Smoking Women Research Articles

‘To smoke or not to smoke’: Indonesian women contesting and negotiating the taboo

ABSTRACT Objective Women smokers are overlooked because of their current low smoking rates compared to men smokers. However, smoking among women in developing countries, including Indonesia is increasing due to the weakening of social stigma that was previously said to prevent them from uptake cigarettes. The study aimed to explore the stigmatization of smoking women from women’s perspectives. Methods We interviewed 39 women—19 smokers and 20 nonsmokers aged 18 years old and above in Banda Aceh and Jakarta representing urban contexts. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using the self-categorization theory where women characterized identity at different levels of inclusiveness. Results Our study found most participants perceived the social stigma of women smokers still exists. Women’s viewpoints toward women smokers are situated between challenging and compromising women and their smoking conduct, illustrated by why they smoke, where they choose to smoke, and how the smokers look like. Conclusion Women’s perceptions and attitudes toward women smoking provide insights into how the remainder of social judgment can serve as a barrier to capturing accurate information about women smokers and solving smoking-related issues, particularly in developing countries, such as Indonesia. Policymakers and health professionals need to determine and implement more gendered sensitive tobacco control interventions.

Smoking in women.

Smoking has numerous increased health risks for women, including the risks for cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastric and duodenal ulcers, reduced fertility, ovulatory dysfunction, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, sudden infant death, and earlier menopause. Such health risks, smoking cessation therapy, and unique obstacles to smoking cessation in women are the focus of this article.

The causal association between smoking initiation, alcohol and coffee consumption, and women's reproductive health: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.

Objective: A number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated that smoking initiation and alcohol and coffee consumption were closely related to women's reproductive health. However, there was still insufficient evidence supporting their direct causality effect. Methods: We utilized two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis with summary datasets from genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate the causal relationship between smoking initiation, alcohol and coffee consumption, and women's reproductive health-related traits. Exposure genetic instruments were used as variants significantly related to traits. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main analysis approach, and we also performed MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode to supplement the sensitivity test. Then, the horizontal pleiotropy was detected by using MRE intercept and MR-PRESSO methods, and the heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q statistics. Results: We found evidence that smoking women showed a significant inverse causal association with the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels (corrected β = -0.033, p = 9.05E-06) and age at menopause (corrected β = -0.477, p = 6.60E-09) and a potential positive correlation with the total testosterone (TT) levels (corrected β = 0.033, p = 1.01E-02). In addition, there was suggestive evidence for the alcohol drinking effect on the elevated TT levels (corrected β = 0.117, p = 5.93E-03) and earlier age at menopause (corrected β = -0.502, p = 4.14E-02) among women, while coffee consumption might decrease the female SHBG levels (corrected β = -0.034, p = 1.33E-03). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that smoking in women significantly decreased their SHBG concentration, promoted earlier menopause, and possibly reduced the TT levels. Alcohol drinking had a potential effect on female higher TT levels and earlier menopause, while coffee consumption might lead to lower female SHBG levels.

НИКОТИНОВАЯ ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ И ГОРМОНАЛЬНЫЙ ДИСБАЛАНС У БЕРЕМЕННЫХ КУРИЛЬЩИЦ С РАЗНОЙ СТЕПЕНЬЮ ТЯЖЕСТИ ХОБЛ

Introduction. The relationship between the degree of nicotine addiction and the functional state of the thyroid gland, the adrenocorticotropic hormone-cortisol system and hormone imbalance in pregnant women smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was studied. Aim. The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the relationship between the degree of nicotine dependence and hormonal imbalance of the thyroid gland, cortisol and progesterone in pregnant smokers with varying degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity. Material and methods. The study is based on the results of studying changes in blood hormone indicators in 107 smoking women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 136 non-smoking women in different trimesters of pregnancy observed in the antenatal clinic. The control group consisted of healthy non-smoking patients. The diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was made based on the clinical recommendations of the Russian Respiratory Society (2021). The reliability of the results was evaluated using parametric statistics methods. The data obtained were processed using the Statistica 10 program, Microsoft Excel 2010. Results and discussion. The presented data revealed the presence in smokers of a statistically significant and very close relationship between the degree of nicotine dependence and the indicators of the imbalance of the hormones studied in all trimesters of pregnancy, with maximum values in the third trimester.This is due to the fact that it is in the third trimester of pregnancy that the maximum increase in the indicators of all studied hormones occurs, even if at the initial stage of pregnancy the indicator could be less than the lower limit of the reference interval, as in the case of thyroid-stimulating hormone.Conclusion. Nicotine addiction creates environment for the development of endocrine imbalance of thyroid hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and progesterone.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ВЕРОЯТНОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ХОБЛ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СТАЖА КУРЕНИЯ ЖЕНЩИН ФЕРТИЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА

