History Of Women Research Articles

Sara Z. MacDonald, University Women: A History of Women in Higher Education in Canada

Find information about UTP Journals. University of Toronto Press is Canada’s leading academic publisher and one of the largest university presses in North America, with particular strengths in the social sciences, humanities, and business. The Book Publishing Division is widely recognized in Canada for its strength in history, political science, sociology, Indigenous studies, and cultural studies. Internationally, UTP is a leading publisher of medieval, Renaissance, Italian, Iberian, Slavic, and urban studies, as well as studies in book and print culture.

Prisoners’ Rights, Resistance, and the Law in Postwar Texas Prisons

Prisoners’ Rights, Resistance, and the Law in Postwar Texas Prisons

Cristina Rivera Garza, Grieving: Dispatches from a Wounded Country, trans. Sarah Booker

Reviewed by: Grieving: Dispatches from a Wounded Country by Cristina Rivera Garza Michael Jimenez (bio) Cristina Rivera Garza, Grieving: Dispatches from a Wounded Country, trans. Sarah Booker. Feminist Press, 2020. Pp. 184. Cristina Rivera Garza's book of essays Grieving opens with violence in Mexico against journalists as a context to comprehend global horrors against the bodies of the most vulnerable. In this sense, Garza's book is another study of the horror in recent Mexican history that has led to a deeper analysis of femicide. The subtitle would make Mexico the wounded country. However, Garza does not isolate violence in Mexico but looks at its global connections. She asks: "Can writing keep us company—we, the broken ones still alive with rage and hope" (7)? This is a personal question for Garza, who lost her younger sister to domestic violence (8–9). As she comments, "the violence of our contemporary history has never been foreign to me" (72). The rage from this event, in light of the callous indifference and ignorance of elected officials toward our contemporary horrorism, fuels the essays of Garza's book. The forgetfulness toward violence comes with ignoring history. Garza declares: "Awake, history hungrily moves through the city streets or countryside. Sleepless jaws. History reminds us, as always, that we are mortal. That there are things left unresolved" (27). In a short poetic essay, "Horrorism," Garza builds off concrete history to espouse an "ontology of vulnerability" that does not allow [End Page 113] human beings to forget that we are beings-in-relation, charged with caring for one another (98–99). She continues this train of thought about vulnerability in an essay titled "Mourning," featuring the theoretical work of Judith Butler (135–38). The Other person can't help but change us, when we allow ourselves to be vulnerable, questioning the stability of the individual self in the first place. For example, it is impossible to think that Garza would be the same after losing her sister to violence. Garza points out that this is especially relevant for women's history: "It was a world founded on women's silence. It was a world that required the most intimate silence from women—their demise—to keep functioning" (153). One way to deal with this forced silence is public mourning. The public nature of this event makes us "more vulnerable" and "more human" (138). Garza leans on the classic works on pain and horror by Elaine Scarry and Adriana Cavarero. The fact that these are not new studies reveals that the "frightening grind of femicide" has been around "for decades" (151). However, what differentiates Garza's book from others is the inclusion of literary and historical sources from Latin America. For example, one essay, "Writing in Migration: A Desedimentation with Chilean writer Lina Meruane," features a juxtaposition of Meruane's experience with Garza's (139–46). The comparison begins with both sets of grandparents and their migratory journeys; Meruane's traveled from Palestine to Chile and Garza's from Mexico to the United States. Garza utilizes this idea as a way to discuss how language, both bodily and verbal, carries over to their progeny. This is oftentimes an unconscious inheritance. Both Meruane and Garza physically return to the place of origins and attempt to retrace the steps. The closing section of this chapter has some of the best lines in the book. Here is just a sample: "There is always someone who has migrated before.… There is no tabula rasa. We are just guests on the surface of a land that we experience in common" (146). As in the Meruane chapter, Garza's work continually circles back to Mexico, yet many essays have a global scope. In "Writing against War," Garza links the violence in Mexico with the war in Bosnia, wondering if both stories of violence will ultimately be forgotten (147–50). In addition, Garza references the people disappeared during the Cold War with special focus on the mothers of the disappeared. In short, femicide and the grief that accompany it are a worldwide problem that should not be separated by fictitious borders. On the one hand, what I find compelling about Garza's method...

