that represents a sociocultural stereotype in media discourse is determined in the study as a nomen of a stereotype. The aim of the paper is to outline strategies of nomen formation that are found in American media discourse. Nomina of stereotypes are formed by phonetic, morphologic, and semantic means. As phonetic means, onomatopoeia creates a nomen on the basis of a sound representation of a stereotyped group. Morphological nomina are conditioned by available in the language through word formation means such as suffixation, compounding, blending, and acronymization. Semantically motivated nomina of sociocultural stereotypes are formed according to logical, allusive, and figurative strategies. Logical strategy is based on the unbiased perception of a social group, regardless of its emotional and evaluative perception. Transference of a well-known name of a figure or an event to a sociocultural stereotype determines allusive strategy. Figurative strategy lies in the sensory portrayal of stereotypes, which takes place according to metaphorical, metonymic, and eponymous patterns. The results of the research can be applied in lexical discourse analysis, media linguistics, and cognitive semantics studies.

Tagadnes pasīvo divdabju substantivēšanās: dialektālo vārdnīcu dotumi

In Latvian dictionaries, the word-formation has been analysed focusing on word-formation means different from those in written language, but there are few observations and conclusions about conversion. The dictionary of Vainiži subdialect and the dictionary of Nīca subdialect representing, respectively, the Livonian dialect (Vainiži – one of Vidzeme Livonian subdialects) and the Middle dialect (Nīca – one of Curonian dialects), have been used to establish similarities and differences in substantivization in two Latvian dialects. Notwithstanding substantial differences (differential/full type dictionary; publishing finished/unfinished), both dictionaries contain substantivizations of participles, which had been examined mostly using the descriptive method because quantitative methods could not be applied due to different types and scopes of the dictionaries. The process of participle substantivization has the potential for nomination – both the synonyms for already existing names and names for new facts and objects can be created on the grounds of the basic verb’s semantics. It is possible to create a name for a concrete object, e.g. dẽjamais ‘a tool for filling sausages’ in Nīca, uzliêkams ‘a compress’ in Vainiži, as well as create substantivized participles with the meaning of generalization, e.g. dzeramais, also dzerams ‘that what is drinkable; a beverage’ in Nīca, piêkuôžams ‘a snack’ in Vainiži. Differences in the use of present passive participles had been ascertained: in the dictionary of Nīca subdialect, the definite ending predominates, but the indefinite ending predominates in the dictionary of Vainiži subdialect. The conversion of compounds in the Livonian dialect is based on dialectal differences in word-formation, e.g. zâbakvȩlkams, zâbakvȩlkameš ‘a tool for taking off boots’ in Vainiži subdialect; whereas word-group names with a substantivized present passive participle are characteristic to the Middle dialect, e.g. linu laũzâmaîs in Nīca subdialect.

WORD-FORMING CONTAMINATION AS A MANIFESTING OF LINGUOCREATIVITY ON THE PHENOMENON OF WAR (ON THE MATERIAL OF MEDIA TEXTS)

The article considers word-forming contamination as a manifestation of the language game acquiring a pronounced pragmatic orientation to verbalize their emotional and psychological state during the military confrontation. The purpose of the study is to identify structural and semantic features of innovative contaminants in modern media discourse. The object of research is innovative derivatives in modern media texts and the subject-word-forming contaminants in the media and their structural and semantic varieties. The source base for the study served on 235 word-formation innovations recorded in the online media (mostly in telegram channels of Ukrainian and Russian opposition bloggers) from February to June 2022. It was found that the most active is the contamination type of derivatives formed by imposing one creative basis on another. In second place in terms of the number of recorded contaminants is the method of isolating one creative basis into another. It was found that 75% of the recorded graph derivatives contain the Latin letter Z, which in the Ukrainian and Russian opposition media discourse became a symbol of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and acquired a negative evaluation value. Particular attention is paid to innovations that have emerged as a result of the language game with precedent phrases from media texts of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It is proposed to nominate such occasionalism, which was formed in a lexical-syntactic way and acquired the status of hashtags, and hashtag-contaminants. It is proved that the names of the aggressor country, government officials, the military, and all supporters of imperial-militaristic policy acquire a low tone. The negative evaluation of a person or phenomenon occurs with the help of reduced-invective vocabulary, which creates an ironic color to the work. The synthetic functionality of contaminants, which perform nominative, evaluative and expressive functions at the same time, is substantiated. This fact confirms the general tendency towards the conscious desire of speakers to save word-forming means. The study provides grounds for determining the following results: modern media texts demonstrate the extraordinary activity of innovative contaminants as information weapons during the Russian-Ukrainian war; the variety of structural and semantic models of the analyzed derivatives testifies to the high creative potential of speakers and the productivity of non-casual ways of word-formation. We see the prospects of the study in the in-depth development of the structural-semantic classification of contaminants in modern media discourse.

