Woodcuts Research Articles

Learned Inference of Annual Ring Pattern of Solid Wood

AbstractWe propose a method for inferring the internal anisotropic volumetric texture of a given wood block from annotated photographs of its external surfaces. The global structure of the annual ring pattern is represented using a continuous spatial scalar field referred to as the growth time field (GTF). First, we train a generic neural model that can represent various GTFs using procedurally generated training data. Next, we fit the generic model to the GTF of a given wood block based on surface annotations. Finally, we convert the GTF to an annual ring field (ARF) revealing the layered pattern and apply neural style transfer to render orientation‐dependent small‐scale features and colors on a cut surface. We show rendered results of various physically cut real wood samples. Our method has physical and virtual applications such as cut‐preview before subtractive fabricating solid wood artifacts and simulating object breaking.

The suppression of Ganoderma boninense on oil palm under mixed planting with taro plants

Abstract. Suwandi S, Alesia M, Munandar RP, Fadli R, Suparman S, Irsan C, Muslim A. 2024. The suppression of Ganoderma boninense on oil palm under mixed planting with taro plants. Biodiversitas 25: 1143-1150. Basal stem rot, caused by Ganoderma boninense, is highly destructive in monoculture oil palm plantations. This study evaluated Ganoderma boninense infections and oil palm growth in mixed plantings of oil palm seedlings and taro plants (Japanese, Bogor, and Indralaya taro). Ganoderma, colonizing rubber wood blocks, was inoculated into mixed plants, and the infection was compared to single-inoculated oil palm and taro plants. The interference of mixed planting with taro plants on the growth of oil palm seedlings was compared between inoculated and noninoculated mixed and single planting. Ganoderma inoculation caused simultaneous disease (dual-host infection) in mixed oil palm and taro plants. Ganoderma infection was less severe in taro plants compared to oil palm, whether in single or mixed planting. Over six months, oil palm root necrosis and disease index were reduced by 82% to 96% and 65% to 71%, respectively, while no significant effect was observed at nine months. The decay of Ganoderma-colonized wood improved by 44.1% to 84.0% in mixed planting, with no significant impact on mycelium viability. Taro plants did not inhibit oil palm growth, including plant height, leaf area, and relative growth rate of primary root length, in both the presence and the absence of Ganoderma infection. This study highlights the potential of mixed planting with taro to reduce Ganoderma disease in oil palm.

『營造法式』 축성도구 연구

The term ‘Yeongjung Pillar (永定柱)’ is used in Korean archaeology to refer to the wooden pillar used to fix wooden blocks when applying the board frame construction method. This use begun in the mid-80s based on the record of Yingzao Fashi (營造法式). However, the record does not correspond with archaeological data in the sense that the wooden pillar used during board frame construction is not equivalent to the Yeongjung Pillar. This paper therefore analyzes the wooden pillar, the ‘Yeongjung Pillar’ of Yingzao Fashi, and other construction materials. In the case of the wooden pillar, the names that were used to refer to it from ancient times, as well as its different forms, were analyzed, in association with construction method and function. To highlight the mistaken interpretation of Yingzao Fashi, the function of the Yeongjung Pillar and other construction materials were examined. These materials were then classified according to various factors. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there are common elements shared between the wooden pillar and the Yeongjung Pillar of the board frame construction method, but differences could also be observed in terms of in size, position during construction, structure, construction or disassembling method, function, and textual records. These results go against the conception that the wooden pillar of the board frame construction method equals the Yeongjung Pillar; the two are clearly different. Finally, the wooden pillar has sometimes been found in the wall, as it was not disassembled after the board frame construction process. In this case, it functioned as the center of the wall or as a Yeongjung Pillar. The functional similarity of the two may be related to the mid-wall column of the wall of dwellings or structures that emerged in the Neolithic Age. The wooden pillar of the board frame construction method may have been derived from the mid-wall column technique. After the Neolithic Age, the wooden pillar that combined the function of the Yeongjung Pillar disappeared, and the two were separated from each other. The Yeongjung Pillar continually developed after its emergence from the midwall column, and it was expansively applied to wall construction. It became institutionalized as the essential civil engineering technology in castle construction with the compilation of the architecture book Yingzao Fashi of the North Song Dynasty.

