Women's Reproductive Health Research Articles

Beyond "toxic bodies": Multiplied rationalities of women's reproductive health in a high-risk environmental area (Taranto, Italy).

This study investigates women's reproductive health concerns in Taranto, a steel town and a "high-risk environmental area" in Italy. It draws on participatory ethnographic research (body mapping, interviews and fieldnotes) and analyses political and social aspects of women's reproductive health in relation to pollution. I argue that in highly polluted environments, both political rationalities and women's health concerns over their bodies are multiplied, extending beyond a focus on their bodies as shaped by toxic exposure. Women make sense of knowledge about their reproductive health and questions of responsibility in relation not only to societal norms, but also through reference to the wider polluted environment and the political-economic structures they inhabit. By focusing on women's own experiences, the study contributes to our understanding of women's agency over their environment-health relations and seeks to complicate women's role as environmental subjects beyond "toxic bodies".

The effects of COVID-19 pandemic and its related lockdown on female sexual function and reproductive health: An observational study in Egypt.

This retrospective observational online study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related lockdown on female sexual functions and reproductive health. It included 409 sexually active females. The sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The reproductive life was assessed by a structured self-administered questionnaire modified from Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. The study revealed a significant decrease in the overall FSFI score during the pandemic lockdown compared to the pre-pandemic score (19.3 ± 6 vs. 21.3 ± 6.4, P<0.001). Below half (41.6 %) of women were using contraception methods during the pandemic, while 27.9% had stopped taking contraception during the pandemic, 30.6% (57/186) of the pregnant women only tended to get pregnant. So, the COVID-19 pandemic and its related lockdown were associated with an elevated risk for female sexual dysfunction and altered women's reproductive health quality. Heath system should therefore develop new methods to provide basic reproductive health service, family planning services, and to ameliorate the female sexual function during COVID-19 pandemic including consults with physicians, counsellors, and psychologists, as well as health education programs, either in person or virtually via telemedicine.

Llegar a ser matrona en España. Parte I

The midwife's field of competence is related to women's sexual and reproductive health care from a holistic perspective, based on a salutogenic model and the promotion of physiology. It is a professional recognized by the World Health Organization and European health institutions for its impact on improving reproductive health and its contribution to the sustainability of health systems. The midwifery profession has traditionally been an independent profession from the nursing profession and continues to be so in other European countries. In Spain, since 1953, midwifery has been considered a nursing specialty, which was integrated into the Specialized Health Care Training model in 1992. Its legal framework is regulated by the regulations applicable to Specialized Health Training, the European regulations on competencies and training of midwives, their transposition into Spanish legislation and the training program for the specialty of midwifery.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Sexually Active Female Adolescents in Zambia.

Despite decades long commitment to women's reproductive health rights, sexually transmitted diseases and unintended pregnancies continue to be major public health concerns in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to provide an evidence base for future policy and services, this study aims to explore the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behaviors (RSB) among sexually active Zambian female adolescents using a nationally representative sample. Data on females, aged 15-19 (n = 3000), were obtained from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, an interviewer-administered, nationally representative survey that used multistage sampling. The study conducted multiple logistic regression to explore the correlates of RSB. Of the 3000 respondents, 49.7% (1490) reported ever having sexual intercourse of which 71.1% reported engaging in RSB. Among sexually active female adolescents, the following RSB percentage were reported: intercourse before age 16 (50.6%), nonuse of condoms at last intercourse (37.8%), engaging in transactional sex (6.2%), alcohol use at last intercourse (4.6%), and multiple sexual partners (1.9%). Educational attainment and household wealth showed strong inverse trends with RSB risk and there were notably large geographic differences in RSB within Zambia (22.1% in Lusaka region vs. 62.4% in Western province). The multiple logistic regression results revealed that those who were younger, unmarried, with less than secondary education, without access to Internet, and residents of Western Zambia were significantly more likely to have engaged in RSB (AOR: 1.74-7.69, p < 0.05). Given the negative health outcomes associated with RSB, Zambian adolescent health care programs may strategically target limited resources to the identified risk groups.

