Demand For Wood Research Articles

Life cycle assessment of Austrian and Slovenian raw wood production

Forestry will play an increasingly important role as a raw material contributor since climate change mitigation requires a shift from fossil-based materials to renewable, bio-based materials. Consequently, an increase in wood demand is expected. Slovenia has a forest coverage of 59% while almost half of Austria is covered by forest (43 %). In these countries, the forest-based sector has an important role. We look at the environmental impact of forestry in Slovenia and Austria under an increase in wood demand. This contribution has a twofold purpose: 1) to describe the environmental impact of Slovenian and Austrian forestry and forest products with a focus on sawlogs, and 2) to provide life cycle inventory data for Slovenian and Austrian forestry and importing countries for other LCA needs, for example, LCAs in the construction or biorefinery sectors and for benchmarking purposes. This contribution explores the use of the European Life Cycle Inventory of Forestry Operations (EFO-LCI) database [1]. The life cycle impact assessment applies the 16 impact categories as recommended by the European Commissions for LCA/Environmental Footprint in Europe [2] and provides additional indicators important for bio-based materials.

Design and experimental Analyses of enhanced heat transfer performance in solar powered Injera baking pan using Cu/Oil and A12O2/Oil nanofluids

There are demands for wood in high populated areas in Ethiopia due to the fact that many people used wood, residue of crop, animal dung (dried) as fuel for cooking. This has led to ecological damage and local scarcity in these areas. Most people in Ethiopia use local baking pan to prepare their food like Injera. This local baking pan has drawbacks like low efficiency due to the poor thermal efficiency. Using wood as the primary source for the baking pan also has negative health, economy and environmental impact like deforestation. This has also led to smoke (indoor) pollution which affects the health of the most vulnerable like women and children. This research is aimed at investigating the performance enhancement of Injera baking oven powered by solar energy by using copper-oil and aluminium oxide-oil nanoparticles. Solar collector (parabolic) via trough assembly, baking pan assembly, the pump, reservoir of thermal fluid, working fluid reservoir (cold temperature), and connecting pipes made the system. Copper-oil and aluminium-oil were used as fluids for heat transfer. These fluids have diameters of 30–50 nm.At volume concentration of 0.3%, the solar collector efficiency for copper-oil was above 60% approximately which is the highest value. This is followed by the aluminium oxide-oil with efficiency of approximately 56% while the ordinary oil showed efficiency of 48%. The average thermal efficiency for copper-oil was 43% while that of aluminium oxide-oil was 39%. The ordinary oil stood at 35% average thermal efficiency. The copper-oil as a working fluid performed better than that of aluminium oxide-oil at 0.3% volume concentration. Likewise, at the volume concentration of 0.05%, the average thermal efficiency for copper-oil was 39% while that of aluminium oxide-oil was 35.1%. Ordinary oil stood at 34.9% at 0.05% volume variation. Copper-oil as a working fluid performed better than other working fluids at volume concentration of 0.05%

Wood Demand and Supply Analysis for Non-Stationary Time Series and its Research Prospects in Japan (Academic Article)

Wood Demand and Supply Analysis for Non-Stationary Time Series and its Research Prospects in Japan (Academic Article)

How the growth of natural forests meets Indonesia’s demand for wood for construction and household furniture?

Timber forest products are the main source of wood in meeting community needs such as house construction and furniture. However, in the regulation of timber forest products, the use of wood has not been considered. This has an impact on the value of wood, the value of the forest, and the availability of raw materials. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to increase the volume of natural forests that can be cut down to meet national household wood needs. The method used is a stochastic modeling method over the growth of each diameter class. The phenomenon of growth transfer includes ingrowth, upgrowth, and mortality. The results of the model simulation are the number of trees in each diameter class. Stand volume in the diameter class 40 cm up is a reference in the comparison of wood production and use of wood products. The data on the use of wood products is based on an analysis of wood consumption per FAO and Indonesian household wood consumption. The benefit of the research is to provide information on the application of an appropriate silvicultural system for forest management so that sustainable forest management can be realized.

