Demand For Wood Research Articles

Institutionalization of corrupt activities among Indonesian rural household farmers in surround marginal teak forest areas

Institutionalization of petty corruption among farmer households in the villages around the forest has focused on large and productive state forest areas managed by the State Forest Company (SFC). The activities occurred simultaneously. There is no data to reveal the activities. This research aimed to analyze how the corrupt mechanism transpired. A qualitative method was induced to detail the occasion of petty corruption at the teak stands. In-depth interviews with key informants, participatory observation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with local communities demonstrated that marginal teak forests in Java, or at least in Lemah Gurih, are not accidental but seem “intentional” to support illegal logging practices. SFC’s conservatism in setting wood standards oriented to the global market’s needs and not adjusting to the increasing local market demand for teak wood triggered corruption. As a result, local forest officials can trade those wood products as personal income without violating company regulations. Simultaneously, together with the illegal wood collectors (IWCs), they also manipulate the calculation of timber yields to get unilateral benefits. The corrupt behavior is continuously institutionalized over generations by patron-client relationships, and they have become an integral part of the lives of local communities. The recommendation to reduce corrupt behavior is to improve forest management practices, a review of wood harvesting administration, wood quality standards, and changes in social relations between SFC and local communities to be a more formal relationship are critical.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОГНИТИВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННЫМ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОМ ЛЕСНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

In this article, the subject of study is the process of cognitive management and modeling of the innovative potential of the forest complex. The purpose of the study is to create a combined approach of cognitive management of information and innovation flows in the forest complex. The theoretical basis of cognitive management of the innovative potential of the forest complex was studied. 
 The system of sustainable modern management and planning in the forest complex is an urgent task. The multicomponent criteria taken into account in the framework of managerial decision-making includes consideration of various criteria, such as the estimated income from the sale of wood, soil erosion, the likelihood of natural forest fires. 
 In a situation of global economic and environmental challenges, awareness of the need for sustainable economic growth and in the transition from a resource economy to an innovative one, the concept of cognitive management helps to select priority areas of innovative development. Also in this article, in order to realize the innovative potential, a cognitive model of innovation management is presented; the areas and specifics of the implementation of this model at various stages of management are shown. The creation of a cognitive management system is conditioned by the values of many variables of the definitions under study, such as income, demand for wood, biodiversity of forest lands, risks, intellectual capital, intellectual potential, digitalization component.

Ex-Ante Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Dendromass Production: Conception and Experiences of an Innovation Project

Rising demand for bio-based products exerts growing pressure on natural resources such as wood. The agricultural technique of short rotation coppice (SRC) to produce dendromass from fast growing trees has gained relevance to ease the pressure of demand for wood from forests. The European-funded project Dendromass4Europe supports the establishment of SRC in Western Slovakia and its biomass use for four new bio-based materials, in the context of a developing bioeconomy. Along with the development of the SRC and material value chains, eco-efficiency assessment is carried out to anticipate areas of critical concern and derive measures for improvement. Among many other assessment approaches, eco-efficiency assessment was conducted by combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and socio-economic assessment to optimize the whole production system towards eco-efficiency. An LCA study provided necessary data to assess the environmental performance. The added value and revenue results from the socio-economic assessment were used to assess the economic performance. The value chain of the moulded fibre parts shows the best eco-efficiency value, but only because its economic performance is comparatively strong. The lightweight boards have the least environmental impact but do not perform so well in terms of eco-efficiency. The overall eco-efficiency of the full value chain can be optimized only with a specific combination of all four dendromass-based materials within the whole production system.