Contributing Authors

Say Burgin is assistant professor of history at Dickinson College. Her publications have appeared in the Women's History Review, Journal of American Studies, Journal of International Women's Studies, The Nation, and elsewhere. Her first book project examines the myth that Black Power was “antiwhite” and the white fight for Black Power in Detroit. Say was a regular contributor to Black Perspectives, the blog of the African American Intellectual History Society. She also co-created the educational website Rosa Parks's Biography: A Resource for Teaching Rosa Parks (https://rosaparksbiography.org/). Follow her on Twitter @sayburgin.Robert T. Chase is associate professor of history at Stony Brook University. His research and teaching interests include the history of mass incarceration and the construction of what historians call “the carceral state.” He is also the co-director of the national organization Historians Against Slavery (HAS). He is an expert in social justice, Latino/a, and civil rights movements, and political and African American history. He is the editor of the book Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance (2019). His book We are Not Slaves won the Best Book Award from the Division of Critical Criminology and Social Justice, American Society of Criminology; the Hank Lacayo Best Labor-Themed Award from the International Latino Book Award; and honorable mention for the Betty and Alfred Lee McClung Award from the Association for Humanist Sociology.Simon Hall is professor of modern history at the University of Leeds, where his research and teaching focus on the civil rights–Black Power movements, the student radicalism of the long 1960s, and global protest during the Cold War. His previous books include 1956: The World in Revolt (2016) and Peace and Freedom: The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s (2005).Brandon James Render is a PhD candidate in the History Department at the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests include twentieth-century United States social and intellectual history, post-1945 social movements and “the culture wars,” and public policy. His dissertation, “Colorblind University,” traces the intellectual genealogy of race-neutral policies and practices in higher education through admissions policies, departmental structure, and curriculum design. In addition to service as a graduate research fellow at the Center for the Study of Race and Democracy in 2018–19, he is the 2021-22 Mitchem Dissertation Fellow at Marquette University.

A comparison of the eating disorder service experiences of autistic and non-autistic women in the UK.

ObjectiveQualitative studies report that autistic women have poor experiences when being treated for an eating disorder (ED) and express that ED services are not appropriately tailored to meet their needs. It is unclear whether their experience differs to other women accessing ED services. The aim of the current study was to compare autistic and non‐autistic women's ED illness history and experiences in ED services.MethodAn online survey about ED illness history and their experience with ED treatment was completed by 46 autistic women with a restrictive ED and 110 non‐autistic women with a restrictive ED.ResultsDespite some similarities, there were three key differences in the experiences reported by autistic and non‐autistic women. First, autistic women reported a longer duration of ED and being diagnosed with an ED at a younger age than non‐autistic women. Second, autistic women reported accessing a broader range of healthcare settings and ED treatments than non‐autistic women when being treated for an ED. Finally, autistic women rated their experiences of inpatient care, dietetic input, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as significantly less beneficial than non‐autistic women when being treated for an ED.ConclusionThese findings increase understanding of autistic women's ED experience and can help to shape ED services and treatments to better accommodate the needs of their autistic clients.