Introduction. The article presents the results of assessing the likelihood of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depending on the history of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day by women of fertile age. Aim. The aim is to establish the probability and degree of influence of nicotine addiction on the formation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women of fertile age. Material and methods. А cohort of 107 smoking women of fertile age with varying degrees of nicotine dependence observed was studied: 53 patients are active smokers exposed to passive smoking at home (first group 1), 54 patients are active smokers without passive smoking (group 2). The control group - 42 non-smoking women who do not have chronic diseases. The reliability of the results was evaluated using nonparametric statistical methods (Statistica 10, Microsoft Excel 2010). Results and discussion. With smoking experience in the range from one year to ten years in the second group, the probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease formation develops more slowly compared to that in the first group. This difference in probabilities is gradually decreasing from year to year. With ten years of smoking experience, the probabilities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in both groups become equal, and then the situation changes to the opposite. In the first group, the probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease begins to develop more slowly compared to the second group. The difference in probabilities is gradually decreasing from year to year, practically comparing with the smoking experience of twenty-two years.Conclusion. Passive smoking, in addition to active smoking, increases the nicotine load with the formation of more pronounced prerequisites for the pathogenetic processes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. The probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development in the second group decreases and it is possible that it is the number of cigarettes (from 10 to 16 cigarettes per day) more than passive smoking that is the main factor in the development of the disease. When overcoming the 11-year interval, regardless of the absence of passive smoking, the predominant factor is the smoking experience of 20 or more years.

Characterization of the lung microbiome and inflammatory cytokine levels in women exposed to environmental risk factors: A pilot study.

Lung microbiome dysbiosis affects the immune system balance and promotes lung inflammation. We aimed to characterize and compare the lung bacteriome composition and the cytokine profile in women with normal lung function exposed to risk factors for chronic lung diseases (tobacco smoking and biomass-burning smoke exposure). We included women with biomass-burning smoke exposure (BE, n = 11) and current smokers women (TS, n = 10). The bacteriome composition was performed in induced sputum, sequencing the 16 rRNA gene. Cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay multiplex assay in the supernatant of induced sputum. For quantitative variables, we used medians and minimum and maxim values. For the amplicon sequence variants (ASV) differential abundance testing between groups. At the taxa level, the phylum Proteobacteria was found in a higher proportion in the TS group concerning BE (p = .045); however, after the false discovery rate adjustment, this difference was not retained (p = .288). We found a higher concentration of IL-1β in the TS group than in the BE group (248.6 vs. 177.9 pg/mL, p = .010). Women with high biomass-burning smoke exposure in an hour per day had a positive correlation with the abundance of Bacteroidota (ρ = 0.71, p = .014) and Fusobacteriota (ρ = 0.73, p = .011). FEV1/FVC had a positive correlation with an abundance of Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria (ρ = 0.74, p = .009, ρ = 0.85, p = .001, and ρ = 0.83, p = .001, respectively). In tobacco smoking, women had a positive correlation (ρ = 0.77, p = .009) between cigarettes per day and Firmicutes' abundance. Compared to biomass-burning smoke-exposed women, current smokers have poor lung function and high levels of IL-1β in sputum. Women with biomass-burning smoke exposure present an increased abundance of Bacteroidota and Fusobacteriota.