Working Paper 43: How corruption threatens the forests of Ukraine

This report offers a detailed deep dive into how corruption fuelled illegal logging in Ukraine during the period before the full-scale war. It explains how the Russian invasion has raised the risks of illegal logging, by increasing demand for wood and its relative value as a resource, and by reducing inspections and civil society oversight.
 Building on pre-war case studies, selected interviews and a review process with various stakeholders, the report outlines the widespread corruption challenges in Ukraine's forestry sector and proposes relevant interventions in the war and reconstruction contexts. 
 The report identifies specific corruption patterns linked to three main types of illegal logging:
 
 By private actors such as communities and criminal groups, who can evade justice by corrupting law enforcement officials.
 By forest management officials, who sometimes obtain false paperwork to fell trees – thus easing their export abroad.
 Following the illegal appropriation of forests through manipulation of land documents. 
 
 A significant proportion of wood illegally logged in Ukraine comes with (illegally obtained) permits, so can be "legally" exported to foreign markets in the European Union and elsewhere.
 Both governments and the private sector in countries that import wood and/or support Ukraine's reconstruction efforts have a role to play in preventing the illegal destruction of Ukraine's forests.

Management-related energy, nutrient and worktime efficiencies of the wood fuel production and supply chain: modelling and assessment

Key messageThe modelling approach presented and tested in the present study relates local management decisions with efficiency indicators of the whole wood fuel chain, based on decisions ranging from silviculture to transport to customer. Energy and worktime efficiencies were better under large-scale energy production associated with high wood fuel demand, whereas nutrient efficiency was better under small-scale production associated with a moderate demand. Local management decisions all along the wood fuel chain highly influenced efficiency indicators, and thus its relevance for energy-transition policies.ContextBioenergy from wood can contribute to reach the goals of energy-transition policies. Use of wood as fuel should focus on low-quality wood, e.g. by-products from timber production, which production and supply is related to various management decisions. Reaching the policy objectives efficiently remains an issue.AimsThe aims are (1) to develop a modelling approach that links local management decisions with indicators of the whole wood fuel production and supply chain and (2) to test the model in a case study. The study should further provide first insights on how indicators of energy, nutrient and worktime efficiency vary according to wood fuel chain characteristics and the related management decisions.MethodsThe model depicts the flow of wood (biomass, nutrients, moisture content, heating value) from the forest stand to the heating plant for each silvicultural intervention simulated with a growth and yield model. It further quantifies the energy and worktime spent on different wood fuel chain tasks (e.g. felling, forwarding) set by the user. We defined four scenarios according to the scale of energy production (large vs. small) and the demand for wood fuel (high vs. moderate).ResultsThe case study revealed that the model outputs were plausible. Energy efficiency largely varied depending on the type of silvicultural intervention. Large-scale production associated with high demand was most favourable for energy and worktime efficiencies. In contrast, nutrient efficiency was best for small-scale production associated with moderate demand.ConclusionsLocal management decisions all along the wood fuel chain highly influenced efficiency indicators, and thus its relevance for energy-transition policies. Our model may contribute to strategic decision making in different forestry and energy production contexts.

SOIL CONSERVATION MODEL USING INTERCROPING SENGONCOFFEE METHOD TO REDUCE EROSION YIELD

The increasing demand of sengon wood (paraserianthes falcataria) as an industrial material that has high price in East Java province, especially in Jember district leads to increase deforestation on people forest as well as land use land cover change (LULCC) on agriculture areas. Study on Tanggul watershed which is the one of three biggest watersheds in Jember where LULCC into sengon plantations shown that erosion yields on sengon plantations was dominating by medium to very high erosion hazard level. The identification and conservation method used in this study is RUSLE and the conservation model used is sengon-coffee intercropping. The effeciveness criteria used is erosion yield on the field decreases until low level of erosion hazard level (below 60 tons/hectares/year). The 208 samples of sengon plantations were used to identify erosion yield and the results show that 75.9% of sengon plantations in Tanggul watershed have moderate to very high erosion hazard level with an average erosion yield at 257.49 tons/hectares/year. While simulation of scenario 1st, 2nd and 3 rd intercropping conservation model resulting erosion yield 158.2; 131.8; and 97.7 tons/hectares/year respectively. In this case, 3rd scenario is effective to reduce erosion yield to low level of erosion hazard level by 65% of total plantations. However, other conservation model still needed to be added in the sengon plantation to reduce erosion in low hazard level.