Roller Derby: The History of an American Sport

Roller Derby has a long and fascinating history. It began as an endurance fad in the 1930s, a Depression Era entertainment, and then transformed into a full-contact game with an appeal to both in-person spectators and television audiences. Yet it eventually evolved into a women's sport with a feminist do-it-yourself mentality. Michella M. Marino's Roller Derby: The History of an American Sport expertly weaves a chronological story of this trajectory, providing a “contextual history of the sport through a critical feminist lens” (5). This contextualization is bolstered by one of the strongest parts of this text: Marino's use of oral history interviews from a variety of people involved with the sport from a number of different eras.Marino's work, over the course of six chapters, begins with the origins of Roller Derby, founded by Leo Seltzer (also known for promoting dance marathons) in Chicago in 1935. She highlights both the sport and spectacle nature of the pastime. Marino also carefully constructs the sport around one of its unique qualities—the coequal inclusion of women in the sport from its very first contest. As Marino continues the narrative of Roller Derby's history, she explores how television contributed to Roller Derby's boom in the 1940s and 1950s (and later bust), the rejuvenation of the sport in the 1960s and 1970s through its move to California and Jerry Seltzer's (Leo Seltzer's son) takeover, the competition Roller Derby faced from other outfits, such as RollerGames, and finally, concludes with the revival of the sport in 2001 and the formation of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).Perhaps the most important contribution by Marino, though, is her attention to Roller Derby with a critical lens. She illustrates both the positive effect the sport had for women and the ways that traditional disempowering notions of femininity were sometimes reinforced. Unlike most other sports of the time, Roller Derby included women from its earliest iterations. Leo Seltzer believed that women participants would drive female spectators to the sport, expanding the audience. Women continued to play an important role as the sport evolved, often becoming the main attraction. Eventually, in the 2000s, the sport was reintroduced by women looking for “empowerment and opportunity” (164).The Roller Derby rink remained a place committed to equality and nondiscrimination, distinguishing it from other sporting pastimes. Both Leo and Jerry Seltzer did not tolerate discrimination and sought to create an open and supportive environment for all skaters, regardless of their gender, race, or sexual orientation. Marino skillfully discusses the ways that Roller Derby was different. It provided a place for parents to remain athletes (both mothers and fathers) and even encouraged a family atmosphere, with many skaters bringing their young children on the road with them. Roller Derby also did not suffer from some of the structural racism built into other traditional sports, with Black skaters entering early in the development of Roller Derby, some with great success and stardom. Additionally, Roller Derby also generally accepted gay and lesbian skaters. The younger Seltzer, Jerry, partially attributed the inclusive atmosphere of Roller Derby to the fact that the skaters traveled and lived together—discrimination and abuse would have negatively affected both the aggressor and recipient of harassment.Despite the fact that Marino paints Roller Derby as a relatively progressive part of sport and entertainment history, she does not view it through a rose-colored lens. She underscores that, while Roller Derby organizers and skaters might have been more inclusive and tolerant of Black and gay skaters, these accounts came mostly from white derbyists. Additionally, Black and gay skaters existed in a world where they would have faced racism and other harassment in their everyday lives. Furthermore, Marino works from a critical feminist perspective, emphasizing the ways that traditional notions of femininity were still normalized for skaters (through Roller Derby Queen contests, for example), the ways that female derbyists had to contend with views on beauty and femininity, and, later, how the WFTDA (and its women-centered leadership) had to contend with traditional, male-led international organizations as they fought for governance over the sport.Roller Derby is an exceptional work that not only illuminates the history of a sport that remains on the margins of sport history but also offers a feminist examination that transcends Roller Derby itself. Marino's use of oral histories brings insights otherwise unavailable. Her narrative of Roller Derby, alongside shrewd analysis of the world of sport makes this book an excellent read. This text should be of interest to anyone who is drawn to histories of popular culture, sport as Americana, and women's sport history.

Hungarian Works and Research on the History of Women’s Education Until the Middle of the 20th Century

In Hungary, as early as in the 19th century several works were published that had a retrospective view and surveyed the earlier attempts in the field of female education, at the same time, although, a number of works have been published on the subject. In this article the author presents an overview of thematic works written mostly in the 19th until the middle of 20th centuries in Hungary. It shows that the exploration of the history of women’s education is an eminent area among the numerous topics of educational and women’s history often researched in previous centuries. Long and short monographs, collection of papers, readers, articles and essays were analyzed about the Hungarian history of girls’ and women’s education, along with some summaries dealing with overall female emancipation from various perspectives.

The status of women in the Ancient East: peculiarities of marriage and family relations in Mesopotamia

The main criteria of social differentiation of women in the first state formations of the Middle Ages have been studied. The influence of religion on the formation of understanding of the place and role of women in society has been shown. Peculiarities of marriage and family relations in ancient Mesopotamia have been considered. The factors determining the social hierarchy of women in the ancient civilizations of the Biennial have been determined and analyzed. The causes of temple and street mass prostitution have been clarified. Features of the position of female slaves have been described. The work is based on the principle of historicism. When studying primary sources, comparative legal, hermeneutic methods and systematic analysis were used. The anthropological method was used when revealing the worldview of the people of that time and their values, the gender method was used when studying the status of women in the state institutions of the Middle Ages. It was concluded that the social position of women in ancient Mesopotamia was not unambiguous. Religion influenced a person's worldview, the understanding of the nature of a woman, her place and role in society. The rite of “sacred marriage” was one of the significant religious rituals, which encouraged the reproduction of similar sacred acts in worldly life, and became the ideological basis of the activity of the priests of Mezhyrechya. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of the state institutions of the time, the purpose of marriage was determined, that is the birth and upbringing of children who were to inherit and multiply the family property and perform the necessary sacred rites, which were to help the dead in the afterlife. The inability to have children became the reason for divorce, as a rule, at the husband's will. The wife also had the right to initiate the divorce process in the municipal court, but under certain circumstances specifically defined by law. The most influential in society were the high priestesses – entum and naditum, who were related by blood to the famous families of Mesopotamia. They had wealth, broad socio-economic rights and the greatest social protection. Prostitutes and slaves were the least protected. It is noted that the origins of modern problems of gender inequality can be seen in the distant past, in the ancient world, in particular in Mesopotamia, which had a significant impact on European civilization. Women's History The Biennial provides grounds for asserting that solving the problems of gender inequality is not possible only by changing the legislation. A comprehensive approach is necessary, which would take into account such components as religion, culture, law, economy, psychology, etc.

