Quotas For Women Research Articles

FEMALE POLITICIANS AS CATALYSTS FOR CHANGE: EXAMINING WOMEN LEADERSHIP ROLES IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

This study explores the transformative role of female politicians in Northern Nigeria, a region historically marked by deep gender disparities in leadership and political engagement. Despite entrenched cultural and social barriers, women are increasingly entering the political arena, challenging patriarchal norms and advocating for critical issues such as education, healthcare, and economic empowerment. Anchored in Gender and Development Theory, which highlights the interconnectedness of gender equality and socio-economic progress, the research adopts a qualitative design. Data were collected from secondary sources, including academic journals, government reports, Non Governmental Organization publications (e.g., United Nation Women and Oxfam), and conference papers, and analyzed through content analysis to identify recurring themes and insights. A key finding reveals that the participation of women in political leadership strengthens democratic governance and fosters a more inclusive and equitable society, as women leaders often prioritize social policies that benefit marginalized groups.The study concludes that empowering women in politics is essential for driving socio-economic progress and challenging systemic inequalities in Northern Nigeria. To enhance female representation, the research recommends implementing gender-sensitive policies, including affirmative action measures such as quotas for women in political parties and public offices. Additionally, strengthening legal protections to safeguard women politicians from discrimination and violence is critical for creating a supportive and inclusive political environment. Sustained efforts to dismantle the barriers women face in the political arena will not only ensure their voices contribute to governance but also catalyze profound societal change in Northern Nigeria, fostering a more just and equitable future.

Lingering bias: The effects of legislated gender quotas on representation quality in the European Parliament

How does biased political recruitment—and the legislation of gender quotas—affect the quality of representation? The article theorizes that biased selection implies a higher hurdle for women than for men. As a consequence, fewer—but more talented and ambitious—female legislators enter office. When quotas are legislated, the bias lingers but takes new forms. Uncertain about their initial choice, parties compensate by drawing on incumbent women’s legislative record to update their beliefs. Quota women are thus more accountable. Drawing on a “before-after” design with a control group, this study investigates legislators’ effort, performance, ambition, and reselection to the European Parliament (1999–2014). It demonstrates that non-quota women handled more high-impact legislation and aimed at longer careers than other legislators. When quotas were imposed, the share of women did not increase. However, quota women had a higher pay off from performing well in office and reacted by increasing their effort.

Pendidikan Sebagai Katalisator Demokrasi: Studi Kasus Partisipasi Politik Perempuan Di Kuba

Improving the quality of education in Cuba encourages the achievement of gender equality, especially in increasing the quota of women in the Cuban government. The revolution of the education system achieved through collaboration between the government and civil society is able to ignite the awareness of women of their rights in political participation. Comprehensive commitment and implementation in Cuba produces a high quality education index and makes Cuba one of the countries with the best education system in the world. The existence of an educational correlation and the achievement of gender -friendly politics is shown by the stable quota of women in the Cuban parliament. By looking at the system, quality and quantity of education as well as government and civil society programs in achieving gender equality and women's empowerment, this research found that there is a relationship between the equality of education as the focus of the construction of the Cuba by achieving the stability of the distribution of seats in parliament through the gender inequality index, especially the value Stable on the quota of women's quota in the Cuban government. This is inseparable from the joint effort between the government and the civil society represented by a feminist organization in Cuba namely Federation of Cuban Women (FMC).

Perspectives of respondents in Anyigba town on the impediments to the underrepresentation of Kogi State women in elective positions following Nigeria’s 2023 democratic elections

ABSTRACT Studies on women’s political marginalisation in Nigeria dominate the academic literature. However, limited research has interrogated the impediments to the underrepresentation of Kogi State women in elective positions following Nigeria’s 2023 elections. This study examined the role of socioeconomic factors, the nature of politics and perceived patriarchal considerations in the poor representation of Kogi State women in government. This study adopted the liberal feminist theory, used a descriptive survey, and the sample consisted of 361 respondents in Anyigba with deep and diverse knowledge and experience of gender politics in Kogi State. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and analyses involved descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and t-test. Study results from the 326 completed questionnaires showed that the majority of the respondents implicated socioeconomic issues (19.052), the nature of politics (17.221) and societal patriarchal attitudes (19.051) in the underrepresentation of Kogi State women in government after the elections. The empirical evidence in this study highlighted the obstacles to women’s political representation. This study concluded that improving women’s employment and educational opportunities and strong political commitment from the leadership towards implementing political quotas for women and internal democracy is crucial to increasing the representation of Kogi State women in government