Conserving Potential and Endangered Species of Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites in Indonesia

Indonesia has around 4000 wood species, and 10% (400) of species are categorized as commercial wood. One species is kayu kuku (Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites), native to Southeast Sulawesi. This species is considered a fancy wood used for sawn timber, veneer, plywood, carving, and furniture. The high demand for wood caused excessive logging and threatened its sustainability. In addition, planting P. mooniana has presented several challenges, including seedling production, viability and germination rate, nursery technology, and silviculture techniques. As a result, the genera of Pericopsis, including P. elata (Europe), P. mooniana (Sri Lanka), and P. angolenses (Africa), have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix. Based on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, P. mooniana is categorized as Vulnerable (A1cd). This conservation status has raised issues regarding its biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability in the near future. This paper aims to review the conservation of potential and endangered species of P. mooniana and highlight some efforts for its species conservation and sustainable use in Indonesia. The method used is a systematic literature review based on P. mooniana’s publication derived from various reputable journal sources and additional literature sources. The results revealed that the future demand for P. mooniana still increases significantly due to its excellent wood characteristics. This high demand should be balanced with both silviculture techniques and conservation efforts. The silviculture of P. mooniana has been improved through seed storage technology, improved viability and germination rates, proper micro and macro propagation, applying hormones, in vitro seed storage, improved nursery technology, and harvesting techniques. P. mooniana conservation can be conducted with both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. In situ conservation is carried out by protecting its mother trees in natural conditions (i.e., Lamedae Nature Reserve) for producing good quality seeds and seedlings. Ex situ conservation is realized by planting seeds and seedlings to produce more wood through rehabilitating and restoring critical forests and lands due to its ability to adapt to marginal land and mitigate climate change. Other actions required for supporting ex situ conservation are preventing illegal logging, regeneration, conservation education, reforestation, agroforestry system applied in private and community lands, and industrial forest plantations.

Site properties, species identity, and species mixture affect fine root production, mortality, and turnover rate in pure and mixed forests of European Beech, Norway spruce, and Douglas-fir

It is already well known that the effects of tree diversity on aboveground wood productivity depend on tree species identity and site conditions and thus can vary among different tree mixtures and forest sites. The effects of species diversity, specifically on belowground productivity and dynamics, have rarely been studied, so potential interactions with species identity and/or site conditions are largely unknown.Sequential soil coring was applied in mature pure and mixed stands of European beech, Norway spruce, and Douglas-fir in two regions of northern Germany to investigate the potential site, species, and mixing effects on fine root productivity, mortality, and turnover rates. In these ecologically and economically important species mixtures, a strong effect of site conditions on all fine root variables was found. In particular, more fine root growth was observed at the less favorable site conditions than at the more favorable ones. Species identity and interaction between site conditions and species identity were additional explanatory factors, whereat beech showed the strongest effect by site conditions. No overyielding was observed when fine root productivity was plotted against area potentially available (APA), nor were mortality or turnover. However, at specific soil depths, a mixing effect, caused mainly by beech, was observed for all variables and for both species mixtures.This study suggests that site conditions and species identity rather than species mixture are essential in explaining fine root dynamics and that increasing tree species diversity may not guarantee higher belowground productivity. However, in the face of climate change and the demand for wood as a natural and renewable resource, an admixture of Douglas-fir to pure European beech stands seems to be a reasonable alternative to an admixture of spruce, a species that is already seriously suffering by drought and bark beetle attacks.