일제저항기 小坡 吳孝媛의 한시에 나타난 민족계몽의식

This thesis studies the modern enlightenment consciousness that appeared in the Chinese poem of Sofa Oh Hyo-won, a female poet who lived in Japanese colonial era. He is a female poet who was born as a woman at the end of the Joseon Dynasty and lived a strange life with a strange fate, leaving 474 poems. Most of his poems express Japanese colonial era's feminine daily life with affection, so if you look at the trajectory of life along his poems, Japanese colonial era is vividly depicted and revealed. His poems reveal an enlightenment consciousness and advanced worldview to emphasize the need for modern women's education and establish a women's school by enlightening the Confucian feudal society of the Southern Journey to Korea. In particular, he looked back at Japanese colonial era Japan and was able to see the perception of women's education and modern civilization in poems. In addition, he moved to China, looked at the process of modernization of China, and returned after recognizing the East Asian modern era during the transition period through exchanges with Chinese celebrities. His poems written at this time have a small amount of poetry, but some poems reveal the characteristics of resistance literature, which implies nationalist literary tendencies and patriotic fighting spirit during the Japanese colonial period. The consciousness of modern enlightenment that appears in his poems contains the awakening of the ego toward our people. The theme consciousness of his poems reveals anti-feudal, ethnic, and popular movement tendencies, and contains a spirit of desperate patriotic enlightenment aimed at excitement and education. It was only at this time that I could see the buds of true national literature and realism literature. Oh Hyo-won's Chinese poem is the Unique style of Joseon Women's History.

Sudyka, Lidia. The Language of the Gods in the World of Royal Ladies of Kerala. Toward a History of Women’s Writing in Sanskrit in the 18th- to 20th-century Kerala.

Sudyka, Lidia. The Language of the Gods in the World of Royal Ladies of Kerala. Toward a History of Women’s Writing in Sanskrit in the 18th- to 20th-century Kerala.