An Analysis of Contextual Factors Influencing women's Candidacy in Local Elections: Insights From Italy

ABSTRACTExtensive research showed that the gender gap in electoral participation, both active and passive, is linked to cultural and socio‐economic aspects that can combine in diverse ways across different territories, leading to regional disparities. The present study analyzes how such heterogeneity in cultural and socio‐economic conditions interacts with the level of female participation in political competition in Italy, as measured by the proportion of female candidates in municipal elections from 2009 to 2016. Focusing on the gender dimension of candidacy in local elections, the study investigates its territorial determinants, particularly the role of the social and economic context. The research is innovative in two ways. First, it utilizes a large original panel dataset covering gender aspects of electoral candidatures at the municipal level as well as many socio‐economic contextual characteristics. Second, it employs a specification of the Correlated Random Effects Within‐Between model, which allows to disentangle the effect of both time‐variant and time‐invariant information within a panel data framework. Finally, the time period examined is of interest as it encompasses the Italian electoral reform known as Law 215/2012, which introduced a gender list quota at the municipal level. The results of the study suggest that policies to reduce the gender gap must aim not only at introducing quotas for women's representation but also at acting on all those economic and social factors that limit the presence of women in electoral candidacy.

Does female board directorship affect the quality of KPI voluntary disclosure? Some evidence from French family firms

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of female board directorship on the quality of key performance indicators voluntary disclosure (hereafter QKPI). Further, this paper explores whether the presence of family board members mitigates the female directors’ effect on the QKPI. Design/methodology/approach This study explores closely held family firms listed on the CAC All-Tradable during 2015–2022. Findings The initial findings provide consistent evidence indicating a positive association between female board directorship and the QKPI. However, testing for the moderating effect of family board members on the linkage between female representation in the company’s boardroom and the QKPI reveals a negative relation. Originality/value This study focuses on gender equality in French-listed companies, a topic that has received little attention from researchers. The country and the period considered in this paper are noteworthy characteristics that enhance the value of this research. This study sheds light on issues concerning the 2016 law that requires quotas for women on boards of directors in French firms.

Gender Relations between Men and Women in Village Government Decision-Making

study aims to examine the dynamics of gender relations in decision-making in Pesagi village, Kayen sub-district, Pati district. The main focus of this research is to understand the extent to which women are involved in the decision-making process and how to improve the role of women in line with the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, which provides new opportunities for women's participation. This research uses a qualitative approach with the methods of in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis to obtain a comprehensive picture of women's participation in village decision-making. By testing the validity of the data using the Triangulation technique, namely comparing and reviewing the degree of trust in information obtained through different times and tools in qualitative research. The results show that despite formal recognition of women's role in village governance, their active participation is still limited. Women tend to be involved in domestic and community issues, such as health and social welfare, while men dominate areas of physical village development. Deep-rooted gender stereotypes and inequalities in access and opportunity are also factors inhibiting women's participation, and decision-making by women is often influenced by men. Based on the explanation from the analysis of men's and women's gender relations in decision-making in Pesagi village, to increase women's participation in village decision- making, a comprehensive strategy is needed, including training and capacity building, setting quotas for women's representation, and active support from the female village head. So that women can contribute more significantly to village development and ensure gender-equitable policies.