Knowledge of the adverse effects of smoking and related changes in smoking status during pregnancy among female smokers: A survey in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

ABSTRACT Smoking during pregnancy causes various health problems in pregnant women and their newborns. We aimed to clarify the association between smoking behavior during pregnancy and knowledge about health risks associated with active and passive smoking during pregnancy among women smokers prior to pregnancy. We conducted a questionnaire survey among women in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia between October and December 2018. Of the 220 women who received the questionnaire, 200 (90.9%) responded; however, due to incomplete data, 49 participants were excluded. Among the 151 participants included in the study, 80 (53.0%) actively smoked during and 71 (47.0%) quit smoking directly before pregnancy. A significant difference in the knowledge of the health risks associated with active smoking between both groups was found (P < 0.001). The likelihood of smoking cessation during pregnancy was higher in women who were more knowledgeable about the health risks of active smoking than in those who were less knowledgeable (odds ratio, 3.824; 95% confidence interval: 1.594–9.171). The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was associated with a lack of knowledge of the health risks of active smoking. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure that women are adequately advised about the maternal and fetal health risks associated with smoking during pregnancy and subsequently promote the well-being of both the mother and infant.

Age-period-cohort effect on lung cancer mortality in Spain, 1982–2021

BackgroundThe aim of the study is to provide up-to-date information and evaluate the age-period-cohort effects of age-period cohorts on lung cancer (LC) mortality in Spain for the period 1982 to 2021. MethodsWe analysed deaths by LC and population for the period 1982–2021, available from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. The LC corresponds to code 162 and codes C33 and C34 of the 9th and 10th editions of the International Classification of Diseases, respectively. Age-period-cohort (A-P-C) modelling was applied to compute the net drift, local drift, longitudinal age curve, and rate ratios (RR) of each period and cohort. A-P-C analysis was performed using the A-P-C Web Tool provided by the National Cancer Institute of the United States. ResultsEstimated relative risk in the male birth cohorts has followed a steady downward trend in all cohorts born since 1922, showing an initial period (1922–1947) of slight decline, followed by a more marked decrease in the cohorts born during the period 1947–1977. In the younger cohorts (1977–1997), the decline appears to have stabilised. In women, a strong cohort effect is observed. In those born after the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939), the risk increased until it peaked in the 1960s, after which it started to decrease with the same intensity. Period RR in men decreased from 1987 to 1991 (1.1) to 2017–2021 (0.6), while period RR in women increased during this time (from 0.8 to 1.6). ConclusionsThe cohort effect observed in women born after the Civil War suggests that the onset of the LC epidemic may have been due to a higher prevalence of women smokers in these cohorts. However, the trend observed in the younger cohorts suggests a possible slowing-down in the increase in mortality risk in the following years.

Sex differences in risk factors for end-stage kidney disease and death in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study.

This study investigated the sex differences in the risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and mortality, as well as the effect modification of sex on associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. This multicenter observational cohort study included 4328 patients with type 2 diabetes. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of sex for ESKD and death were estimated using Cox proportional regression with adjustment for baseline covariates. For assessing risk modification, HRs and incidence rates for ESKD and death were compared between sexes across patient characteristics using Cox proportional and Poisson regression models. During a median follow-up of 7 years, 276 patients (70% men) developed ESKD, and 241 patients (68% men) died. Men had higher risks of ESKD (HR 1.34; 95% CI 1.02-1.75; p=.034) and death (HR 1.64; 95% CI 1.24-2.16; p=.001) versus women after adjusting for multiple covariates. Among patients with microalbuminuria, men had a substantially higher risk of ESKD versus women, compared to those with normo- and macroalbuminuria (p for interaction .04). Incidence rates were also increased in men versus women with albuminuria of around 300 mg/g. No differences were detected in the association of sex and death across baseline patient subgroups. In type 2 diabetes, men had an increased risk of ESKD and death versus women. Moderately increased albuminuria was strongly associated with sex difference in developing ESKD.

