Wood Workshop Research Articles

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF WOOD WORKSHOP SPACES CONTRUCTION AND PROPERTY BUSINESS EXPERTISE STUDY AT STATE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL 1 PALANGKA RAYA

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the wood workshop space, wood workshop lighting system, and woodworking furniture and equipment at SMK N 1 Palangka Raya based on the standards required by Permendiknas No. 40 of 2008 and SNI 03-6575-2001. This is done to provide convenience and feasibility for users. The results of this study are (1) the wood workspace area of SMK N 1 Palangka Raya does not meet the standard with an area of 198 m² which is smaller than the standard of 256 m² with an achievement percentage of 77.34%, the area of the equipment storage room and the wood workshop instructor room has meet the standard with an area of 72 m² larger than the standard of 48 m² with an achievement percentage of 150%, the overall area of the wood workshop does not meet the standard with an area of 270 m² smaller than the standard of 304 m² with an achievement percentage of 88.8%. (2) The level of lighting in the wood workshop room at SMK N 1 Palangka Raya has not met the standard, namely min 500 lux with a lighting level of 400 lux in the morning with an achievement percentage of 80%, during the day 411 lux with an achievement percentage of 82%, in the afternoon day of 408 lux with an achievement percentage of 81%. (3) Equipment and furniture for the wood workshop room at SMK N 1 Palangka Raya, single station equipment does not meet the standard with the number of equipment that meets the standard is 1 type of tool and 20 types of tools that meet the standard with a size of achievement of 4.76%, equipment double station there are 3 types of tools that meet the standards and 9 types of tools that do not meet the standards with a size of 16.66% standard achievement, workshop furniture there are 3 types of furniture that do not meet the standards and 4 types of furniture that meet the standards with a large standard achievement are 42.85%.

Assessment of Usage of Personal Protective Equipment and Related Factors among Workers in Wood Workshops in Mutungo Parish, Nakawa Division, Kampala District

Aim: This study sought to assess the extent and reasons for utilization of PPE among workers in wood workshops in Mutungo Parish, Kampala District. Methods: The study used both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection. The sample size was 139 respondents in 11 wood workshops constituting of 5 in-depth interviews. Quantitative data was entered using epi-data 3.02 and then cleaned and univariate analysis done using STATA 13.0 while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Results: Despite all participants being aware of PPE, only 57.55% possessed at least one. 73.38% of respondents in the study had been victims of occupational hazards associated with wood workshop activities, the commonest injuries reported as cuts and hits. 62.5% of the workers had only one PPE, 35% had two and only 2.5% had at most three PPE while at work. The most possessed PPE was a dust mask, which was provided by the employer. In general, PPE utilization among the workers was found to be sub-optimal. Study findings showed that reasons for failure to utilize PPE included; unavailability due to cost implications, interference of the PPE with speed of work and comfort issues. Conclusion: Quality and affordable PPE should be availed in the market and, safety and health awareness and education programs be extended to workers in the informal wood workshops so as to sensitize the workers on how they can ensure their own safety during work.

PENGETAHUAN TENTANG ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI (APD) PADA PEKERJA BENGKEL KAYU ANUGERAH DI KELURAHAN MAUTAPAGA

Work safety is an important factor that must be considered and conditioned by the wood workshop. One of the efforts to make workers feel comfortable is to use personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment is a tool used to protect yourself or the body against the dangers of work accidents. The research objective was the level of knowledge on the use of personal protective equipment in the Anugerah Wood Working shop at RT 03 RW 04 Mautapaga Village. This type of research is a descriptive case study. The subjects in this case study were 2 respondents who were working in a wood workshop and carried out on 10-16 August 2017. The results showed that the majority of respondents' level of knowledge about personal protective equipment was categorized as either 13 people or (65.00%). Researchers conduct health education about the importance of using personal protective equipment to increase respondents' knowledge. The results showed that the efforts to increase knowledge about personal protective equipment were successful. The author suggests that sufferers be more active in seeking information through various media sources of technology and health education about personal protective equipment and supporting woodworking workers in their work.