욕창예방 방석의 충격 흡수 시험 장치 개발과 적용

Bedsores mainly occur in bedridden patients who have to lie in the same position for a long period of time, or in people with spinal cord disabilities who use wheelchairs and cannot change positions on their own. In order to prevent excessive pressure on the skin over bone protrusions, which causes circulation problems in peripheral blood vessels and causes bedsores, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety has designated and operates bedsore prevention cushions as medical devices. ISO, an international standardization organization, established and operates ISO 16840-2 to evaluate the performance of cushions to prevent bedsores for wheelchair users. The purpose of this study is to design and develop a test device to apply this international standard to the test and evaluation of domestic bedsore prevention cushions. In particular, the main purpose was to develop a shock absorption test device to determine how effectively bedsore prevention cushions cushion the shock that occurs when a wheelchair collides with the road surface on a bump or pothole.
 The impact absorption test device was manufactured by modifying part of the guidelines of ISO 16840-2. In the above international standard, the crash plate is to be supported with a piece of wood block. However, in this study, the time delay that may occur during removal of the block was shortened and convenience was improved by using a roller system instead of wooden block to drop the object. Using the manufactured test device, a shock absorption test was conducted on an air-grid type bedsore prevention cushion and a hybrid bedsore prevention cushion that is a mixture of foam type and air grid type. When the human hip model falls, the falling acceleration was reduced to 63% with the air-grid type cusion compared to the value with no cushion, and it decreased to 42% with the hybrid cushion. However, the occurrence of bedsores is affected not only by the impact force applied to the skin when the wheelchair collides with the ground, but also by the breathability and humidity of the impact area, so it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate various risk factors, including shock absorption tests. The roller-type shock absorption test device will be proposed as an amendment to ISO 16840-2 to the International Standards Committee.

Monitoring of Älvkarleby test embankment dam using 3D electrical resistivity tomography for detection of internal defects

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a potential-based method for detecting internal erosion in the core of embankment dams using the electrodes installed outside. This study aims at evaluating the practical capability of ERT monitoring for detecting internal defects in embankment dams. A test embankment dam with in-built well-defined defects was built in Älvkarleby, Sweden, to assess different monitoring systems including ERT and the defect locations were unknown to the monitoring teams. Between 7500 and 14,000 ERT data points were acquired daily, which were used to create the distribution of electrical resistivity models of the dam using 3D time-lapse inversion. The inversion models revealed a layered resistivity structure in the core that might be related to variations in water content or unintentional variations in material properties. Several anomalous zones that were not associated with the defects were detected, which might be caused by unintentional variations in material properties, temperature, water content, or other installations. The results located two out of five defects in the core, horizontal and vertical crushed rock zones, with a slight location shift for the horizontal zone. The concrete block defect in the core was indicated, although not as distinctly and with a lateral shift. The two remaining defects in the core, a crushed rock zone at the abutment and a wooden block and a crushed rock zone in the filter, were not discovered. The results cannot be used to fully evaluate the capability of ERT in detecting internal erosion under typical Swedish conditions due to limited seepage associated with the defects. Furthermore, scale effects need to be considered for larger dams.

3D printable model of an entomological pinning block, designed for precise positioning of entomological glue boards and labels.

The entomological pinning block is a device widely used by entomologists to facilitate the mounting of glue boards and labels on entomological pins. The most commonly used entomological blocks are wooden blocks with steps of varying heights, allowing the placement of individual glue boards and labels at different levels. Models of entomological blocks ready for 3D printing are scarce on the Internet. The proposed model of an entomological block is ready for printing on a standard 3D printer. In addition to the usual positioning of glue boards and labels along the Z-axis, the model also offers targeting devices that enable precise positioning of the entomological pin along the X- and Y-axes. The proposed model can be easily modified for use with glue boards or labels of a different width than proposed or with label level steps of varying heights along the pin. The design of the new pinning block is simple, yet effective, making it an accessible and useful tool for entomologists, museum curators and amateur collectors.