Dynamic changes in forest cover and human activities during the Holocene on the northeast Tibetan plateau

Human activities strongly influenced the present-day environment of the Tibetan Plateau, especially in the northeastern area. The questions over when and to what extent humans began to utilize the plateau environment have been long investigated, but there are still gaps in our understanding, such as the relationship between forest dynamics and anthropogenic activities. Here, we simulate the potential Holocene geographical distribution of the three dominant coniferous species in the Northeast Tibetan Plateau in response to climate/environment and analyze pollen records and multi-proxies for anthropogenic activities to explore human impact on natural forest dynamics. Simulation results show marked expansion of Picea and Pinus coniferous forests in the Early Holocene (11.5–8.3 ka BP), continuing into the Mid Holocene (8.3–4.0 ka BP). However, there was a slight contraction of forest in the Late Holocene (4.0–2.6 ka BP) in the western part of the region, and near disappearance in the eastern Qaidam Basin, although both Pinus and Picea slightly increased in Hehuang Valley. Pollen analysis confirms the patterns, with an increase in arboreal pollen mainly comprising Pinus and Picea from Early to Early Mid Holocene (11.5–5.3 ka BP), followed by a decrease. Proxies of anthropogenic activities, including carbon concentration, archeological sites, and, synanthropic plants, increased significantly after 5.3 ka BP, with archeological evidence for intensive exploitation of forest and turnover of natural vegetation. We argue that forest retreat at 5.3–4.0 ka BP was due to the expansion of cropland and increasing demand for wood. Significant coniferous forest retreat and degradation from 4.0 to 2.6 ka BP, with forest succession in Hehuang Valley, was driven by the booming population, extensive grazing, and forest exploitation; the drying cooling climate may have aggravated the pace of deforestation at higher elevations. This study presents new insights into the deforestation on the Northeast Tibetan Plateau in the Holocene.

Growth and drought resilience of four native tree species suitable for reforestation of Brazil’s Atlantic Forest

Abstract Deforestation of tropical forests has been a critical issue affecting climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reforestation strives to remedy this situation, yet it is futile as long as deforestation of primary forests continues. Since deforestation is partly motivated by the demand for valuable tropical wood, reforestation should focus not only on planting native tree species, but specifically on a high diversity of native tree species with high-quality wood. However, the eco-physiological information required for growing such species is limited, and their resilience to drought events is unknown. Here, we focused on four native tropical wood tree species identified as suitable for Brazil’s Atlantic Forest reforestation. Growth, carbon assimilation, water-use and xylem hydraulics were studied in seedlings of the two legume species Dalbergia nigra and Plathymenia foliolosa and the two non-legume species Cariniana legalis and Zeyheria tuberculosa. Seedlings were monitored weekly for 9 consecutive weeks, three to five weeks of which under induced drought. Growth and carbon assimilation were 25–65 per cent higher in the legume vs. non-legume species. In turn, non-legume species mostly avoided the drought by stomatal closure, producing a 50 per cent higher water-use efficiency (WUE) compared with the legume species. The average water potential at 50 per cent stomatal conductivity (Ψgs50) for legume species was −2.6 MPa, whereas for non-legume species it was −0.85 MPa. Still, each species showed a unique set of responses, indicating different growth strategies under mesic and xeric conditions. Our results indicate a divergence among legume and non-legume species, driven by a trade-off between plant productivity (carbon assimilation and growth) and plant safety (stomatal regulation and WUE). All in all, the four species of juvenile potted plants demonstrated a high capacity for recovery from drought, which supports their potential role in future reforestation under climate change.