A Study on the Improvement of Space Planning in the Student Wood Workshop of Specialized High School - For 4 specialzed high schools in Seoul that run the NCS curriculum -

A Study on the Improvement of Space Planning in the Student Wood Workshop of Specialized High School - For 4 specialzed high schools in Seoul that run the NCS curriculum -

DEVELOPMENT OF ADJUSTABLE WHEELCHAIR TRAINING STRUCTURE AND VALIDATION OF USEFULNESS FOR EVALUATION AND TRAINING OF MANUAL WHEELCHAIR SKILL

As the number of wheelchair users increases, safety accidents related to wheelchairs are increasing. Wheelchair training has been emphasized as a way to deal with this problem. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a wheelchair training structure as an adjustable type and verify its usefulness. Methods: In order to develop the wheelchair training structure as an adjustable type, idea meetings were held by related experts. The structure reflecting the ideas generated by the expert meetings was drawn through 3D modeling and it was produced by a commissioned woodwork shop. Then the final products including the adjustable curb and stairs were evaluated to verify their effectiveness and user satisfaction. Ten physical or occupational therapists rated satisfaction using the Korean-Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology, and four manual wheelchair users rated effectiveness using the wheelchair Skill Test-Questionnaire 5.0. And the evaluations were conducted twice before and after the 10 wheelchair training sessions each with 30 min duration. Results the result of satisfaction evaluation of the adjustable curbs and stairs by the 10 therapists showed that effectiveness was the highest, and the size and weight were the lowest. As for the effectiveness evaluation by the four manual wheelchair users, both the capacity and confidence of all subjects improved. Conclusion: This study confirmed that training using this type of wheelchair training construct will help wheelchair users improve the confidence and skills of using wheelchair which are essential for their safety and independent mobility. Therefore, if the adjustable curbs and stairs are to be used in the rehabilitation process of early manual wheelchair users, it is expected to contribute to the advancing their successful social return.

SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN SEMEN DARI LIMBAH PENGGERGAJIAN BERDASARKAN UKURAN PARTIKEL DAN KOMPOSISI SEMEN

This study aims to examine the physical and mechanical properties of cement boards from sawing waste based on raw material composition and particle size, as well to get the best sawing waste particle size and raw material composition according to JIS A5417-1992 standard. The research was carried out at the Wood Workshop Laboratory, Wood Technology Laboratory, Wood Processing Laboratory and PT Duta Pertiwi Nusantara Pontianak. This study uses a completely randomized factorial design (CRD) with two factors, namely factor A (Particle Size) and factor B (composition of cement). The results showed the average value of density ranged from 0.6878 to 0.8094 gr / cm3, moisture content value ranged from 6.7057 to 10.0246%, thickess swelling value ranged from 0.3996 to 0.8773%, water absorption value ranged from 27.8949 - 49.0375%, MOE ranged from 412.6563-1411.7847 kg / cm2 and MOR value ranged from 2.1529-4.5909 kg / cm2. The particle size that affects the physical properties is the value of water absorption, while the composition of the material that affects the physical properties is the density, water content, thickness development and water absorption capacity. The particle size and composition of the material which influence the mechanical properties, namely the value of the flexural firmness and fracture firmness. Based on the results of cement board testing with particle composition and cement (1:2) with particle size passing 10 mesh restrained 20 mesh yields the best physical properties of cement board that meet the standards of JIS A 5417: 1992, while none of the cement boards MOE and MOR meet the testing standards mechanical properties according to JIS A 5417: 1992.Keywords: Cement board, composition of cement, particle size, sawing waste

KUALITAS PAPAN KOMPOSIT DARI LIMBAH FINIR KAYU LAPIS BERDASARKAN UKURAN PARTIKEL DAN WAKTU PENGEMPAAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT LIMBAH PLASTIK POLIPROPILENA

This study aims to analyze the quality of composite boards from plywood veneers waste and polypropylene plastic waste adhesives base on particle sizes, pressing times, and both of interaction towards physical and mechanical properties also to obtain the particle sizes and pressing time properly with the result that produce the qualified standard boards of JIS A 5908-2003. This research carried out at the wood workshop, laboratory of technology and processing of woods (the faculty of forestry, university of Tanjungpura), and the laboratory of PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara. The materials used in this study were plywood veneers waste and polypropylene plastic by 50% : 50% comparison. The research method was utilized the completely randomized factorial design by two treatment factors. Factor A was particle sizes that consisting of 6 mesh, 8 mesh, and 10 mesh. Factor B was pressing time that consisting of 10 minutes, 15 minute, and 20 minutes. Composite boards were created by 30 x 30 x 1 size in centimetres by means the density target was 0,7 gr/cm3. The pressing was done by hot press in 180oC temperature and composite boards conditioning for 14 days. The results of this study showed that the density, water absorption, thickness, Modulus of Repture (MOR), internal bonding, holding strength of screws in the composite boards have been qualified the standard of JIS A 5908-2003. While, the water contents and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) testing were not qualified the standard of JIS 5908-2003. The treatment that produce the optimum composite boards which quality JIS A 5908-2003 standard was on the 8 mesh particle size treatment by means of 15 minutes pressing time.Keywords: Composite Board, Particle Size, Polypropylene Plastics, Pressing Time, Veneers Waste.