Forestry Sector Resource Optimization with TIMES

Abstract Latvia’s wood industry is based mainly on three product groups – fuelwood, wood-based panels and furniture. This research adopts the TIMES modelling approach to assess the potential of forestry resources’ contribution to the development of bioeconomy by evaluating different existing and new products. The modelling approach is commonly used for energy systems, however, the study shows the adaptation of TIMES for the forestry sector from the perspective of bioeconomy development analysis, considering wood resource demand in the energy sector and the benefits of higher added value product production. The aim of modelling is to find which are more economically feasible exploitation options and the optimal production amounts for wood and wood by-products, such as biofuels, xylan, and lyocell. The study results show that the potential production of new products with higher added value is compatible with currently existing wood demand trends of three main product groups. The result shows that the lyocell biorefinery scenario has the potential for adding 199.5 million euros to Latvia’s GDP and helps achieve a 30 % increase in the added value of forestry resource use by 2030. To achieve the target, only 140 thousand tons (1.3 %) of total processed wood (total wood commodity is equal to 11 139 thousand tons) is used for lyocell biorefinery due to the high added value of the new product. Despite the various limitations of the model, the obtained results suggest that producing higher added-value products from forestry resources should be considered as a significant long-term supplementary driver of economic growth and bioeconomy development.

Orman Ürünleri Sanayinde Hammadde Talebinin Doğal Ormanlardan Karşılanmasının Ormancılık Politikası Açısından Değerlendirmesi

After the 1970s, the energy demand for wood has increased, all over the world. After the 1990s, with the effect of increasing population, sustainability of forest resources has become crucial. According to FAO and UNEP (2020) the world's forests have decreased 4.74 million hectares in the last 10 years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of meeting the raw material demand for wood from our natural forest resources in Turkey. Today, 11.8 million m3 of raw material is needed for the 21 Particle and Fibre Board enterprises in Turkey. The country has 22.9 million hectares, 1.7 billion m3 of forest assets. Raw material demand for wood is met by two different methods: importation or production. Although the need for raw materials is increasing day by day, it is seen that the import value has decreased from 1.5 billion dollars to 440 million dollars in the last 7 years, while the export value has increased by 250 million dollars. In the same period, the amount of industrial wood, produced by Turkey by using local resources, has increased by 11 million m3. In order to meet this demand, our state forests are seen as the first choice due to the high costs of import. Having this policy has two possible consequences. It causes a decrease in the number of species in mixed forests. The fact that the wood production capability of Turkey's forests is not sufficient to meet all the needs causes the future of our forest assets to be endangered.

Potentials for wood cascading: A model for the prediction of the recovery of timber in Germany

The transition of our economy towards a bioeconomy is likely to increase the demand for wood in the future. Because the roundwood supply is limited, wood cascading is a promising concept for meeting the growing demand. In this context, it is necessary to map the current timber market for analyzing potential options for the cascading of recovered timber, and for quantifying future amounts of recovered timber, differentiated by the type of semi-finished wood product and sectoral origin. Therefore, a material flow analysis (MFA) for Germany during 2019 is performed and a model for the prediction of the recovery of timber volumes (PRecTimber) is developed. This model is based on a distributed decay approach which considers sectoral lifetimes. Historical data for the domestic consumption of timber products are used to calculate the annual decay of various timber products entering consumption. The MFA results in about 62 Mm3 solid wood equivalents (SWE) of various wood raw material assortments being required in the domestic production of wood products. An increasing amount of recovered timber with a minimum of 26.6 Mm3 (13.1 Mt) for 2019 to 29.5 Mm3 (14.2 Mt) in 2050 can be expected. In 2050, the recovered timber is derived from the sectors construction with 52%, furniture with 30%, packaging with 15%, and others with 2% (mainly consisting of sawn wood and particleboard products). The results of the model can be used, to derive estimates of the dimension and quality of the future recovered timber accompanying the potentials for cascading.