Creating and Manufacturing a Pedal-Powered Hacksaw By IJISRT

This pedal-operated hacksaw machine is suitable for both household and industrial uses, as it requires no specific power or energy input. This project is made up of a slider mechanism and crank. Using a crank and slider mechanism, the pedal is directly linked to the hacksaw to process cutting materials such as pvc, metal bars, and wooden blocks. The modal's goal is to use the traditional mechanical procedure, which is essential. The primary goal is to minimize the amount of labor required by humans to machine different materials, like PVC, steel, and wooden blocks. The human- powered power hacksaw operates on the premise of converting rotational motion into oscillatory motion. The fact that this initiative is environmentally friendly and lowers our need for electricity makes it important. Second, it is easy to operate and move this cutter to our workspace. Moreover, by connecting our device to a dynamo, diode, and battery, we may use it to create electricity if we so choose.

A REVIEW OF THE CULTURAL LEVELS OF THE ARTISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF YANGJIABU NEW YEAR WOODCUT PRINTS

YangJiaBu New Year woodcut prints, integral to China's intangible cultural heritage, encapsulate the nation's rich folk traditions and artistic expressions. This study investigates their evolving cultural significance in the context of global cultural shifts. It adopts the method of literature analysis to explore in depth the inheritance and innovative application of these prints, offering insights into their historical background, development patterns, and cultural values. The research draws on interdisciplinary perspectives to articulate the cultural evolution of these prints and their implications for cultural attributes, artistic aesthetics, and innovation direction. The YangJiaBu prints, embodying traditional Chinese culture's ethos, have undergone significant transformations across dynasties, reflecting the changing societal values and aspirations. This paper presents a tiered analysis using cultural genetics and cultural level theories, examining the prints' role in enhancing social connections and individual life experiences. It emphasizes their potential in design innovation, cultural heritage preservation, and fostering societal progress. The study also explores the interplay between art and technology, proposing a systematic design paradigm to integrate traditional culture into modern contexts. This synopsis retraces YangJiaBu prints' historical and cultural journey, highlighting their potential to enrich modern design and cultural innovation.

Three-dimensional printing of wood.

Natural wood has served as a foundational material for buildings, furniture, and architectural structures for millennia, typically shaped through subtractive manufacturing techniques. However, this process often generates substantial wood waste, leading to material inefficiency and increased production costs. A potential opportunity arises if complex wood structures can be created through additive processes. Here, we demonstrate an additive-free, water-based ink made of lignin and cellulose, the primary building blocks of natural wood, that can be used to three-dimensional (3D) print architecturally designed wood structures via direct ink writing. The resulting printed structures, after heat treatment, closely resemble the visual, textural, olfactory, and macro-anisotropic properties, including mechanical properties, of natural wood. Our results pave the way for 3D-printed wooden construction with a sustainable pathway to upcycle/recycle natural wood.

Exploration and Research on the Product Design Method of YangJiaBu New Year Woodcut Prints from the Perspective of Social Innovation

Exploration and Research on the Product Design Method of YangJiaBu New Year Woodcut Prints from the Perspective of Social Innovation

Kuat Lentur Balok Laminasi Kayu Mangga Berbasis Defeleksi dan Regangan dengan Sistem Pembebanan Four Point Bending

To meet the standard needs of low-quality wood structures, special methods are needed that can meet these needs. So the shape of the structure was developed, not whole wood but laminated components made through gluing or commonly called laminated beams This study aims to determine the difference between laminated beams and solid blocks of mango wood through testing the bending strength of beams. The research method used in this study uses quantitative methods with an experimental method approach. The research conducted used Mango wood samples with two types of block treatment, namely laminated beams and solid blocks. The laminated beam is made using 5 layers of Mango wood with a size after lamination of 1200 x 100 x 50 mm. As for solid beams using a size of 1200 x 100 x 50 mm. Then the wood is tested by applying two centralized loads on two pedestals at a distance of 30 cm from the pedestal. The results showed that from testing mechanical properties which in this case is limited only by flexural strength testing. The flexural strength test in question is four point bending. The results of the flexural strength test obtained an average value of modulus of elasticity (MOE) of laminated beams of 6804.796 MPa while for solid beams of 9130.465 MPa. According to SNI 7973-2013. The average value of bending strength (MOE) was obtained 6804.796 MPa for laminated wood and 9130.465 MPa for solid wood. According to SNI 7973-2013, the value of laminated wood in this study is included in the E13 quality code. As for solid wood, it is included in the E18 quality code. This shows that the MOE value of solid beams is greater than the MOE of laminated beams. Then in the modulus of rapture (MOR) test, the average MOR value of laminated beams was 66.205 MPa and solid beams of 95.007 MPa. This shows that the MOR value of laminated beams is smaller than the MOR value of solid beams.