A Study of Chemical Constituents in Platinum Fast-Grown Teak Wood (Tectona grandis) with Age Differences Using Py-GCMS Coupled with Interdependence Multivariate Analysis

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) is a simple, rapid, and reliable analytical technique to assay lignocellulose biomass. This study aims to analyze the chemical content of various ages of platinum fast-grown teak wood using PyGCMS coupled with interdependence multivariate analysis. Fifty-eight peaks were shown in the pyrogram originating from carbohydrates, lignin, and extractive derivatives. Along with age, platinum fast-grown teak wood showed higher carbohydrate derivatives in heartwood than sapwood. Compared to teak wood grown in conventional (between 36.72-45.69%), platinum fast-grown teak wood has a higher content of carbohydrates (42.82-48.04%). A substantial amount of G-unit lignin was detected in the sapwood, while the S-unit lignin dominated the heartwood. The extractive content of 10-years-old teak wood heartwood was 4.82%, higher than 10- and 20-years-old heartwood from conventional wood (2.23% and 8.88%, respectively). Multivariate analysis of the chemical compound showed that Py-GCMS could be utilized to classify platinum fast-grown and conventional teak wood. 2-methyl anthraquinone (MAQ) content of 10-year-old fast-grown teak wood was 2.5 times higher than 20-year-old conventional teak wood. Based on the study, platinum fast-grown teak wood is promising as alternative wood material to fulfill the market demand for conventional teak wood.

Mantenimiento público de la Alameda de los Descalzos y otras áreas arboladas en la Lima colonial

The article explores how the colonial authorities managed the maintenance of the wooded areas around the city of Lima and its outside-the-walls promenade – i.e., the Alameda – called “de los Descalzos”. The high demand for wood caused the decrease of this natural resource, and due to the alarming increase in its consumption, the municipal council tried to stop and reduce it through ordinances. The Alameda de los Descalzos, whose inauguration in 1611 was onerous to the public budget, required continuous expenses for its maintenance and this was assumed by the depressed funds of the council. Its founder, viceroy Juan De Mendoza y Luna, provided it with an estanco to sustain it, but it required the will of subsequent viceroys to maintain it, and whose priorities did not always coincide with that of the founding viceroy.

Future wood demands and ecosystem services trade-offs: A policy analysis in Norway

To mitigate climate change, several European countries have launched policies to promote the development of a renewable resource-based bioeconomy. These bioeconomy strategies plan to use renewable biological resources, which will increase timber and biomass demands and will potentially conflict with multiple other ecosystem services provided by forests. In addition, these forest ecosystem services (FES) are also influenced by other, different, policy strategies, causing a potential mismatch in proposed management solutions for achieving the different policy goals. We evaluated how Norwegian forests can meet the projected wood and biomass demands from the international market for achieving mitigation targets and at the same time meet nationally determined targets for other FES. Using data from the Norwegian national forest inventory (NFI) we simulated the development of Norwegian forests under different management regimes and defined different forest policy scenarios, according to the most relevant forest policies in Norway: national forest policy (NFS), biodiversity policy (BIOS), and bioeconomy policy (BIES). Finally, through multi-objective optimization, we identified the combination of management regimes matching best with each policy scenario. The results for all scenarios indicated that Norway will be able to satisfy wood demands of up to 17 million m3 in 2093. However, the policy objectives for FES under each scenario caused substantial differences in terms of the management regimes selected. We observed that BIES and NFS resulted in very similar forest management programs in Norway, with a dominance of extensive management regimes. In BIOS there was an increase of set aside areas and continuous cover forestry, which made it more compatible with biodiversity indicators. We also found multiple synergies and trade-offs between the FES, likely influenced by the definition of the policy targets at the national scale.

Panel products from Melia dubia

The demand and supply gap for wood is showing an ever increasing trend and in order to counter act on this trend, efforts are made in all possible ways to substitute wood with suitable alternatives wherever possible and to shift the focus from natural forests to private plantations for sourcing the timber raw material for wood based industries. As part of this efforts, local timbers are being extensively studied for their suitability for producing wood based composites which could replace the solid wood without compromising in either aesthetic appearance or strength properties. Clones of Eucalyptus, Poplar, Silver oak etc. are a few timber species to name. Melia dubia is one such plantation timber suitable for farm forestry and agro forestry which is becoming trendy among present day farmers, private planters and wood based industries because of its fast growth, inherited anti-termite and anti-insect properties etc. This paper presents the research results of a series of studies conducted to find the suitability of Melia dubia for manufacturing Particleboard, Medium density fiberboards (MDF), Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and Blockboard.Â