Physical Properties of Rice Husk-Pine Wood Particleboard

Rice husk is one types of sustainable and economical agricultural wastes that could produce particleboard as the substitute for solid wood. The problems that encourage this research are due to the increasing of deforestation and the increment demand for solid wood in various industries. Malaysia produces a significant amount of agricultural biomass waste every year. It is noteworthy to mention that agricultural wastes can be fully used in an environmentally friendly way. This study aims to evaluate the properties of particleboard made from rice husk at different fibre loading and mixture. Different formulated composition of rice husk and pine wood shaving was prepared for the production of particleboard by hot pressing at temperature 160 °C for 6 min using Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) resin with additional of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as a hardener. The results showed the density values and moisture content of particleboards ranging from 0.547 to 0.660 g/cm3 and 8.072 to 8.929 %, respectively. The thickness swelling and water absorption were increased as the increment of soaking time. Besides, the colour of the rice husk-pine particleboards has no significant difference and changes except for particleboard made from 100% rice husk. While the more proportion of pine wood shaving has the better compaction of particleboards, and the addition of grinded rice husk also make the particleboards have fewer voids. This study is expected to reduce deforestation activities and to maximize the usage of agricultural wastes.

Variability in growth-determining hydraulic wood and leaf traits in Melia dubia across a steep water availability gradient in southern India

In India, short-rotation plantations have increasingly been promoted over the last decades in response to altered forest management policy and increased wood demand. Understanding how short-rotation forest species coordinate fast growth with water demand and carbon investment will help improving management decisions.We investigated the intra-specific variability in growth performance, leaf traits, and wood anatomical and derived hydraulic properties in 31 Melia dubia (Meliaceae) plantations along a steep rainfall gradient from 450 to 1,700 mm yr−1, and addressed the role of different irrigation practices and soil nutrient availability.We found water supply and soil nutrient status to have a dominant influence on the aboveground biomass increment (AGBI) of M.dubia. AGBI was higher at irrigated sites with a less negative climatological water balance (i.e. with lower rainfall) and at sites with higher soil phosphorus availability. Stem wood anatomical traits associated with the water transport capacity mirrored the patterns in AGBI. At sites with higher water and soil phosphorus availability, the xylem was composed of larger vessel diameters and lower vessel densities. However, both branch wood anatomical traits and leaf traits including the leaf-to-sapwood area ratio were largely independent of water availability and soil conditions.We conclude that a high stem hydraulic efficiency determined by large xylem vessels is a prerequisite for high aboveground productivity, and that the growth of M. dubia may often be phosphorus-limited. Short-rotation plantations with M.dubia will therefore clearly benefits from continuous irrigation in regions that receive annual precipitations substantially below 1,000 mm yr−1. This highlights the potential to increase yields in this important short-rotation forest species by improving irrigation and fertilization protocols.

Pengaruh Modal, Tenaga Kerja, dan Bahan Baku terhadap Hasil Produksi Industri Pengolahan Kayu di Kelurahan Alalak Selatan dan Kelurahan Alalak Tengah Kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara

The purposes of this research are (1) to know how the finances, worker, and raw material influence the wood processing industry; (2) to know which most dominant factor influences the wood processing industry in Banjarmasin City. This Research uses quantitative method with primer data obtains from the result of interview and questionnaire. The data are calculated using double linier analysis which will be use test f (simultaneous) and test t (partial).The result of the Research shows that the factors of the finances worker, and raw material influences significantly and positively to the wood processing industry simultaneously and partially. Workers becomes the most dominant factor influencing the output of the wood processing industry.The suggestions given based on the results of the analysis and discussion in this study (1) The owner of a wood processing industry business should be able to pay attention to several factors that can affect production results in order to increase production output; (2) Increase the demand for wood by means of good promotion and marketing by utilizing increasingly developing technology.

Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Pinus koraiensis by EST-SSR and its management, utilization and protection

Pinus koraiensis is an important economic species in China. With a gradual decrease in their natural population and the increasing demand for wood, there is an urgent need to collect P. koraiensis germplasm resources and explore their genetic diversity for better management and protection. In this study, 11 pairs of EST-SSR primers were synthesized based on RNA-seq technology. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.48, which indicated that the primers had good polymorphism. 11 pairs of EST-SSR primers were used to study the genetic diversity in 26 provenances of P. koraiensis. Molecular variance analyses showed that 50% of the variations occurred among the provenances. The average Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.39, which indicated moderate genetic diversity. The observed number of alleles (Na = 41), effective number of alleles (Ne = 2.28), expected heterozygosity (He = 0.47), and Shannon diversity index (I = 0.86) of DST provenance were the maximum, which indicated that the genetic diversity in DST provenance was relatively abundant. The genetic distance was 0.002–1.729. The coefficient of genetic differentiation was 0.010–0.847. Based on genetic structure analyses, through principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and neighbor-joining method analysis (NJ) 26 provenances were clustered into six categories. The results of this study may provide the reference primers for P. koraiensis and related tree species, and useful genetic information for strategies for improvement, management, and protection of P. koraiensis.