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL AMPAS SAGU BERDASARKAN KADAR PEREKAT ASAM SITRAT

This research was to aimed the quality of particle board made from sago waste on citric acid. Particle board made from sago waste from Ambawang Subdistrict, the Regency of Kubu Raya. The research was conducted at the Wood Workshop Laboratory, Wood Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry and PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara. Particle size with 8 mesh – 10 mesh and Adhesive citric acid levels were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. Mixing material is done manually. Particle board is made with size 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm with target density of 0,6 gr/cm2. specificpressure of 25 kg/cm2 and temperature of 1800 C for 15 minutes. The quality of particle board comply with a request JIS A 5908-2003 is increasing adhesive citric acid 20%.Keyword : citric acid, particle board, sago waste

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL BERDASARKAN KOMPOSISI SEKAM PADI DAN KAYU SENGON DENGAN VARIASI KADAR PEREKAT

This research aimed to examine the physical and mechanical properties of particle boards based on the composition of raw materials and adhesive content and know the treatment of the composition of raw materials and the best adhesive content and meet the standard JIS A 5908-2003. The research was conducted at Wood Workshop Laboratory, Wood Processing Laboratory Faculty of Forestry,Tanjungpura University and Laboratory of PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara Pontianak. The adhesive used is Urea Formaldehyde with 52% Solid Content. Comparison of the composition of rice husks and sengon varies namely rice husk 50%: sengon 50%, rice husk 60%: sengon 40% and rice husk 70%: sengon 30% and variations in the levels of UF adhesives, namely 14% and 16%, with target density 0,7 gr/cm3. The particleboard was 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm Pressing at temperature 140oC for 8 minutes, with pressure of 25 kg/cm2. The research results of the study of density and moisture content meet the standards JIS A 5908-2003. The best particle values of rice husk and sengon with composition a ratio of rice husk 50%: sengon 50% , 16% adhesive content 16%, with density value of 0,7072 gr/cm3, moisture content 9,1949 %, thick development 12,3210 %, water absorption 68,8270 %, MOE 12110,7273 kg/cm2, MOR 161,0025 kg/cm2, firmness sticky 1,9320 kg/cm2, screw holding strength 62,3124 kg.Keywords : adhesive, composition, particle board, rice husk, sengon

EKSTRAK BUAH BAKAU Rhizophora mucronata Lamk SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI PADA KAIN KATUN

The fruit of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk content of tannin which can be used as natural dye color. Research purposes was to extract the fruit of R. mucronata, used the extract with fixation material as cotton natural dye, and evaluation the resistance of the color. The research was conducted for three months at Wood Technology laboratory and Wood workshop laboratory at Forestry Faculty Tanjungpura University. The fruit of R. mucronata was extraction with aquades with ratio 1:10 (weight/volume) at temperature ±80ºC for 60 minutes. The fixation materials were tawas, kapur tohor and tunjung. The cotton was dipped into the extract then analyzes the change of the color before and after the coloring process. After that the cotton was dipped into the fixation materials. The ratio of fixation materials and aquades was 1:20 (weight/volume). After coloring the change of the color was measured. Evaluation the resistance of the color after fixation was made refer on ASTM D 870-02-2002 for hot water treatment and ASTM D-1308-02-2013 for cold water treatment. The quality of color was measured with Munsell Soil Color Chart and Hunter Lab. The result of research showed that extract of R. mucronata give a pink color to the cotton with average value of ∆E was 22.74. The retention of extract to cotton was 4.47 g/cm3. The additional of fixation materials, i.e. tunjung and kapur tohor resulted the drak color meanwhile tawas made the lightest color. The average ∆E values were 6.16-39.84. Extract of fruit of R. mucronata with additional of tunjung as fixation materials can be used for natural dye for cotton and wood. Keywords : kapur tohor, natural dye, Rhizophora mucronata, tawas, tunjung

SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN GIPSUM DARI LIMBAH KAYU AKASIA (Acacia mangium Willd) BERDASARKAN KADAR GIPSUM DAN UKURAN SERBUK KAYU

This study aims to examine the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum board from Acacia mangium Willd wood waste based on gypsum content and wood powder size. This study refers to the JIS A 5417-1992 standard. This research were conducted at Wood Work Shop laboratory for the preparation of raw materials, Wood Technology laboratory Faculty of Forestry for board making and testing the physical properties of gypsum boards, and PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara laboratory to test the mechanical properties of the gypsum board. The material used is A. mangium W. Wood powder, gypsum flour, water and borax. The study uses Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely factor A (gypsum content) which consists of gypsum content of 400%, 500% and 600% of the weight of A. mangium W. wood powder, and factors B (wood powder size) consists of 20 mesh passes 40 mesh retained and 40 mesh passes 60 mesh retained. The results showed that the density (600% gypsum content of 40 and 60 mesh retained wood powder size), moisture content, thickness swelling, MOE (600% gypsum content of 40 and 60 mesh retained wood powder size) fulfill JIS A5417-1992 standard. The best gypsum board is gypsum board with gypsum content of 600% with a wood powder size is 40 mesh.Keyword: Acacia mangium, gypsum board, gypsum content, wood powder size.

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI AMPAS BATANG SAGU (Metroxylon spp) DENGAN PEREKAT ALAMI ASAM SITRAT : SIFAT FISIK, MEKANIK DAN KEAWETAN TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

AbstractThis study is intended to focus on the concentration of natual citric acid and density including physical and mechanical properties and durability of particleboards towards C. curvignathus Holmgren. This research is lifted because research on the use of citric acid as an adhesive is relatively limited.The research’s material was taken from waste dreg of Sago and citric acid. The research was carried out in wood workshops, wood processing technology laboratories and forest product technology laboratories, Tanjungpura University Forestry Faculty along with laboratories PT Duta Pertiwi Nusantara. The factors which was used in this study was the concentration of 20% - 30% with a density of 0,6 g/cm3 and 0,7 g/cm3 , based on the weight of the airborne particle, the temperature of pressurization used 180ºC with pressures of 25 kg/cm2. Physical and mechanical properties were tested based on JIS A 5908-2003 type 8. Testing of soil termites was carried out by calculating the value of weight reduction and mortality of termiste after 21 days. In this study, The optimum conditions were particle board density 0,7 g/cm3 and concentration 20%, with qualities that can fulfill several standards of JIS A 5908-2003 type 8, with a density of 0,7 g/cm3 consentrations 30%, resulting in termite mortality values of 100% and loss16,92% of weight.Keywords : Citric acid, concentration, density, termite, sago.

Therapeutic taskscapes and craft geography: cultivating well-being and atmospheres of recovery in the workshop

ABSTRACT This paper presents empirical material drawn from a participatory ‘apprentice ethnographic’ research project examining the everyday geographies of a recovery-oriented wood workshop in Edinburgh, Scotland. It addresses two key literature gaps in human geography: firstly, empirically developing the concept of atmosphere within therapeutic landscapes research, and, secondly, exploring the notion of well-being in spaces of craft. The paper develops a more enlivened understanding of well-being as a dynamic and emplaced process, with the study’s methodological approach allowing the researcher to focus less on the individual psychological attributes of participants and more on the spatial aspects of journeys towards recovery and well-being. The paper highlights how ‘atmospheres of care’ are tentatively co-constructed and maintained in the taskscape of the workshop, creating a liminal space of recovery and transition. It concludes with implications for the wider study of social and ethical economic enterprises and institutions of care.