An exploration of women's sexual and reproductive health following traumatic brain injury.

To develop a gendered understanding of sexual and reproductive health for Australian women following traumatic brain injury. The intersection of socialised normative expectations of sexuality and sexual health, and being a woman with a disability, can lead to inequity and a misconception that a woman with a disability is asexual. An equal weighting concurrent mixed methods design. Twenty women participated in conversational interviews and 49 women completed an online survey. Equal priority was given to both qualitative and quantitative data which were collected concurrently. A separate analysis of data was performed and was later merged. This paper follows the Good Reporting of a Mixed Methods Study guidelines for reporting mixed methods research. Women reported changes in menstruation, reproduction, and sexual activity. Results identified that following traumatic brain injury, routine reproductive, and sexual health screening were neglected. Women revealed a personal reticence to discuss sexual health in a holistic sense and appeared more comfortable discussing reproductive health rather than sex for pleasure. Additionally, they perceived there was a reticence by clinicians to discuss sexual health as part of their rehabilitation. Shifting the focus to be on women's health through periodic comprehensive health assessments is essential to the delivery of holistic health care. These results can inform the provision of sexual health, sexual safety, and sexual assertiveness education and training for women and girls within a rehabilitation framework and would be a way of addressing what women in this study identified as an unmet need. Reproductive and sexual health are important elements of routine comprehensive health screening for women. Nurses are well positioned to begin discussions regarding sexual agency, sexual, and reproductive health to ensure person-centred care.

The impact of childhood maltreatment on women's reproductive health, with a focus on symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment leads to lifelong health risks, particularly in women. Although reproductive health has been linked to such maltreatment, limited literature exists on its association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). ObjectivesIn a sample of psychiatrically healthy women, we evaluated the impact of child maltreatment (subtypes of abuse and neglect) on women's reproductive health outcomes, specifically PCOS. Participants and settingThe 237 psychiatrically healthy women, aged between 18 and 79 years, were control participants in a case-control study (SHARED ROOTS), conducted in Cape Town, South Africa, between May 2014 and June 2017. MethodsProbable PCOS was based on a history of symptoms of ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism or a diagnosis of PCOS. We conducted hierarchical logistic regression models to assess which child maltreatment subtypes (emotional, physical and sexual abuse and emotional and physical neglect) were significantly associated with PCOS, controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors. ResultsProbable PCOS was present in 29 (12.2 %) women. Emotional abuse (31.6 %) was the most frequent type of child maltreatment and was significantly associated with PCOS (OR = 5.11, CI 1.87; 13.98), including when other maltreatment types were accounted for (OR = 3.90, CI 1.27; 12.02). Physical abuse was associated with PCOS (OR = 4.21, CI 1.43; 12.38), but was not significant when other maltreatment types were factored in. ConclusionsChild maltreatment is independently associated with PCOS in women without psychiatric disorders. In the context of all maltreatment subtypes, emotional abuse remained associated with PCOS, suggesting its unique effect on this endocrinopathy.

Impact of COVID-19 on women's reproductive health

Impact of COVID-19 on women's reproductive health

Design and psychometric properties of a questionnaire for assessing sexual and reproductive health needs of married adolescent women: an exploratory sequential mixed methods study