Innovative wood use can enable carbon-beneficial forest management in California

Responsible stewardship of temperate forests can address key challenges posed by climate change through sequestering carbon, producing low-carbon products, and mitigating climate risks. Forest thinning and fuel reduction can mitigate climate-related risks like catastrophic wildfire. These treatments are often cost prohibitive, though, in part because of low demand for low-value wood "residues." Where treatment occurs, this low-value wood is often burned or left to decay, releasing carbon. In this study, we demonstrate that innovative use of low-value wood, with improved potential revenues and carbon benefits, can support economical, carbon-beneficial forest management outcomes in California. With increased demand for wood residues, forest health-oriented thinning could produce up to 7.3 million (M) oven-dry tonnes of forest residues per year, an eightfold increase over current levels. Increased management and wood use could yield net climate benefits between 6.4 and 16.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (M tCO2e) per year when considering impacts from management, wildfire, carbon storage in products, and displacement of fossil carbon-intensive alternatives over a 40-y period. We find that products with durable carbon storage confer the greatest benefits, as well as products that reduce emissions in hard-to-decarbonize sectors like industrial heat. Concurrently, treatment could reduce wildfire hazard on 4.9 M ha (12.1 M ac), a quarter of which could experience stand-replacing effects without treatment. Our results suggest that innovative wood use can support widespread fire hazard mitigation and reduce net CO2 emissions in California.

Using historical spy satellite photographs and recent remote sensing data to identify high-conservation-value forests.

High-conservation-value forests (HCVFs) are critically important for biodiversity and ecosystem service provisioning, but they face many threats. Where systematic HCVF inventories are missing, such as in parts of Eastern Europe, these forests remain largely unacknowledged and therefore often unprotected. We devised a novel, transferable approach for detecting HCVFs based on integrating historical spy satellite images, contemporary remote sensing data (Landsat), and information on current potential anthropogenic pressures (e.g., road infrastructure, population density, demand for fire wood, terrain). We applied the method to the Romanian Carpathians, for which we mapped forest continuity (1955-2019), canopy structural complexity, and anthropogenic pressures. We identified 738,000 ha of HCVF. More than half of this area was identified as susceptible to current anthropogenic pressures and lacked formal protection. By providing a framework for broad-scale HCVF monitoring, our approach facilitates integration of HCVF into forest conservation and management. This is urgently needed to achieve the goals of the European Union's Biodiversity Strategy to maintain valuable forest ecosystems.

Engineered bamboo: The promising material for building and construction application in Indonesia

There is a rising gap between supply and demand of wood as building and construction materials. The search of alternative materials to fill in the gap is an urgent concern. Bamboo is one of locally abundant resources; 88 out of 135 species growth in Indonesia is an endemic. It is a renewably material and has comparable characteristics to wood. Notable efforts to reduce the variability of raw bamboo have led to the improved physical and mechanical properties of the engineered bamboo. Laminated bamboo and hybrid laminated bamboo-wood had superior wood strength in comparison to the raw materials. Laminated bamboo produced from andong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja), mayan (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz), vertically laminated andong bamboo comparable to wood strength class I, I-II and II, respectively. Furthermore, hybrid laminated bamboo-wood andong-manii (Maesopsis eminii Engl.), andong-mayan-jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) comparable to wood strength class II and III, respectively. The properties improvement of engineered bamboo demonstrates the potential application of laminated bamboo as a substitution for building and construction material.