Memorialising COVID-19

Memorialising COVID-19

Sexing East Asian History

Sexing East Asian History Sabine Frühstück (bio) Todd A. Henry, ed. Queer Korea. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. 400 pp.; ill. ISBN 9781478001928 (cl); 9781478002901 (pb). Howard Chiang. After Eunuchs: Science, Medicine, and the Transformation of Sex in Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018. 416 pp.; ill. ISBN 9780231185783 (cl); 9780231185790 (pb); 9780231546331 (ebook). Howard Chiang, ed. Sexuality in China: Histories of Power and Pleasure. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018. 272 pp. ISBN 9780295743462 (cl); 9780295743479 (pb). Recently, the flagship Journal of Asian Studies devoted a substantial portion of its November 2020 issue to reflections on the impact of Judith Butler's Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990) on the historiography of gender and sexuality in Asia over the last thirty years. Three of that historiography's leading pioneers—Gail Hershatter (China), Tamara Loos (Southeast Asia), and Geeta Patel (South Asia)—uniformly acknowledge the game-changing quality of Butler's book.1 In a parallel recent move, the historiography of gender and sexuality has been more frequently deployed regarding regional rather than either national or global frameworks, in part due to the fact that "global history" has lost its initial glamor. Conversely, it is more difficult to determine what impact the historiography of gender and sexuality out of Asia has had on Euro-American theory. Although its representative reach is minimal given both the quantity of scholarly production in the region itself and the size of its population, a range of publishing venues suggests that the history of gender and sexuality out of Asia is in the process of securing a place within the larger field. In addition to its solid footprint in this journal, it is featured in recent issues of The Journal of Homosexuality and, slightly less substantially, The Journal of the History of Sexuality. The works reviewed here make powerful contributions to the field of gender and sexuality studies at large—as well as (in part) to women's history and, of course, Asian Studies. Until recently, queer sexualities have been notoriously underacknowledged in both Korea and China—in contrast to the increasing devotion to interstitial loci and queer identities in current scholarship that recognize the troubled nature of sex and gender elsewhere. Indeed, when sexuality in Korea has been the focus of academic and public attention, it is often with regards to either the victimized (heteronormative) female former sex slaves of the Japanese empire or the globally prominent male [End Page 153] representatives of K-pop's sexualities. Queer Korea, by contrast, is a collective, multidisciplinary pursuit with two goals: to queer the field of Korean Studies, which editor Todd A. Henry, a rising star in the field, (uncontroversially) diagnoses as "nationalistically heteronormative;" and to critique the field of queer studies that has remained stubbornly Euro-America-centric (8). As Henry notes in an exemplary introduction, Christian rhetoric in part informs the frequently aggressive posturing of South Korean conservatives against sexual and gender minorities; one result of such posturing has been that individuals characterized by their non-normative sexualities and gender variances are denied full citizenship rights. Korean conservatives frame their refusal to grant those rights with respect to "past traditions, especially by highlighting the purported lack thereof" (4). It is worth noting that, even on the superficial level of conservative rhetoric, this position differs from that of the country's (largely non-Christian) neighbor and former colonial ruler Japan; Japanese conservatives evoke traditions with an added declaration, stating that traditional Japan has always been "accepting" of such individuals and practices and, thus—to the chagrin of Japanese queer rights activists—there is no need to explicitly formulate rights for non-normative genders and sexualities.2 Henry's introduction suggests that it is primarily fundamentalist Christians who enact reactionary speech and politics in South Korea. But in so doing he downplays the degree to which militarization both governs homo- and transphobia and helps to conceal the fragility of heteronormative masculinity. Few able-bodied men in Korea escape the country's mandatory military service—which is sustained in part by the continuing threat of a hostile regime in the North, and in part by the shadow of military...

“A Feminism For the Many”: Response to the Comments

AbstractFor the Many: American Feminists and the Global Fight for Democratic Equalityrecasts American feminism as a global story and reclaims the fight for economic justice and social democracy as a majority tradition of women's politics. This rejoinder by the author ofFor the Manyis the concluding essay in a review dossier on the book. Cobble discusses the book's origins and its contributions to global history, women's history, and political history. She engages with comments and queries from dossier reviewers, a diverse group of historians of Latin America, South Asia, Africa, and Europe. Topics include, among others, the unfinished struggle to revalue care and social reproduction, the influence of India on US feminism, Black internationalism and full-rights feminism, varieties of socialism, rethinking Cold War frameworks, and feminist perspectives on eugenics, race, and sexuality.

All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley's Sack and a Black Family Keepsake by Tiya Miles, and: On Juneteenth by Annette Gordon-Reed