To date, there is no valid and reliable instrument to specifically evaluate married adolescent women's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire for assessing married adolescent women (MAW)'s SRH needs. The current exploratory sequential mixed method study was performed in two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary questionnaire was developed based on in-depth interviews with 34 MAW and four key informants as well as a comprehensive literature review. In the second phase, validity of the questionnaire was assessed using face, content, and construct validity and reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Based on qualitative content analysis and literature review, 137 items were extracted. After several modifications of the generated items, a 108-item questionnaire was prepared for the psychometric process. After checking face and content validity, 85 items remained in the study. In the exploratory factor analysis, 11 items were removed and the remaining 74 items were categorised into nine factors. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient were found to be 0.878 and 0.99 for the whole scale, respectively. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of married adolescent women (MAW) are different from those of married adult women or unmarried, sexually active adolescents. However, there are to date no valid and reliable instruments to specifically evaluate the SRH needs of this group of women. What do the results of this study add? The final version of questionnaire consists of 74 items in nine domains including need to improve MAW's sexual quality of life, promote MAW's SRH self-care, improve MAW's SRH self-efficacy, increase MAW's SRH knowledge, increase husband's involvement in MAW's SRH, improve the performance of health care providers, strengthen the family support to married adolescent women, improve family involvement in SRH education of MAW, and provide specific premarital counselling to MAW. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or future research? The 74-item questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used by researchers and policymakers as an appropriate instrument for assessing MAW's SRH needs.

Optimalisasi Pengetahuan Kesehatan Reproduksi Bagi Ibu-Ibu Anggota PW Wyk 4 GKI Getsemani Kotaraja, Jayapura

Healthy body and health are different things but inseparable. Everyone wants a healthy body and always spare deadly diseases, such as cancer. Knowledge about the most common cancers affecting women and how to prevent them is very important for women everywhere. This paper describes an activity report about exposure to community service activities regarding women's reproductive health, especially socialization about breast cancer and cervical cancer and the ways to prevent them. The target of this activity includes 14 women members of the Women's Fellowship (PW) Wyk 4 Indonesian Christian Church (GKI) Getsemani Kotaraja. The presentation activity took place on August 25, 2021. The results of the implementation of this community service activity showed that the participants could understand the importance of knowledge about reproductive health and could practice the recommendations obtained such as the Breast Self-Exam (BSE-SADARI) Movement, as well as being more sensitive to changes in personal health.Keyword: breast cancer; cervix cancer; SADARI; PW GKI Getsemani.Â

Intimate Partner Violence and Its Predictors among Pregnant Women in Eastern Ethiopia: Generalized Structural Equation Modeling.

Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) has a negative impact on women's physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health. Identifying the determinant factors of IPV among pregnant women is of paramount importance to overcome its negative consequences thereby increasing the performance of women in all activities. Thus, this study applied a generalized structural equation model (GSEM) to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women and its predictors in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS), Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected form a sample of 1051 pregnant women using structured questionnaires. Descript findings were presented in percentage with 95% confidence interval. The generalized structural equation model was used to determine factors associated with each domain of IPV (physical, emotional, and social violence). Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI were used to declare significant factors associated with intimate partner violence. Results The overall prevalence of IPV in the Eastern Ethiopia was 48.57% (95% CI: 45.45, 51.69). The highest intimate partner violence was observed in the sexual domain of IPV (31.6%, 95% CI: (28.8, 34.58)). In GSEM, being a farmer (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.91) was significantly associated with psychological domain of IPV. Age (AOR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) and educational status (neither read nor write) (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.89) were significantly associated with physical domain of IPV. Being in medium (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.90) and rich (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.78), wealth quintiles were significantly associated with sexual domain of IPV, whereas husband controlling behavior was significantly associated with all domains of IPV. Conclusions The magnitude of IPV among pregnant women was relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. This finding pin a light to pay special consideration to pregnant women at each point of service delivery to alleviate consequence of IPV. Being a farmer, older ages and being in higher wealth quintiles were protective factor, whereas being uneducated increase the risk of IPV. Improving socioeconomic status and promoting legal rights of women is needed to alleviate the problem, and younger women require special attention.

Reproductive health of women in India

Women’s health, including sexual and reproductive health, is integral to that of the whole person. The freedom to choose and decide on one’s own life’s path, including whether or not to have a family and when to start a family, hinges on this. Access to correct information, effective and inexpensive methods of contraception, and timely services and support in response to unexpected pregnancies are all components of reproductive health that go beyond just physical well-being. However, there is still a lack of familiarity with reproductive health services among policymakers, programme managers, and the general public in India, despite the fact that the Indian government has reaffirmed its commitment to the values of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. The present paper’s major goal is to examine the current social and legal impediments in India that are affecting women’s health and well-being as well as to provide strategies for overcoming those barriers.

ИНДЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЦЕНОВЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НА РОССИЙСКОМ РЫНКЕ ГИНЕКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ

Abstract. The article presents the results of the analysis of the level and dynamics of prices in the Russian market of gynecological preparations. Gynecological diseases are a serious obstacle in maintaining a high level of women's reproductive health. In accordance with official statistics, the number of gynecological patients is increasing every year in Russia, and there is also a “rejuvenation” of inflammatory and malignant diseases. In such conditions, the question of the quality and availability of drug provision for women with gynecological preparations arises, which, in turn, depends on the level and dynamics of prices in the corresponding market segment. An analysis of the dynamics of price changes in the Russian market of gynecological preparations was carried out using the index method of analysis, based on the construction and calculation of price indices and allowing to identify factors that affect price growth. It has been established that prices on the Russian market of gynecological drugs have been growing for a long period of time at a rate comparable to the growth rates of prices on the entire Russian pharmaceutical market, however, in certain time periods, the discrepancies can be significant and exceed 5% per year. As a result of the study, groups of gynecological drugs with the highest price growth rates were identified, among which drugs not included in the Vital and Essential Drugs List, domestic and generic drugs can be distinguished. Among the subgroups of the ATC classification, both in terms of price growth rates and in terms of the level of the weighted average price per pack, the G03 subgroup “Sex hormones and modulators of the reproductive system” is in the lead. In order to prevent higher rates of price growth in the studied market segment and ensure the availability of drug supply, it is proposed to conduct regular monitoring of price changes and, if an unfavorable development of the price situation is detected, make operational management decisions.

Pengaruh Dukungan pada Perempuan Penderita HIV di Kota Jambi Tahun 2022

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that belongs to the lentivirus family. HIV causes some damage to the immune system and destroys it. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a collection of symptoms and infections that arise due to damage to the human immune system due to infection with the HIV virus. AIDS is defined as the most severe form of persistent illness associated with HIV infection. The neglect of women's reproductive health rights related to HIV testing is an obstacle to accessing HIV services. This situation causes women with HIV to enter into a bad condition physically and psychologically so that good resilience is needed so that these HIV-infected women can continue their lives without heavy mental stress. This study aims to in-depth look at the effect of providing support to women living with HIV in Jambi City using a qualitative research design with data collection techniques and in-depth interviews. This study involved 6 key informants with an age distribution of 31 to 47 years. The results showed that women living with HIV in Jambi City experienced physical and psychological disorders, they need to get attention and support from family, friends and companions as well as health workers.

Female infertility and diet, is there a role for a personalized nutritional approach in assisted reproductive technologies? A Narrative Review.

Female infertility is a major public health concern and a global challenge. It is a disorder of the reproductive system, defined as the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy. Nutrition and other environmental factors are found to impact reproductive health in women as well as the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Dietary factors, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fiber as well as the intake of Mediterranean diet appear to exert beneficial effects on female reproductive outcomes. The exact mechanisms associating diet to female fertility are yet to be identified, although genomic, epigenomic, and microbial pathways may be implicated. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the impact of dietary components on female reproduction and ART outcomes, and to discuss the relevant interplay of diet with genome, epigenome and microbial composition.