The Use of Marketing Monitoring Web System Application to Estimate Cempaka Wood Product Consumption Level in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Cempaka or Magnolia spp. is categorised into primary local wood mostly used by the people in North Sulawesi. Efforts to cultivate cempaka and supply of raw materials continue to be carried out. However, there is no measurement of consumption of cempaka wood at the industrial and household levels. This will threaten the existence of cempaka or cempaka cultivation is not attractive to the Minahasa community. The objective of this study was to obtain the information of consumption ratio of cempaka wood in North Sulawesi in household scale. This study was carried out for approximately eight months in Minahasa, South Minahasa, and North Minahasa. There are 13 industries of cempaka wood in household scale, and 99 respondents are gathered successfully. The study findings indicated that cempaka wood products identified were not only wooden houses construction but also furniture. Average consumption of cempaka wood products in North Sulawesi reached 0.17 m3/capita/annual. If the total population of North Sulawesi reached 2,5 million, the total consumption of cempaka timber was estimated to reach 435,000 m3 annually. With enormous demands for cempaka wood in North Sulawesi compared to its inefficient availability, it is recommended to promote more intensive cempaka plantation development in the region.

The integration of social forestry, science and local community in the collaborative Muna teak (Tectona grandis) development

The demand for teak wood in Indonesia reached 7 million m3, however, only 10% can be produced. One of the best teak producers in Indonesia was Muna, Southeast Sulawesi which once has a golden period but now experiencing degradation and losing genetic resources. How to restore Muna teak and its genetic resource became the question of the research. This study uses descriptive qualitative research using data from interviews with relevant stakeholders and secondary data. The result of the study shows that the issuance of Business Permit for the Utilization of Timber Forest Product-in Community Forest for three Forest Farmer’s Cooperatives in 2017 on the area of 1,817 hectares through the Social Forestry scheme has made a positive contribution to the restoration of Muna teak forest. The management of the three cooperatives in partnership with a private company, and the government’s financial support by initiating a tissue culture laboratory and genetic engineering as an effort to propagate the Muna teak using mutation breeding techniques to obtain superior clones. Through multi parties, involvement, and support, the integration of government policies and science, in synergy with individual effort and local community movement, effort indicates a hope to restore Muna teak.

Improving the growth of cempaka (Elmerillia ovalis) seedlings to accelerate ex situ plantation

Cempaka tree (Elmerillia ovalis), best known as a multipurpose tree species, is mostly used for the building of luxurious traditional houses of the Toraja and Minahasa Tribe as well as for religious sculptures. Due to the specific qualifications, the cempaka wood demands gradually increase, while the populations in nature drastically decrease. On the other hand, early seedling growth encounters many obstacles such as recalcitrant seeds, slow growth, and sensitivity to leaf disease. This study aimed to improve the quality of the seedling prepared for a higher survival rate when planted in the field. This research was conducted at the nursery of the Bogor Forest Research and Development Centre, Indonesia. The factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of two factors: wood vinegar as a growth stimulant and media composition, in three replications. The stimulant factor consisted of two levels: the addition of wood vinegar (1.5 %) and (control), and the media composition factor consisted of four levels: (a) soil 100%, (b) soil: cocopeat rice husks (6: 3: 1), (c) soil: rice husks (1:1), and (d) soil: manure (2:1). The observed parameters were seedling height, diameter, root/shoot ratio, seedling quality index (SQI). The best growth of cempaka seedlings resulted in treatments of wood vinegar in combination with soil media mixed with manure. Seedlings in this treatment height 58.93 cm, 6.8 mm diameter, S/R ratio 3.61, and 1.26 SQI, respectively, better than the others. The best treatment also gives the 12 months seedlings absence of leaf disease.

Penegakan Hukum oleh Kepolisian Resor Langkat terhadap Pembalakan Liar (Illegal Logging) di Wilayah Hukum Polres Langkat

Human activities that cause environmental damage, one of which is illegal logging or illegal logging, which is an act of exploitation by humans on forests, causing damage to forest ecosystems. This study aims to determine the factors that cause illegal logging in the Langkat Police jurisdiction and the policies carried out by the Police in law enforcement against illegal logging in the Langkat Police jurisdiction. The research method used is descriptive method, using qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The results showed that the factors that caused illegal logging in Langkat Regency were internal factors, consisting of economic factors and the lack of public awareness of the environment, and external factors, consisting of high wood prices, high wood demand, weak supervision, law enforcement is not strict. The policies carried out by the Langkat Police in law enforcement against the crime of illegal logging consist of penal policies, namely reporting illegal logging, following up on illegal logging, going to illegal logging locations, securing evidence, catching illegal timber trucks. Non-penal policies include socializing the prohibition of illegal logging, increasing community participation, supervising timber trucks, examining suspects, developing cases, and transferring files.