Reviewed by: All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley's Sack and a Black Family Keepsake by Tiya Miles, and: On Juneteenth by Annette Gordon-Reed Catherine Clinton All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley's Sack and a Black Family Keepsake. Tiya Miles. New York: Random House, 2021. ISBN: 978-1-9848-5499-5, 416 pp., cloth, $28.00 On Juneteenth. Annette Gordon-Reed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2021. ISBN: 978-1-63149-883-1, 152 pp., cloth, $15.95. A few years ago I began labeling my graduate course "Civil War and Emancipation," in recognition of the turn within the academy, with scholarship rippling outward into a more diverse audience and perhaps trickling down into textbooks and curriculum. A slow, deliberate change from the days of the Civil War centennial—as the 1960s was an era of racialized conflagrations, and a national commemoration fraught with competing, explosive agendas. By the Civil War sesquicentennial in 2011–15, the destruction of slavery was acknowledged as a major war aim of the federal government. During the past half century, historians of nineteenthcentury America escalated the debates over war's cause and effect to include the significance of Emancipation and the struggles during and after Reconstruction by former slaves and Black Americans seeking rights and citizenship. This new era has yielded a bounty of important, prizewinning work. A large contingent of Civil War scholars are engaged in including Black perspectives and African American resources to reshape the era. During this same transformative turn, women have come to the forefront, both as scholars of the slave experience and as a dynamic topic within Black history: African American women in slavery and freedom. When I dipped my toe into the Civil War field during the 1980s after being immersed in African American history during the '60s and women's history during the '70s, little did I imagine the creative and interventionist ways these fields might meet to create an era of intersectionalism. However, there were clearly visionary scholars at work, paving the way. These two new books by Tiya Miles and Annette Gordon-Reed herald an era of metanarrative, whereby prizewinning authors challenge the fallacy of objectivism. Their bracing, interrogative [End Page 217] accounts allow readers to experience the full powers of their intellects and narrative gifts. Surely the bevy of prizes won in 2021 by Thavolia Glymph's The Women's Fight: The Civil War's Battles for Home, Freedom, and Nation (from the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the Society of Civil War Historians, and the Southern Association for Women Historians, among others) signals the way Civil War studies is seeking important new terrain to bring this burgeoning field into alignment with the twenty-first century. Tiya Miles's new volume, All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley's Sack and a Black Family Keepsake, follows a productive parade of impressive books, including a novel (The Cherokee Rose). Miles's historical talents were evident from her first monograph, Ties That Bound (winning the Frederick Jackson Turner Prize in 2006) to her 2017 Dawn of Detroit (awarded the Frederick Douglass Prize), receiving a MacArthur Fellowship (2011) along the way. Her scholarship has always been praised as meticulous, and she earns accolades for her prose style, which is characterized as both "luminous" and "accessible." In the story of Ashley's sack, we are given layered lessons about the historian's craft. How does one approach an object? What are the objectives for the story to be told? What is the value of speculation? How does the empowerment of context supply content when no particulars are evident, when no evidence is forthcoming? Miles patiently pieces together her story as brilliantly and creatively as the recovered sack deposited at Middleton plantation. It is not just an object for a repository, but the beginning of a journey for Miles—who takes the family history of the ancestor Rose, who lovingly prepared this cotton bag for her nine-year-old daughter Ashley's sale and departure. Ripped away from her home, from her family—with a tattered dress, three handfuls of nuts, a lock of her mother's hair, and the...

My Name Is Pauli Murray

Posterity has been kinder to Pauli Murray (1910–1985) than many of her contemporaries were. A third of a century after her death, the Department of the Interior designated her childhood home in Durham, North Carolina, a National Historic Monument; and visitors to the Pauli Murray Center for History and Social Justice in that city can learn more about her than this fine documentary has time to reveal. Yale University opened up a residential college named for her in 2017. The Episcopal Church has declared her a saint. (Episcopalians believe that such holiness is associated with a morally exemplary life, rather than with a capacity to intercede in prayer.) Such posthumous recognition tends to undermine the grievance that My Name Is Pauli Murray apparently endorses: that the struggles and successes of her life somehow remain obscure. This documentary arrives in the wake of four biographies (of varying scale and purpose). An entire section of the summer 2002 Journal of Women's History was devoted to her as well—posthumously, of course. That the public and especially the young may be far less familiar with what Murray did—as a lawyer, a poet, a scholar, a teacher, and an activist—justifies a film that efficiently covers a life pocked with impediments that she fiercely surmounted.

For the Many: A Review Dossier

AbstractThis introduction to the review dossier on Dorothy Sue Cobble, For the Many: American Feminists and the Global Fight for Democratic Equality, introduces the major themes of the work in light of Cobble's earlier interventions in gendering labor history and focus on laborite activist women here called “full rights feminists”. It asks the contributors to expand on and decenter the transnational and global influence of Cobble's feminists and their views on capitalism and democracy in light of their own research. Among questions considered are: what do we gain from attention to the ideas and activism of low-income and immigrant women in our various histories? How do questions of race/white privilege, citizenship, empire, colonialism, and imperialism complicate understandings of equality and democracy? What is revealed by considering class in women's history?

Margaret Murray Washington: The Life and Times of a Career Clubwoman by Sheena Harris