Pulmonary injury associated with spray of a water-based nano-sized waterproofing product: a case study

BackgroundIn most reported cases of lung trauma with water proofing products, volatile organic compounds (VOC) have a prominent role. Here we report on a case involving ten workers exposed to a sprayed product containing nanoparticles in a water solution with only a few percent VOC.Case presentationTen workers suffered from respiratory symptoms following spray impregnation of hardwood furniture using a waterproofing product that contained positively charged fluorinated acrylate copolymer solid cores with a median diameter of 70 nm (1.3 w%) in aqueous suspension with 3.3 w% VOC and 0.3 w% quaternary ammonium. The worker who applied one liter of the product in a wood workshop, using an air mix spray gun, did not report any health complaints. Another worker, who entered the workshop 3 h later and had rolled and smoked two cigarettes, was hospitalized with severe chemical pneumonitis. A chest X-ray (CXR) showed bilateral infiltrative impairment in the lower lobe regions. On the next day a second CXR showed increased patchiness marking in all fields. A high-resolution Computer Tomography (CT)-scan demonstrated extensive bilateral areas of ground-glass opacities predominantly in the lower regions of the upper lobes, the right middle lobe and the apical regions of the lower lobes, compatible with severe chemical pneumonitis. On the following morning, nine workers in an adjacent workplace in the same building, experienced dry cough, chest tightness and substernal pain upon physical exercise. Reconstruction of the spray application in a climate chamber confirmed trimethyl silanol, glycol ethers and fluoroalkenes in the gas phase. Immediately after the spray application, aerosols were observed at a maximum concentration of 6.3 × 104 cm−3. Mass concentrations were 0.095 and 10 mg/m3 in the size ranges 5.6-560 nm and 0.22-30 μm, respectively, decreasing to less than 10 μg/m3 in both size ranges after 15 h.ConclusionThe hospitalized worker had smoked cigarettes contaminated with fluoropolymers which is a plausible explanation for the lung trauma. Respiratory symptoms in the nine workers may be caused by inhalation of particles that became airborne by resuspension from surfaces when workers entered the adjacent workplace the next day. A contribution from VOC appears less likely because measurements and modelling showed that concentrations in the mg/m3 range could have occurred only if the building was assumed to be completely airtight.

Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of <i>Daniellia Ogea</i> Harms Green Timber Species

Throughout the antediluvian and up to date, humans keep understanding the nature of wood which has been used to meet some bunches of human’s demands such as in industry, in framing and in war. This paper presents some physical and mechanical properties of Daniellia ogea (Iya) green timber specie freshly felled from matured trees in forests around Ilorin Local Government, Kwara-State, Nigeria and cut into structural sizes within the Wood workshop of University of Ilorin premises according to BS EN 408: 2003. The moisture content and the density were the physical properties tested while the mechanical properties were the modulus of rupture and the local modulus of elasticity in bending strength, the apparent modulus of elasticity, the compressive strength perpendicular to grain then the compressive strength and tensile strength parallel to grain using the Universal Testing Machine of 300kN capacity of the food laboratory of the department of Agriculture of the University. Then the basic and grade stresses were determined and found to conform to the BS 5268 codes of practice. The results obtained post-tests for the moisture content and the density had respectively average values of 140.45% and 854.67 kg/m3. Keywords: Timber, Apparent modulus of elasticity, Stresses, Bending, Density, Moisture content.

Quantification of obeche wood allergen: Development of a sensitive sandwich-ELISA for occupational exposure assessment

ABSTRACTObeche wood is a prominent cause of allergic occupational asthma. To reduce the risk of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization it is important to assess airborne obeche wood allergen concentrations at exposed workplaces. Therefore, a highly sensitive obeche wood allergen immunoassay was developed and applicability was proven on airborne passive dust samples in Spanish wood workshops. Obeche wood sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were developed. Test specificity was verified by different wood and mold extracts. Obeche wood allergen monitoring was conducted in four Spanish wood workshops, including wood-dust-exposed and nonexposed areas inside and outside the workplaces, as well as controls. Dust was collected with electrostatic dust collectors (EDC). Measuring range of the obeche wood sandwich-ELISA was between 36 pg/ml and 1.6 µg/ml. The test system showed only marginal reactivity to other hardwoods and no reactivity to softwoods and molds. Obeche allergen was detected in all EDC from workplaces. The highest concentration was measured in the workshop with the longest obeche wood exposure (geometric mean [GM]: 7548 µg/m2); shorter obeche wood processing periods resulted in lower amounts of allergen (GM: 29 µg/m2). Obeche wood allergen transfer from exposed workplaces to nonexposed areas inside and outside the workshop was assessed. In control EDC from nonexposed facilities/homes no obeche wood allergen was found. The new obeche wood sandwich-ELISA is a valid tool to quantify obeche allergen exposure. Evidence indicates it will be possible to monitor obeche allergen exposure during different processes, as well as transfer effects in nonexposed areas