Internationalisation of South African companies in the hardwood industry in the European market

Orientation: Export opportunities, internationalization, have been prioritised by South African Trade and Industry in order to promote economic growth. Research purpose: It is critical for the expansion of organisations to consider internationalisation when there are prospects for expanding trade activities in already existing and sometimes firmly established markets. Motivation for the study: Upon entering an international market competitively, a clear understanding of all factors impacting on profitability and sustainability of the organisation strategic endeavour, is required. Research design, approach and method: A case study research design was selected for this study. The parameters presented a large role player in the hardwood industry and export trade at the time of the data gathering. Qualitative research approach represented the data collecting process as observational and specifically perceptible. The data acquired from participants in their natural environment and preference given to the ways in which individuals interpret their social world. Secondary data was used. Main findings: Belgium’s market size for hardwood products is greater than the consumption indicating an over-supply, whereas Germany’s supply and demand are exactly equal. The Netherlands’ demand for wood is greater than the supply. Practical/managerial implications: Although all the European Countries are possible export markets for wood, it is recommended rather to concentrate exports of wood products to the Netherlands. Contribution/value-add: The international market for hardwood in Europe is available for exports from SA. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification awarded South African plantations is sufficient to serve as the requirements stipulated by both the European countries and CITES.

The Development of Forest Genetic Breeding and the Application of Genome Selection and CRISPR/Cas9 in Forest Breeding

With the birth of classical genetics, forest genetic breeding has laid a foundation in the formation of the basic theories of population genetics, quantitative genetics, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics. Driven by the rapid growth of social demand for wood and other forest products, modern genetics, biotechnology, biostatistics, crop and animal husbandry breeding theories, and technical achievements have been continuously introduced for innovation, thus forming a close combination of genetic basic research and breeding practice. Forest tree breeding research in the world has a history of more than 200 years. By the middle of the 20th century, the forest tree genetic breeding system was gradually formed. After entering the 21st century, the in-depth development stage of molecular design breeding was opened. With the continuous improvement of traditional genetic breeding methods, emerging modern bioengineering technology has also continuously promoted the development of forest genetic breeding. This study mainly summarizes the research history of forest tree genetics and breeding, as well as discusses the application of modern bioengineering technology represented by genome selection and gene editing in forest tree breeding, so as to provide better reference for forest tree breeding research.

Hemp Shives as a Raw Material for the Production of Particleboards

Increased demand for wood affects its price and thus contributes to the growing interest in raw materials that can be used as a partial or total substitute for wood in the production of particleboard. One of the raw materials for the production of particleboard can be Cannabis sativa or, more precisely, hemp shives. In this work, 7 variants of panels with a density of 650 kg/m3 with 10 and 25% hemp shives substitution in different layers were produced. Particleboards containing hemp shives were characterized by lower density compared to conventional particleboards. The shares of hemp shives at the levels of 10% and 25% have a slight impact on the MOR and MOE; additional IB showed no statistically significant differences between the conventional particleboards and particleboards with a share of hemp shives. For particleboards with 25% hemp shives, a reduction in swelling was observed relative to particleboards made entirely of industrial wood particles.

Quality characteristics of the selected variant of Paulownia tomentosa (Robust4) wood cultivated in Hungary

Besides the continuously increasing demand for wood, the significant increase in its price also contributes to the increasingly broader use of fast-growing wood species and cultivars. Newer variants are continue to be cross-bred as a result. In case of a new variant within a species, it is questionable how it would adapt to a particular climatic environment and the quality of wood it would yield. The characteristics of the Paulownia tomentosa (Robust4) wood obtained from Hungarian plantations of are generally identical to those of the Paulownia tomentosa. The value of the air dry density - as typically for paulownia species- are very low i.e. 273 kg/m3. Its strength values (compressive strength: 9,6 MPa; tensile strength: 39,3 MPa; bending strength: 41,7 MPa; modulus of elasticity: 4116 MPa; impact bending strength: 1,4 J/cm2) also reach, and in some cases, exceed those of the Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. and the Paulownia Clone in vitro 112 variant. Based on these, we can expect the same wood quality from the Robust4 version as from the other paulownia variants.