NEW BORROWINGS AS THE MEANS OF MODERN WORD FORMATION

Introduction. Lexical and semantic system of any language is constantly changing underthe influence of lingual and extralingual factors. One of such factors is the appearance of newborrowings as special lexical layer of the language. Studying the borrowings’ word formationpeculiarities is rather actual task in modern Ukrainian linguistics. Purpose. The paper aimsto analyze word forming force of new borrowings in modern Ukrainian and establish lingualand extralingual factors influencing their derivative capacity. Methods. The given researchis grounded on the analytical and descriptive method, which includes observation, generalization,and typology of the factual material. Results. It has been proved that new borrowings, whichdo not decline and have rather weak derivative capacity, comprise certain semantic and structuralgroup in lexical system of modern Ukrainian language. On the criterion of their genderdifferentiation the paper illustrates the derivative force of new borrowings which serve as the basisfor the formation of different parts of speech derivations. Special attention is paid to the lingualand extralingual factors which predetermine derivative potential of new borrowings as meansof word formation. Conclusion. Borrowed words reveal their word formation capacity differently. Some of them are rather productive and realize their derivative options in new formed nouns,adjectives and verbs. The rest of them show their zero productive capacity. Main factors influencingthe derivative force of new borrowings are the followings: lexical and grammatical semantics,phonomorphemic structure, the level of word formation, the duration of their functioningin the language, frequency of their usage.

THE EMBODIMENT OF LITERARY AND DIALECT FEATURES OF FEMINITATION IN THE NOVELS OF VASYL STEFANYK

The article analyzes the common names and surnames of women, which are reflected in the short stories of Vasyl Stefanyk. Attention is paid to the specifics of the writer's artistic work as a representative of the dialect of Pokuttia, the semantic, word-forming, stylistic features of the nouns embodied in his works with the meaning of femininity are revealed.
 It is noted that the feminicon of his short stories is a close combination of all-literary, Western Ukrainian and Pokuttia lexical units, which is marked by the specifics of the author's artistic vision and immersion in the world of rural life. It is noted that the feminicon of his short stories is a close combination of all-literary, Western Ukrainian and Pokuttia lexical units, which is marked by the specifics of the author's artistic vision and immersion in the world of rural life. The processes of feminization and femininity in Vasyl Stefanyk's work are based on the vernacular, which made it possible to attract all the feminine richness of the then Ukrainian literary language for women's education and its realization along with masculinities. From the lexical-semantic point of view, it is the embodiment of commonly used and special nominations, the expansion of the semantic structure of femininities, and their use with specific meanings. In structural and word-forming terms, it is the realization of derived and non-derived words, the predominance of suffixal word-forming types over other derivatives, the expansion of the functionality of word-forming means. At the stylistic level, it is the accumulation of stylistically neutral and colored vocabulary, giving almost all nouns with the meaning of femininity a colloquial character and different connotative shades in the meaning. 
 Consideration and interpretation of female images was based on deep legislation and the involvement of writers in the realities of Pokuttia life, which led to the integrated use of appropriate names of women.

About the formal-semantic abstraction levels of derivational chains of emotive verbs in the Russian language

The relevance of the systems approach in the science of language in recent decades has led to the popularity of studying complex units of the word formation system (word-formation pairs, type, paradigm, chain, nest). The article is devoted to the description of the word-formation chain as a syntagmatic derivational structure organized by the stepped formation of each derivative in a certain word-formation way. The phenomenon of through-the-stepped word formation is described, which results in omission of a motivating lexeme and indicating the incompleteness of the derivational chain. The paper lists the criteria for typing and abstraction of word-formation chains within the LSG of emotive verbs. According to the degree of abstraction the hierarchy of derivational chains is presented: specific, typical, categorical word-formation chains. The author of the article draws attention to the need to single out an even more typified association of word-formation chains, based on the equal-thematic nature of word-formation meanings – supercategorical word-formation chains. These structures represent an invariant derivational model typing categorical derivational chains of one LSG. The paper notes the need to highlight such abstracted word-formation models as a means of ordering the derivational system of the language.