Investigation of Under-Utilised Wood Species for Potential Utilisations in Taraba State, Nigeria

Under-utilsed wood species from Taraba State were studied to generate information for identification purposes and facilitate the introduction of these species into the wood working industry by assigning or widening the potential uses of these species to serve as alternative economic species. They are wood species that constitutes the bulk of wood that finds no economic use and their current commercial demand is below their forest production potentials. This study examines under-utilised wood species in the three (3) ecological zones (Northern guinea savanna, Mountain Grassland/Forest Vegetation and Southern guinea savanna) in Taraba State with a view to identifying their utilisation potentials. A total of 60 respondents comprising of wood dealers, furniture makers and chainsaw operator were selected with 20 questionnaires per region using convenient and systematic random sampling techniques. Researcher made closed ended questionnaires as instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage and charts were used, and data collected were analysed using Startsoft Statistica 12.5. Results showed that males (85%) had the highest percentage than the females (15%). Majority were between age brackets of 21-30 which constitute 46.67%. Considerable number of them were married and not well educated. The study also, revealed Fifteen (15) of the most common under-utilised and endangered wood species with six (6) currently traded species were revealed. Wood demand, durability and availability are the major reasons for choice of species traded while, over-exploitation and seasonality are the main reasons for fluctuations in species availability for trade. Assessment of deforestation in the study area was high, which shows decrease in availability of woody plant species. The produced compendium of some under-utilised wood species from Taraba State, should be distributed widely so that producers, users, and marketers of wood products are aware of the promising species as an alternative to economic species for sustainability.

Small forest growers in tropical landscapes should be embraced as partners for Green-growth: Increase wood supply, restore land, reduce poverty, and mitigate climate change

Our ideas and investments for landscape restoration should be broadened to include sustainably managed plantation forestry, especially those owned by small growers in forest-rural landscapes, as a part of the solution. Small growers play seminal roles in tropical forestry; for example, they provide about 90% and 60% of the industrial wood in India and Vietnam, respectively, and are central for countries such as Ethiopia and Uganda. They contribute to restoration of degraded landscapes in large areas. Wood production and use of wood products as a carbon positive, renewable, recyclable material should be a part of climate change mitigation actions. Forestry and wood-based business is providing livelihoods for millions of rural households and probably helping hundreds of thousands of families out of poverty.Tropical countries are facing widening wood supply- demand gaps. Substantial growth of wood production from small-scale plantations via both higher productivity per unit area and carefully managed land expansion, may be the only options for closing this gap. Nevertheless, there is no reliable inventory of the number of small-scale growers and households involved in any tropical country. Similarly, there is a serious lack of attention given to productivity in small -scale plantations, and exploring how sustainable management practices can improve productivity, product value, economic outcomes, and environmental benefits, at appropriate spatial and temporal scales.Many projects carried out in the name of small growers within country are fragmented, donor-driven, and uncoordinated. They will be more effective for providing benefits to small-growers if each recipient country developed a holistic and coherent strategy with priorities for advancing small- scale plantation forestry, within which, projects from international groups are harnessed. Creation of a cooperative (public-private), action and impact driven organisation(centre) is proposed. For success, the private sector should engage small growers as co-investing partners for advancing Green-growth and landscape restoration, and thus foster a direct conduit for channelling the global interests in tree-forest based solutions for improving the environment and reducing rural poverty.Small-scale plantation forestry can be substantially strengthened by three opportunities: the growing demand for wood, the role of forests and land restoration in the global carbon cycle and for low-emissions economy, and the urgent need to uplift rural economies and reduce poverty. These challenges are interwoven, and sustainably managed forestry offers integrated solutions for addressing them.