Is there still something to eat for trees in the soils of the Strengbach catchment?

The global demand for wood is growing and the sustainability of forests has become an increasingly important issue. The first metre of soil represents the reserve of nutrients cations (K, Ca, Mg) for trees. The depletion of these elements in the soil gradually leads to a decrease in soil fertility, which can have a strong impact on the development and health of forests.The aim of this study was to better understand the source and dynamics of nutrients in forested soils from a base poor environment by combining mineralogic, chemical, isotopic and numerical tools through an experimental approach. We designed batch experiments to follow the leaching of soils from two experimental plots (under spruce and under beech from the Strengbach catchment, Vosges Mountain, NE France). The studied elements show highly contrasting behaviours. Mg release results from a mixing between cationic exchange, mineral dissolution (mainly smectite) and organic matter mineralization. The dynamics of K are underestimated by modelling, which may be attributed either to an unknown source of K or to an overestimation of the secondary phase precipitation. The Sr isotopic approach, used as a proxy to identify the sources of Ca, shows that the exchangeable complex supplies nutrients first and rapidly to the solution, followed by the clay compartment and at the very end, the bulk soils. Na is mainly controlled by albite dissolution.The release of Ca is significantly lower than that of other cations as Mg or K. Our results suggest that the exchangeable Ca, estimated through classical extractions, is only partly available for plants, due to strong chemical binding with organic matter and/or the occurrence of Ca-chemical bridges between clay and organic matter. Sustainable management should thus consider that exchangeable Ca, conventionally determined, does not necessarily provide an accurate picture of the real availability of Ca and therefore of the fertility of soils, with a risk of overestimation of nutrient reservoir for trees. Calcium tree nutrition at these sites has to rely on the long term on atmospheric deposition and an efficient recycling through biological cycling. This is also true for the other nutrient cations, but to a lesser extent since soil intrinsic fluxes (i.e., weathering, mineralisation of OM…) are not null and may thus supply the exchangeable pools and participate substantially to tree nutrition. Harvesting and biomass exportation could rapidly impact the biological cycle and threaten the sustainability of these ecosystems, similar to changing tree species that may influence the nature of the litter, its turnover and the input of nutrients to the soil.

Global forest products markets and forest sector carbon impacts of projected sea level rise

Sea level rise (SLR) is among the climate-change-related problems of greatest concern, threatening the lives and property of coastal residents and generating far-reaching economic and ecological impacts. We project that SLR will lead to an increase in the rate of new housing construction to replace destroyed structures, impact global wood products supply and demand conditions, and cause changes in global forest sector carbon mitigation potential. Findings indicate that 71 million new units will be built by 2050 to accommodate the SLR-affected global population. More than two-thirds of these new units are projected to be in Asia. The estimated extra wood products needed to build these new residential units is 1,659 million m3, assuming that all these structures would be built mainly with wood, representing a 4 % increase in total wood consumption, compared to projected reference level global wood products consumption. Increased timber removals to meet this higher construction wood demand (alternative scenario) is shown to deplete global forest carbon by 2 % by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. However, all such projected declines in forest biomass carbon could be more than offset by increased carbon sequestration in harvested wood products, avoided emissions due to substitution of wood for non-wood materials in construction, and biomass regrowth on forestland by 2050, with an estimated net emissions reduction benefit of 0.47 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood used in SLR-related new houses over 30 years. The global net emissions reduction benefit increased to 2.13 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood when price-induced changes in forest land area were included.