PREDICTION OF UTERINE FACTOR OF INFERTILITY IN LATE REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN

Restoration of women's reproductive health in modern conditions is a multifactorial problem for specialists (obstetricians, gynecologists, endocrinologists, hematologists, therapists), often requiring the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) [1,3]. According to available data, 46.7% of women who need ART have primary infertility, 53.3% have secondary infertility, and the average age is less than 35 years [2,4]. Despite the fact that only 10-20% of married couples have a verified cause of infertility, in most cases the etiopathogenesis of impaired fertility cannot be corrected [5,6]. One of the factors of a woman's infertility is the uterine factor, caused by various pathologies of the uterine cavity. The variety of pathologies (endometrial polyps, submucosal leiomyomas, intrauterine synechiae, chronic endometritis, congenital anomalies of the uterus) explains the variety of approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of uterine infertility [7]. The uterine form of infertility is the dominant cause of female infertility, exceeding the frequency of tubal-peritoneal and endocrine factors. Today, the connection between the occurrence of infertility and the age aspect has been proven.&#x0D; Materials. A sample and analysis of medical records of women who required the use of ART due to uterine infertility (n = 100) for 2017-2020.&#x0D; Results. The majority of women are residents of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The average age of women is 32.98 ± 0.4 years. When comparing the age of women, depending on the causes of the uterine form of infertility, differences were found. In adenomyosis, the age was the highest (34.44 ± 0.8 years) and can be compared with age in uterine fibroids (MM), but significantly higher than in hyperplastic processes of the endometrium (GPE), chronic endometritis (CE) or congenital anomalies of uterine development. (VARM) (p &lt;0.001). Thus, VARM, DPE and CE can lead to infertility in women over the age of 23, which requires timely prevention and early diagnosis in this age cohort of women.&#x0D; Uterine factor remains one of the main factors in a woman's infertility. The probable cause of infertility in 33.4% of cases was uterine fibroids (MM), in 24.3% - adenomyosis, in 25.6% - endometrial hyperplastic processes (GPE), in 7.8% - saddle-shaped uterus as a manifestation of congenital anomaly development of the uterus (VARM), in 9.9% of women - chronic endometritis (CE). Infertility was primary in 13 (40.63%) women with MM, in 10 (43.48%) women with adenomyosis, in 21 (80.77%) women with GPE, in 2 (25%) women with VARM and in 2 women (18.18%) women with CE. The variety of pathologies (endometrial polyps, submucosal leiomyomas, intrauterine adhesions, chronic endometritis, congenital anomalies of the uterus) explains the variety of approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of uterine infertility.&#x0D; Conclusions. It was found that women, depending on the cause of the uterine form of infertility, had a correlation between different studied parameters. Differentiated differences in the clinical and social, anamnestic portrait of women depending on the cause of uterine infertility, which require further detailed study and analysis, which allows to differentiate approaches to timely diagnosis and targeted prevention of uterine infertility.

The Role of Schools in Early Marriage Education and Reproductive Health Rights (Case Study: Students in Wonosobo District)

The role of schools is an important factor in shaping human civilization. The phenomenon of the high number of high school marriages in Wonosobo with all the social changes that surround it, until 2019 marriages under the age of 19 (nineteen) years there were 430 cases including marriage dispensation. The Merried By Accident (MBA) case dominates all of these cases. The focus of this research is the analysis of the role of school in child marriage and women's reproductive rights, two things that influence each other and whether women's reproductive health rights include the right to abortion and to refuse pregnancy which often occurs in society. This study uses qualitative research by conducting in-depth interviews and discussion group forums which are analyzed and described using a symbolic interactionism approach. The results of the study found that there was a shift in the meaning of marriage for high school children, the high number of cases of child marriage was dominated by changes in social behavior and adolescent relationships, so that pregnancy before marriage led to dropping out of school. Women's reproductive health rights are especially not ready to give birth, take care of children so that the life cycle after giving birth to children does not get serious attention, and it is not uncommon for domestic violence (KDRT) to be a way out to solve problems that cause divorce at a young age. The role of schools has not shown significant results because there is almost no curriculum in schools that requires provisions about marriage. The ideal school role is in the form of providing early marriage education and reproductive health, having an effective school fee subsidy, providing regular health services, and motivating students in the spirit of learning at school.