Reviewed by: Margaret Murray Washington: The Life and Times of a Career Clubwoman by Sheena Harris Leigh Soares Margaret Murray Washington: The Life and Times of a Career Clubwoman. By Sheena Harris. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2021. Pp. xiv, 210. $55.00, ISBN 978-1-62190-619-3.) Building on literature that has shed new light on the lives and leadership of Black women traditionally overshadowed by the renowned "race men" of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Sheena Harris has written the first scholarly biography of Margaret Murray Washington. Born enslaved in Macon, Mississippi, Washington is known most for her marriage to Booker T. Washington as he arrived at the height of his power, but here readers see how she became a prominent educator and race leader in her own right. She developed a robust curriculum for Black girls at Tuskegee Institute, promoted Black history education in Black schools across the South, and organized Black women to lead racial uplift movements in their own communities. With this biography of Margaret Washington, Harris "not only restores her to the history of HBCU administrators and club women, but also illuminates the interconnections among movements that stood against racial and gender oppression" (p. 10). [End Page 403] Drawing on a wide range of personal correspondence, public writings, and institutional records, Harris traces the life and career of Washington from her birth in 1861 to her death in 1925. The first three chapters recount Washington's childhood, her education at Fisk University, her marriage to Booker, and her pedagogical commitments as Lady Principal of Tuskegee Institute. Harris emphasizes how Washington's early experiences in the rural, impoverished South helped shape the vision of Black education she brought with her to Tuskegee—one that emphasized respectability, the professionalization of domestic labor, and the uplift of the home. Washington's commitment to industrial education, Harris explains, "was not an accommodationist view, as many critics of her husband asserted, but rather a survivalist strategy" (p. 55). The last three chapters follow Washington's club work on three scales: local (the Tuskegee Women's Club), national (including the National Association of Colored Women and the Southern Federation of Women's Clubs), and international (the International Council of Women of the Darker Races of the World). Washington certainly benefited from her husband's fame and influence, but she carved out a respected leadership role for herself through increasingly ambitious organizing, all in service of advancing the study of Black life, uplifting Black women and children, and fighting the spread of white supremacy. Although Harris clearly admires Washington, she does not pull punches when examining the leader's emergent elitism. "While [Washington] espoused views of cohesive [cross-class] collaborations, she herself remained exclusively separate," and most of the Black women Washington sought to uplift were excluded from membership in the numerous organizations she led (p. 144). One of the benefits of biography is the way individual experiences can provide insight into the people behind movements. In several effective passages, Harris explores the physical and emotional toll on Washington as she struggled to find a balance among her work commitments, her responsibilities as a wife and mother, and her personal well-being, highlighting the unique challenges Black women faced as they pursued public leadership. Although the narrative is at times ambivalent about the relationship between her work and the so-called Tuskegee Machine, it is clearer about Washington's connection to a wide network of Black race women rooted in the South. Harris shows Washington collaborating with other understudied reformers in the region, including Josephine Bruce, Lugenia Burns Hope, and Cornelia Bowen. Readers interested in Black women's history and educational history will appreciate this recovery of the life and career of Margaret Murray Washington. Leigh Soares Mississippi State University Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

The gender politics of marriage in Ireland

It is rare that a book's dedication is quite so apposite to its theme as Maria Luddy and Mary O'Dowd's in their new history of marriage, which reads: ‘For Mary Cullen and Margaret MacCurtain who began it all.’ Indeed, they did, and this tour de force is a fitting testament to the significance of that women's history project started in the 1970s, which has ‘paved the way for all of us who engage with Irish gender history’ (p. xiii). Luddy and O'Dowd, both pioneers in the field in their own right, set themselves the not inconsiderable task of producing ‘an extended study of the history of heterosexual marriage on the island of Ireland from 1660–1925’ (p. 1). The result is a rich, colourful, at times playful, but also often depressing, five-hundred-and-fifty-page study of the most popular sexual bond between men and women in history — marriage. Indeed, that complex institution was obviously on the historical mind because Diane Urquhart's erudite study of Irish divorce from 1800 to 1997 and Sonja Tiernan's deftly navigated history of the marriage equality campaign in Ireland were also published in 2020.

Book Review: Sisterly Networks: Fifty Years of Southern Women's Histories

Book Review: Sisterly Networks: Fifty Years of Southern Women's Histories

When the Archive Becomes a Movement

Abstract The History of Women in Korean Photography I exhibition, held at SeMA, Buk-Seoul Museum of Art, in Seoul, South Korea, from June 29 to September 26, 2021, sheds light on an overlooked history of Korean female photographers from the 1900s to the 1980s. The first section of the exhibition chronicles the emergence of female photographers at the dawn of the twentieth century through a timeline featuring women and a shelf with archival materials covering their works. The second section focuses on ten female photographers active during the 1980s. Although their activities were a part of a larger cultural “movement” of the era, the exhibited photographs suggest multiple readings of the term movement. The female photographers moved beyond the boundary of their nation by traveling abroad to expand their approaches to photography. Upon returning to Korea, they became part of a movement reconceptualizing postmodern photography. Lastly, the exhibition itself was a result of a curatorial movement, one which renders the categories of what can and cannot be reflected in histories of art malleable.