Unilateral Platysma Muscle Rupture as an Effect of Using a Hard Wooden Block for Facial Massage.

Facial massages are frequently performed to achieve a feeling of freshness, rejuvenation, skin tightening, and delayed onset of wrinkles. However, vigorous massages can induce unexpected symptoms. Here, we present a case of a woman who complained of an asymmetric facial appearance and a mass-like lesion following a long-term facial massage intervention. A facelift incision was performed. Platysma muscle rupture was observed intraoperatively, which was then repaired. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a vigorous facial massage-induced ipsilateral platysma rupture.

Pengendalian Jamur Ganoderma dengan Metode Perbanyakan Jamur Trichoderma pada Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit di PT PP London Sumatra Bah Lias Research Station

Ganoderma sp. generally attacks the roots or base of the tree, whether it's alive or dead. There are also other species of Ganoderma whose caps attach directly to the tree. If Ganoderma grows on wood or a tree, then it falls into the category of "lignicolous" fungi. Ganoderma sp. can cause basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm or other productive plants such as rubber, coconut, and tea. The equipment used in this activity includes digital scales, beakers, measuring cups, ovens, LAF, petri dishes, needle probes, hotplates, bunsen burners, aluminum foil, autoclaves, knives, heat-resistant plastic or polypropylene, wool thread, cotton plugs, hoses, newspapers, and rubber. The materials used include potato extract, sugar, agar powder, distilled water, RWB, corn, and fine bran. 200 grams of potato extract, 10 grams of sugar, and 12 grams of agar powder are dissolved in 1000 ml of distilled water, and the rubber wood inoculum is cut into pieces measuring 6 cm x 6 cm x 6 cm and boiled for 7 hours. The experimental technique is carried out by combining the Ganoderma starter culture developed in RWB (Rubber Wood Block), then mixed with Trichoderma in its soil medium. After that, it is planted in oil palm seedlings in polybags and the percentage of oil palm seedling deaths is observed up to 12 months of age. Trichoderma, which acts as an antagonistic microbe, can suppress the growth of pathogens. By propagating Trichoderma fungi, which is one way to utilize biological agents to control 18 plant pests and diseases, it can also inhibit the percentage of deaths in oil palm seedlings. Propagating Trichoderma fungi on a nursery scale is used as a control for pests and diseases, especially Ganoderma fungi, which are currently still a pathogen in oil palm growth. By propagating Trichoderma fungi, it also cannot rule out the possibility of Ganoderma fungi growing.

Structural and mechanical roles of wood polymer assemblies in softwood revealed by gradual removal of polysaccharides or lignin

A deep understanding of the inherent roles of wood polymers such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin in the hierarchical structure of wood is of key importance for advancing functional wood-based materials but is currently lacking. To address this gap, we clarified the underexplored contributions of wood polymer assemblies to the structural support and compressive properties of wood by chemically removing polysaccharides or lignin from wood blocks of a conifer Cryptomeria japonica. Compositional and structural evaluations revealed that cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin contributed to the dimensional stability of wood, especially that the polysaccharide network at cell corners sustained the honeycomb cell structure. Wood polymer assemblies featuring the anatomical structure of wood were also evaluated in terms of compressive properties. The modulus and strength reflected the density and anisotropy, whereas fracture behavior was well characterized by each wood polymer assembly through the classification of stress–strain curves based on principal component analysis. The difference in fracture behaviors indicated that the rigid lignin and flexible cellulose assemblies, possibly mediated by hemicelluloses, complementarily determine the unique compressive response of wood. These findings enable the adjustment of wood functionality and the selection of composite components for wood modification while inspiring the development of novel wood applications.