Women's Smoking as an Important Problem of Public Health

Today, smoking has become a pandemic not only in the medical aspect, but also psychological, economic and social. This problem is especially acute today for the female part of the world's population, as the female body is more susceptible to the negative effects of nicotine. Women's refusal to smoke will reduce the risk of developing diseases and improve their health. The aim of the article is to explore women's motivation to tobacco smoking and quitting this addiction. We conducted a sociological survey among female smokers who visit beauty salons in order to find out the prevalence of smoking among women and assess their motivation to quit this addiction. The survey involved 150 women of different age groups. It was determined that solving the problem of tobacco smoking among female smokers requires taking into account their individual and age characteristics in order to correctly select the motivational factors for smoking cessation. It was found that despite active preventive measures taken by public health bodies in every country of the world, the rates of smoking among women, mainly of reproductive age, are increasing, which poses a threat to human health in general and requires revision and improvement of approaches to counteracting the involvement of women in the use of tobacco products. Based on the results of the research, practical recommendations have been developed to improve the smoking counteraction system in the direction of individual work undertaken by public health professionals with women, taking into account their motivation to smoking and quitting it.

Prevalence of early and late menopause and its determinants in Rafsanjan cohort study

Our investigation aimed to evaluate the prevalence of early and late menopause and its determinants in adult women of Rafsanjan cohort study. We used data obtained from the Rafsanjan Cohort Study, as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran. In this cross-sectional research, 2002 postmenopausal women were included in the present study. Menopause age were divided into three groups (≤ 41 years, 42–54 years, and ≥ 55 years) based on the 10th and 90th percentile. The association between age at menopause with demographic and reproductive characteristics and some clinical risk factors of women was evaluated by logistic regressions. The mean age at menopause among the study participants was 48.63 ± 5.37 years. In this study, 11.49% and 11.39% of the women experienced early and late menopause respectively. After adjusting for all potential confounders, the results showed that taller and smoker women had higher odds of early menopause (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06) and OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.01–3.41) respectively) and women with history of using hormonal contraceptive more than median had lower odds of early menopause (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41–0.91). Also older women (OR 8.65, 95% CI 5.31–14.08) and women with a history of diabetes (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.63–3.60), hypertension (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.42–2.97), thyroid disease (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.07–3.20) and depression (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.35–2.97) had higher odds of late menopause. The results showed that the year of birth, height, smoking, history of diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disease and depression and using hormonal contraceptive were significantly associated with the menopausal age. Since age at menopause can affect subsequent health in women, understanding the determinants of menopausal age is important and should be pursued.

The Impact of Hookah Smoking on AMH Levels in Women: A Pilot Study

Purpose: Hookah (water pipe) smoking, an ancient tobacco smoking method, is gaining widespread popularity worldwide. Although research in this field is still lacking, its harmful effect on human health through the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, infection, and cancer has been proven. Cigarette smoking has been found to have a detrimental effect on reproductive function. However, data about the effect of hookah smoking on human fertility or reproductive outcomes are scarce. In this study, we aimed to determine if smoking hookah has a harmful effect on the human ovarian reserve test, anti-Mullerian hormone levels, and cycle regularity. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 healthy non-cigarette smoking women in the 25-35 age range undergoing laboratory investigations were randomly chosen to participate. After obtaining consent, they completed a questionnaire about smoking habits and menstrual data. Blood samples were withdrawn for anti-Mullerian hormone testing. The anti-Mullerian hormone levels of 50 women hookahonly smokers were compared to 50 non-smoking women. Results: There were no significant differences in mean anti-Mullerian hormone levels and cycle regularity between hookah smokers and non-smokers. However, period pain was significantly associated with hookah smokers relative to non-smokers (p = 0.036). There was an inverse relationship between log10 anti-Mullerian hormone levels and log10 hookah smoking index. This correlation was significant as measured by Spearman’s rho test, and the correlation coefficient was -0.331 and p-value = 0.02. Moreover, binary logistic regression for cycle regularity showed that hookah smoking was associated with an increase in the likelihood of having an irregular cycle, but the effect was not significant (p = 0.514) for hookah smoking. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, no significant association between hookah smoking and neither AMH levels nor cycle regularity could be observed.