Performance Tests of Wood Glues on Different Wood Species Used in Wood Workshops: Morogoro Tanzania

Performance Tests of Wood Glues on Different Wood Species Used in Wood Workshops: Morogoro Tanzania

Urban biowaste for solid fuel production: waste suitability assessment and experimental carbonization in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

The poor state of solid waste management in Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania, the large fraction of organic waste generated and a high charcoal consumption by city residents has triggered this research on carbonization of municipal biowaste. Char produced by the thermochemical conversion method of slow pyrolysis can be briquetted and used as cooking fuel alternative to wood-based charcoal. To explore the potential of biowaste carbonization in DSM, the most suitable organic wastes were selected and pyrolyzed in a simple, externally heated carbonization system developed as part of this study. A Multi-Criteria Analysis framework allowed to assess prevailing biowaste types regarding availability and accessibility, and respective suitability in terms of physical-chemical properties. The assessment, using data from a survey and lab analysis, revealed the following biowaste types with highest overall potential for char production in DSM: packaging grass/leaves (PG) used for transportation of fruit and vegetables to the markets, wood waste (WW) from wood workshops, and cardboard (CB) waste. Best practice carbonization of these biowastes in the pyrolyzer showed satisfactory char yields (PG: 38.7%; WW: 36.2%; CB: 35.7% on dry basis). Proximate composition (including volatile, fixed carbon and ash content) and heating value (PG: 20.1 MJ kg(-1); WW: 29.4 MJ kg(-1); CB: 26.7 MJ kg(-1)) of the produced char also compare well with literature data. The energy and emission-related aspects of the system still require further research and optimizations to allow financially viable and safe operation.

Investigation into the Effectiveness of Selected Bio-Based Preservatives on Control of Termite and Fungi of Wood in Service

The study focused on the effectiveness of using bio based preservatives as a controlling measure to biodetoriation from fungi and termite for wood in service. Wood samples of Triplochiton scleroxylon, Gmelina arborea, Ceiba pentandra used for the study were obtained from the sawmill of Ondo State Afforestation Project (OSAP) Oluwa and processed at the wood workshop of the Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure. The sample were converted into 60 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm and seasoned to 12 % moisture content. The samples were treated with bio-preservatives from Parkia biglobosa, Tridax procumbens and tar oil obtained via pyrolysis. This study showed that even though Ceiba pentandra has the highest retention for the preservatives, it is the most susceptible to fungal and termite attack. Gmelina arborea with the lowest retention have resistance to termite and fungal attack, thus, the effectiveness of the preservatives on the wood samples is not only determined by the retention level of each preservative but also the chemical constituent (pH) of the preservative. This study recommends the use of tar oil for preservation of the wood samples against termite where colour is not important while, ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens can be used to preserve wood against fungal attack.

Skills Required by Teachers to Carry out their Activities in Wood Workshops in Tertiary Institutions in North Western Nigeria

The concerned of this study emanated from poor performance in woodwork and low declining skills in performance among tertiary institutions graduates in the North Western Nigeria. The study therefore, focused on the Skills Required by Teachers to carry out their Activities in Wood workshops in Tertiary Institutions in North Western Nigeria. Two research questions were asked and two hypotheses formulated and were tested at 0.05 level of significant. A questionnaire titled ‘Skills Required by Tertiary level Woodwork Teachers (QSRTWT), consisting of 37 items was structured based on the two research questions: Cutting, Planing, Joint making and Assembling were administered to forty woodwork teachers in seven tertiary institutions in North Western Nigeria (Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara states). Data collected were analyzed using the Mean and answered the research questions and t-test statistic was used and tested the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significant. The result of the research questions showed that all the 37 woodwork skills were required by the tertiary institutions teachers. The hypotheses tested revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean responses of the Experienced and Less experienced teachers. Therefore, the result of the study showed that there is the need for re-training of teachers in woodwork skills for effective transfer of same to the learners. The study recommended that continuous training and re-training of woodwork teachers in woodwork skills through in service training, workshop and seminars to update their skills is necessary. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n7p108