Drivers of wood decay in tropical ecosystems: Termites versus microbes along spatial, temporal and experimental precipitation gradients

Abstract Models estimating decomposition rates of dead wood across space and time are mainly based on studies carried out in temperate zones where microbes are dominant drivers of decomposition. However, most dead wood biomass is found in tropical ecosystems, where termites are also important wood consumers. Given the dependence of microbial decomposition on moisture with termite decomposition thought to be more resilient to dry conditions, the relative importance of these decomposition agents is expected to shift along gradients in precipitation that affect wood moisture. Here, we investigated the relative roles of microbes and termites in wood decomposition across precipitation gradients in space, time and with a simulated drought experiment in tropical Australia. We deployed mesh bags with non‐native pine wood blocks, allowing termite access to half the bags. Bags were collected every 6 months (end of wet and dry seasons) over a 4‐year period across five sites along a rainfall gradient (ranging from savanna to wet sclerophyll to rainforest) and within a simulated drought experiment at the wettest site. We expected microbial decomposition to proceed faster in wet conditions with greater relative influence of termites in dry conditions. Consistent with expectations, microbial‐mediated wood decomposition was slowest in dry savanna sites, dry seasons and simulated drought conditions. Wood blocks discovered by termites decomposed 16–36% faster than blocks undiscovered by termites regardless of precipitation levels. Concurrently, termites were 10 times more likely to discover wood in dry savanna compared with wet rainforest sites, compensating for slow microbial decomposition in savannas. For wood discovered by termites, seasonality and drought did not significantly affect decomposition rates. Taken together, we found that spatial and seasonal variation in precipitation is important in shaping wood decomposition rates as driven by termites and microbes, although these different gradients do not equally impact decomposition agents. As we better understand how climate change will affect precipitation regimes across the tropics, our results can improve predictions of how wood decomposition agents will shift with potential for altering carbon fluxes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Brick classroom & Block classroom: preschoolers’ spatial and architectural design skills during constructive play

ABSTRACT Constructive play, where children manipulate materials to create and build something, is a prevalent form of play in preschool settings. Children can greatly benefit from engaging in constructive play, specifically by developing spatial and architectural skills. Therefore, the current study aim was to examine ways preschoolers used spatial and architectural design skills during constructive play. Participants were observed via the Spatial – Geometric – Architectural (SPAGAR) Coding System and included 31 preschool children aged five-year- old with 16 boys (M = 63.06, SD = 2.112) and 15 girls (M = 62.93, SD = 1.907) from two separate classrooms. While children in one classroom (brick classroom) played with plastic snap-together bricks, children in the other classroom (block classroom) played with non-interlocking wood blocks. Findings indicated that children’s construction-based designs varied. Children who played with blocks usually created designs that included line symmetry, patterning, engineering, and trabeated constructions (i.e. using horizontal beams). Whereas children who played with building bricks created designs that commonly included line and plane symmetry. Although, the types of play materials could have influenced children’s design preferences, children in both classrooms were found to engage in constructive play where various spatial and architectural design skills were practiced over the 10-day observation period.

Characteristics of central cortex and upper-limb flexors synchrony oxygenation during grasping in people with stroke: a controlled trial study protocol.

Upper limb motor impairment is a common consequence of stroke, and the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of rehabilitation therapy for improving upper limb function remain uncertain. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, a reliable wearable neuroimaging technique, holds promise for investigating brain activity during functional tasks. This study aims to explore the synchronous oxygenation characteristics of the central cortex and upper-limb flexors during a grasping task and investigate the rehabilitation mechanisms of upper limb motor function in individuals with stroke. Participants with stroke who demonstrate the ability to grasp and lift cubic wood blocks of different sizes (2.5cm3, 5cm3, and 10cm3) using their affected hand will be divided into three groups: A, B, and C. Each group will consist of twenty stroke patients, resulting in a total of sixty participants with stroke. Additionally, twenty matched healthy subjects will be enrolled as a control group. Comprehensive assessments will be conducted before and after the intervention, including blood oxygen parameter monitoring of the cerebral cortex and upper limb flexors using fNIRS during the grasping task. Other assessments will include MyotonPRO, the Modified Ashworth Scale, the upper extremity section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, the Action Research Arm Test, and the Modified Barthel Index. The study will be undertaken between January 2024 and September 2025. The results of this trial will provide an in-depth understanding of the Characteristics of central cortex and upper-limb flexors synchronous oxygenation during grasping task and how it may relate to the rehabilitation mechanism of upper limb motor function in people with stroke. https://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2400080619.