The Effect of an eHealth Coaching Program (Smarter Pregnancy) on Attitudes and Practices Toward Periconception Lifestyle Behaviors in Women Attempting Pregnancy: Prospective Study.

Lifestyle behaviors during the periconception period contribute to achievement of a successful pregnancy. Assessment of attitudes and practices toward these modifiable behaviors can aid in identifying gaps in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors with impact on intervention effectiveness. This study investigates the effectiveness of coaching by the eHealth program Smarter Pregnancy during the periconception period on improvement of attitudes and practices toward fruit and vegetable intake and smoking in women attempting pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology (ART) or natural conception. Women attempting pregnancy through ART (n=1060) or natural conception (n=631) were selected during the periconception period. The intervention groups, conceived through ART or naturally, received Smarter Pregnancy coaching for 24 weeks, whereas the control group conceived through ART and did not receive coaching. Attitudes and practices at baseline and follow-up periods were obtained from self-administered online questionnaire provided by the program. Attitudes were assessed in women with unhealthy behaviors as their intention to increase their fruit and vegetable intake and to quit smoking using a yes/no question. Outcomes on practices, suggesting effectiveness, included daily fruit (pieces) and vegetable (grams) intake, and if women smoked (yes/no). Changes in attitudes and practices were compared at 12 and 24 weeks with baseline between the ART intervention and ART control groups, and within the intervention groups between ART and natural conception. Changes in practices at 12 and 24 weeks were also compared with baseline between women with negative attitude and positive attitude within the intervention groups: ART and natural conception. Analysis was performed using linear and logistic regression models adjusted for maternal confounders and baseline attitudes and practices. The ART intervention group showed higher vegetable intake and lower odds for negative attitudes toward vegetable intake after 12 weeks (βadj=25.72 g, P<.001; adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 0.24, P<.001) and 24 weeks of coaching (βadj=23.84 g, P<.001; ORadj 0.28, P<.001) compared with ART controls. No statistically significant effect was observed on attitudes and practices toward fruit intake (12 weeks: P=.16 and .08, respectively; 24 weeks: P=.16 and .08, respectively) and smoking behavior (12 weeks: P=.87; 24 weeks: P=.92). No difference was observed for the studied attitudes and practices between the ART intervention and natural conception intervention groups. Women with persistent negative attitude toward fruit and vegetable intake at week 12 showed lower fruit and vegetable intake at week 24 compared with women with positive attitude (βadj=-.49, P<.001; βadj=-30.07, P<.001, respectively). The eHealth Smarter Pregnancy program may improve vegetable intake-related attitudes and practices in women undergoing ART treatment. Women with no intention to increase fruit and vegetable intake had less improvement in their intakes. Despite small changes, this study demonstrates again that Smarter Pregnancy can be used to improve vegetable intake, which can complemented by blended care that combines face-to-face and online care to also improve fruit intake and smoking behavior.

“You get past the packaging”: young women smokers’ resistance to standardized cigarette packaging

ABSTRACT We examined how young women construct and experience plain tobacco packaging. Forty-one Australian young women who are current smokers took part in this qualitative interview research. Data was analyzed using constructivist grounded theory, with the core category about the strategic ways young women resist plain tobacco packaging. The majority of women reported that plain packaging was unappealing and that the larger health warnings were shocking and offensive. However, almost all reported being desensitized to the graphic health warnings. The graphic warnings were seen as “fake” or lacking in credibility, and irrelevant to the women’s life stage. Importantly, the majority of women engaged in practices to strategically resist and avoid health warnings on the packs as a way to continue smoking. Our findings point to the need to develop health warnings on tobacco products that are gender specific and focus on proximal social consequences to increase salience for young women smokers.