DOMINANT FACTORS AFFECTING SHORT BIRTH INTERVAL BASED ON DATA OF IDHS 2017

Short birth distances can be risky for the mother as well as for the baby. Mothers who experience pregnancy with too close a distance can be at risk of early rupture of amniotic fluid, bleeding, and anemia, while infants were at risk of low birth weight and death. To avoid such risks, couples of childbearing age should plan and determine the distance of pregnancy. The purpose of the study was to identify the most dominant factors that influence the incidence of short birth distances. Knowledge of birth distance is very beneficial for women's reproductive health. Furthermore, women are expected to delay pregnancy or provide birth distance after the previous birth. This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Health Demographics Survey (IDHS) 2017. The sample of this study is of women who gave birth to the last child born alive in the last five years when IDHS data were taken. The results of this study showed that the factor that most influences the occurrence of short birth distance is the survival status of the child after being controlled by other variables.

Yoga To Improve Women’s Sexual Function

Background: Sexual function in women is closely related to women's reproductive health, if an individual experiences a disturbance in his sexual function, his reproductive function must also have problems. This sexual problem can be overcome by exercising, one of the recommended sports is yoga, Yoga is a sport that can improve sexual function and treat sexual disorders so that it can overcome sexual function problems. Aim of study is to analyze effect yoga to improving women's sexual function. &#x0D; Methods: A Descriptive cross-sectional, wiyh population were women who have been married, aged 20-45 years, yoga regularly. Amount of sample is 60 respondent, choosen using total sampling technique. The instrument used is the FSFI (Famale Sexuale Function Index) questionnaire, which is a questionnaire to measure sexual desire, sexual arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction and pain. Data were analize using Chi-Square Test. &#x0D; Results: Analysis Chi Square test with p-value 0.000, its mean p value &lt;0.05. Yoga 25 times can improve the women’s sexual function. &#x0D; Conclusion: Yoga is associated with women’s sexual function. Women whoare married or have a partner can do yoga regularly because yoga has benefits for health and improves the sexual qualityof women.

Developing the Concept of Sexual and Reproductive Health in Women with Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Directed Content Analysis

Developing the Concept of Sexual and Reproductive Health in Women with Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Directed Content Analysis

Evaluation of Women’s Reproductive Health Status After the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran

Background: Women are at higher risk of death during disasters due to physical, biological, psychological, and cultural differences. After a disaster, they experience more miscarriages, premature births, inadequate fetal growth, low birth weight, sexual violence, and unwanted pregnancies. This study aims to investigate the reproductive health status of women affected by the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. The study population consists of women aged 15-49 years (Mean age=31.7 years) living in Sarpol-e Zahab, Javanrood, and Thalas Babajani towns in Kermanshah city affected by the earthquake in 2017. The questionnaire used for assessing the status of reproductive health in women was the Reproductive Health Assessment Questionnaire for Women of Reproductive Age, which has already been localized in Iran and its reliability and validity have been confirmed. Native Kurdish language experts completed the questionnaires on behalf of 396 participants. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables. Results: It was found that 42.4% of women complained of abnormal menstruation and 34.09% of limited menstrual hygiene materials. Sixty women were pregnant at the time of the earthquake, all of whom gave birth in hospital; two had miscarriages, two had premature births, and one had stillbirth. Urinary tract infection was the most common problem (21%) in pregnant women. Moreover, 48% of women used contraceptive methods after the earthquake, the most commonly used method was the use of contraceptive pills (23%). Access to contraception methods was difficult for 14.4% of them after the earthquake. Furthermore, 25% had experienced violence after the earthquake; of these, 30 reported physical violence, 86 verbal violence, and 13 sexual violence. Conclusion: The control of pregnancy and safe delivery in earthquake-affected areas of Kermanshah is relatively acceptable; however, the provision of reproductive health services seems to be challenging. It is recommended to pay attention to the menstrual hygiene of women and regular distribution of contraceptives (despite the current population growth plan), address sexual acts of violence, and develop a protocol to support the victims.