Treatment of Delonix regia wood with castor oil (Ricinus communis) protects it against white and brown rot fungi

This study was aimed at assessing the resistance of Delonix regia wood treated with an eco-friendly bio preservative exploring castor (Ricinus communis) seed oil identified as a promising candidate for wood antifungal treatment, attributed to its documented antimicrobial properties. Sixty wood block samples of conditioned Delonix regia were treated with five different concentration levels (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) of formulated fungicides prepared from Sohxlet extracted oil of castor seeds and the untreated wood samples served as the control. The wood blocks were exposed to Pleurotus ostreatus (white rot fungi) and Sclerotium rolfsii (Brown rot fungi) for 14 weeks and parameters including preservative absorption, oil yield, and weight loss of the wood samples subjected to treatment were assessed. Using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze the data obtained, the mean oil yield of seeds of Ricinus communis extracted was 37.75%. The100% concentration level had the best performance with the highest absorption of 92.68 (kg/m3) while the least absorption (69.96 kg/m3) was recorded for the 25% concentration except for the control (0%) which was 118.60kg/m3. Statistically significant variations in weight loss were observed across different concentration levels, with a significance level of p < 0.05 and it ranged from 35.02 -31.42(%) for white rot while it ranged from 42.32 to 31.98(%) for brown rot apart from the control which was recorded to be 38.25% and 45.28% respectively. It can therefore be established that Delonix regia wood can be preserved with Ricinus communis seed oil extract against white rot and brown rot fungi.

Optimalisasi Generator Dan Panel Kontrol Pada Alat Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (Pltsa) Kapasitas 5 Kg

Part of the Waste Power Plant (PLTSa) is the control panel. In the previous research on its use, namely the type of generator with a power output of 500 W, with a voltage output of 11.9 V and the duration of charging the battery by the generator for 8 hours with the direct jumper method to the battery. The purpose of this study is to determine the process of obtaining current and voltage from the generator to the battery & to determine the battery charging speed. The research method for this PLTSa device is to consider the type & weight of the waste, vapor pressure, and the current voltage of the electric power generated using 2 blowers with 40 watts of power each. The results of calculating the battery charge for 8.8 hours. Based on the measurement results, with a mass of 5 kg of waste and a pressure of 6 bar, the burning time for firewood is 25 minutes, wooden blocks are 31 minutes and coconut shells are 35 minutes. At the maximum point, the current in the generator when it reaches 1243 rpm is 9 Ampere and the resulting voltage is 12.9 V, so the power obtained is 115.2 VA which can rotate two blowers. The conclusion of this study is that the charging speed of the battery in PLTSa equipment can be increased by changes to the specifications of the generator and SCC MPPT, eliminating Auto cut and Automatic Transfer Switch to streamline current loads.

Efektivitas Alat Peraga Balok Kayu dalam Mendorong Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini: Analisis Pembelajaran dengan Pendekatan Interaktif

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using wooden block educational tools in enhancing the creativity of early childhood children through an interactive approach at TK PPI Kota Payakumbuh. An experimental research method was employed involving an experimental group engaged in playing sessions with the educational tools and a control group without any specific intervention. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and pre- and post-intervention creativity scores. The findings revealed a significant increase in the creativity of early childhood children in the experimental group after the playing sessions, with the average creativity score escalating from 2.8 to 4.2. Conversely, the control group exhibited a lower increase, from 2.7 to 3.1. Observations indicated that children in the experimental group displayed higher engagement in play, developed creative ideas, and engaged in more active interactions with their peers. The utilization of wooden block educational tools within an interactive approach effectively boosted the creativity of early childhood children. Direct interaction with these tools stimulated the children's imagination and abstract thinking abilities. The interactive approach also facilitated the development of problem-solving skills, associative thinking, and self-confidence. The implications of these results are crucial for early childhood education. Educators can leverage these tools to enhance children's creativity through social interaction and creative exploration. Further studies are necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of educational tools in fostering creative learning among early childhood children.