Declining trend of tobacco use in a rural community of Bangladesh: Results of eight years of community interventions

Tobacco use in Bangladesh has been high, but there is no report on community-level intervention to reduce tobacco use. The aim of this article is to report the experience of eight years of community intervention to reduce tobacco use in a rural area of Bangladesh. We have done four householdbased surveys (2006, 2008, 2012, and 2014) in Ekhlaspur village of Chandpur district. One man and one woman aged ≥18 years from each of 600 households were selected for each survey randomly to monitor tobacco use in this village concomitant with community interventions. The intervention package included yard meetings, health facility-based counselling, observance of the world no-tobacco days, and periodic lectures in schools. Chi-square for linear trend analysis was done to examine declining trends of prevalence of tobacco use. There were 953 to 1015 participants, approximately half being men in each survey. Their mean age was 44 to 45 years in all surveys. A decline in tobacco use has been observed from 58.8 in 2006 to 43.4% in 2014 (Ptrend=0.000). There has not been any perceivable change in smoking in women because it was either zero or close to zero across surveys. A similar trend was observed in age groups, educational achievements, and hypertension (Ptrend=0.000). Smoking in men declined from 58.3 to 35.2% (Ptrend= 0.000). Community interventions in a sustainable manner can reduce tobacco use in rural communities of Bangladesh. BSMMU J 2022; 15(3): 157-161

Associations between precarious employment and smoking and regular exercise: Results from a Korean longitudinal panel study from 2005 to 2020

We examined whether precarious employment (PE) is related to cigarette smoking and physical inactivity and whether a longer duration of PE intensifies the detrimental impact. Using Korean longitudinal panel data, 89,289 observations of 15,712 employees were analyzed. Mixed models were applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We adjusted for time-varying characteristics of the participants (age, education, marital status, income, occupation, and working hours). ORs of associations between PE and current smoking were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.95–1.25) in men and 1.77 (1.03–3.05) in women. Also, ORs of associations between PE and regular exercise were 0.52 (0.46–0.58) in men and 0.95 (0.85–1.07) in women. Next, the longer the duration of PE was related to the higher the risk of current smoking and physical inactivity. For instance, over 6 years of PE was related to the highest risk of current smoking in men (1.80 [1.38–2.34]) and women (3.94 [1.25–12.44]). Also, over 6 years of PE was related to the lowest likelihood of regular exercise in men (0.47 [0.37–0.59]), but not in women (0.83 [0.65–1.06]). A longer duration of PE is also related to a change in health behaviors among men. Over 6 years of PE was associated with the highest risk of smoking initiation (2.02 [1.28–3.19]) and the lowest likelihood of exercise initiation (0.42 [0.32–0.55]) in men. However, a longer duration of PE was not associated with a change in health behaviors in women. Our findings highlight that PE have a detrimental impact on health behaviors.

Identification of the Obstetric Factors Increasing Tendency to Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy.

Cigarette, one of the various forms of tobacco, is the most commonly used tobacco product in Turkey and in the world. Cigarette has several negative effects on general health and is a major problem in the pregnancy period. This study aims to identify pregnancy-related factors that affect the tendency to smoking cessation and their effect levels in pregnant women who continue to smoke during pregnancy. The sample of this descriptive and cross-sectional study was 430 pregnant women who smoked. Data were collected through an original interview form and face-to-face interviews. Data analysis was performed using chi-square, independent t test, and multiple logistic regression model in terms of demographic, obstetric, maternal, and fetal features. The average number of cigarettes smoked before pregnancy was 13.28 ± 8.62, whereas the average number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy was 6.60 ± 7.64. The tendency to decrease smoking increases 2.8 times ( OR = 2.825, 95% CI [1.631, 4.895]) with the number of pregnancies and approximately 2 times in case of a planned pregnancy ( OR = 1.946, 95% CI [1.076, 3.520]). The frequency of having prenatal visits showed a weak but significant relationship with the number of abortuses and the number of living children. Developing a risk map in line with the findings of the study and considering the obstetric features of smoking women could enable to hypothesize about the types of behaviors in smoking in the following processes of pregnancy. With the precautions to be taken, the negative effects of smoking on maternal and fetal health could be prevented or minimized.

The Risk of Women Smokers against Birth Weight in Urban Rural Indonesia

Tobacco use such as smoking remains a major cause of death, reduced baby birth weight, and birth length, if consumed before, during pregnancy. This study aimed to analyze the risk of smoking women, and the characteristics of the baby's birth weight in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. This study is a cross-sectional survey using a two-stage stratified sampling. The sample size is 2,867 women aged 15-49 years. Significant relationships were found in the categories of maternal age (p &lt;0.05), mother education (&lt;0.01) and wealth status (&lt;0.01). Logistic regression on maternal age &lt;20 years (AOR 1.804, 95% CI 1.170-2.779). maternal age &gt; 35 years (AOR 1.354, 95% CI 0.973-1.884). Mother education, formal (AOR 2.422, CI95% 1.230-4.768), primary (AOR 4.041, CI95% 1.894-8.623), secondary (AOR 2.262, CI95% 1.149-4.453). Wealth middle status (AOR 2.085, CI95% 1.273-3.415). Female smokers were not significantly related, but a 3% higher difference was found in the prevalence of low birth weight in mothers who smoked compared to non-smokers. Maternal age, education level, wealth status were significantly risk factors for mothers to give birth to low birth weight babies. Low birth weight is nearly as common in Indonesia’s cities as it is in the country’s rural parts.

The Distinction in Student Perceptions' of Female Smokers

This study explains the differences in student perceptions of female smokers. The students who were respondents in this study were 2018 students at the University of Palangkaraya and IAIN Palangkaraya. This research was conducted using a survey method with a simple random sampling technique. The number of samples taken was as many as 192. Methods of data analysis using a cross table and Chi Square. There are two research results obtained first, there is no difference in perceptions of female smokers between Palangkaraya University students and IAIN Palangkaraya students. The chi square value is 1.34 and the significance value is 0.24, indicating the relationship between the variables is not significant. Second, there is no difference in perceptions of female smokers between male and female students. The chi squared value of 0.44 and a significance value of 0.50 indicate that the relationship between variables is not significant. Based on the place of study and gender, there is basically no difference in perception. Women who smoke have a negative perspective compared to men who smoke. This is because there is a culture that has been attached to the idea that smoking for women is a very despicable and inappropriate thing.

Smoking Affects the Post-Stroke Inflammatory Response of Lipid Mediators in a Gender-Related Manner.

The main goal of our study was to determine the effect of cigarette smoking on selected derivatives of arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, DHA, and EPA, which may be markers of post-stroke inflammation. The eicosanoid profile was compared in both smoking and non-smoking patients, without division and with division into gender. In the group of non-smokers, we observed higher levels of the linolenic acid derivative (LA) 9S HODE (p ≤ 0.05) than in smokers. However, after dividing the results by sex, it turned out that the level of this derivative was higher in non-smoking women compared to smoking women (p ≤ 0.01) and did not differentiate the group of men. Similarly, the level of the arachidonic acid metabolite LTX A4 (p ≤ 0.05) differed only in the group of women. In this group, we also observed a decreased level of 15S HETE in smoking women, but it was statistically insignificant (p ≤ 0.08). On the other hand, the level of this derivative was statistically significantly higher in the group of non-smoking women compared to male non-smokers. The group of men was differentiated by two compounds: TXB2 and NPD1. Male smokers had an almost two-fold elevation of TXB2 (p ≤ 0.01) compared with non-smokers, and in this group, we also observed an increased level of NPD1 compared with male non-smokers. On the other hand, when comparing female non-smokers and male non-smokers, in addition to the difference in 15S HETE levels, we also observed elevated levels of TXB2 in the group of non-smokers. We also analyzed a number of statistically significant correlations between the analyzed groups. Generally, men and women smokers showed a much smaller amount of statistically significant correlations than non-smokers. We believe that this is related to the varying degrees of inflammation associated with acute ischemic stroke and post-stroke response. On the one hand, tobacco smoke inhibits the activity of enzymes responsible for the conversion of fatty acids, but on the other hand, it can cause the failure of the inflammatory system, which is also the body's defense mechanism. Smoking cigarettes is a factor that increases oxidative stress even before the occurrence of a stroke incident, and at the same time accelerates it and inhibits post-stroke repair mechanisms. This study highlights the effect of smoking on inflammation in both genders mediated by lipid mediators, which makes smoking cessation undeniable.