Moderating role of gender diversity in the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and corporate performance

PurposeIn today’s knowledge-based economy, companies are hugely driven by intangible resources such as intellectual capital. However, whether corporate governance of a company drives intellectual capital is less explored in emerging economies. We examine the impact of intellectual capital efficiency on firm performance for Indian firms, considering the moderating role of board gender diversity.Design/methodology/approachWe have created a framework for panel data analysis and conducted estimation using the dynamic panel data model to control for endogeneity and heteroskedasticity issues. We use alternate performance and gender diversity measures for our sample of top 500 listed companies for a period of six years, that is 2015–2020.FindingsThe results demonstrate a significant positive association between intellectual capital and performance. However, moderating impact of gender diversity on the relationship between intellectual capital and performance is not significant.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that IC plays a crucial role in a company’s performance, which may boost economic growth. Further, the findings reveal that despite the mandatory quota for women on boards in Indian companies, their impact on IC is subliminal. It may be because the critical mass is yet to be achieved, which should be considered by policy-makers while framing policies in this area.Originality/valueOur study is one of the foremost studies to consider the impact of mandatory gender quotas while examining the association between tangible and intangible firm performance. It makes an incremental contribution to literature to enrich our understanding on the influence of gender diversity on intellectual capital-performance linkages.

Gender asymmetry in the economy: Comparative country-level analysis

Subject. The article addresses gender inequality in different countries and its causes. Objectives. The purpose is to analyze the reasons for annual differentiation of countries by the value of the main indices assessing the gender inequality. Methods. The study employs general scientific research methods. Results. The paper presents the main indices used to assess gender inequality in countries around the world. It shows that the calculation of the indices does not take into account many factors significantly affecting the presence or absence of gender parity (for example, the amount of unpaid domestic work). Conclusions. The results of the study can be used by heads of enterprises in allocating quotas for women, establishing flexible work schedules for them, and eliminating the "glass ceiling" on wages.

Can Gender Quotas Improve Public Service Provision? Evidence From Indian Local Government

What effect do gender quotas have on political responsiveness? We examine the effect of randomly imposed electoral quotas for women in Mumbai’s city council, using a wide variety of objective and subjective measures of constituency-level public service quality. Quotas are associated with differences in the distribution of legislator effort, with quota members focusing on public goods distribution, while non-quota members focus on individual goods, member perks, and identity issues. These differences in effort seem to influence institutional performance: perceived quality of local public goods is higher in constituencies with quota members, and citizen complaints are processed faster in areas with more quota members. We suggest that men’s more extensive engagement with extralegal and rhetorical forms of political action has led to men and women cultivating different styles of political representation.

Natural resource rents and public spending on education in Africa: Does women's political empowerment matter?

The increase in the number of women in political office is one of the most significant social trends of recent decades. Although still underrepresented, women's participation in decision-making bodies is increasing. This paper analyzes the moderating effect of women's political empowerment on the relationship between natural resource rents and public spending on education in a sample of 47 African countries over the period 2003–2020. This study employs several recent methods to effectively address the endogeneity issue, including the Generalized Method of Moments in System (GMM-S) and the Two-stage Instrumental Variables (2SIV) approach. Overall, the results show that natural resource rents reduce public spending on education, but their interaction with the index of women's political empowerment in composite and disaggregated form increases public spending on education in Africa. These results are tested at four levels of robustness, including the inclusion of additional control variables, the exclusion of outliers, and the use of alternative dependent and independent variables. We suggest improving the representation of women in African political decision-making. This could include quotas for women in decision-making bodies, mentoring programs for women leaders, and financial incentives for political parties that promote women's participation. Steps must also be taken to address structural barriers that prevent women from fully participating in political life, such as discrimination and violence against women.

Improving Women’s Representation in Politics through Gender Quotas

Gender quotas for women in local government bodies can improve women’s representation in politics, increase provision of public services, and improve perceptions of women as leaders. Gender quotas are one policy tool designed to increase women’s representation in politics. Women hold fewer than 25 percent of parliamentary seats worldwide, and just 12 percent of the world’s heads of state and government are women. In many countries this imbalance extends to local governments. Countries are taking action In 2013, 118 countries were implementing a form of gender quotas for an elected office. Women's empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of society, including participation in the decision making process and access to power ,are fund a mental for the achievement to fequality , development and peace. One way to implement gender quotas is by reserving a certain number of leadership positions for women. A review of eleven randomized evaluations in India, Lesotho, and across 28 states in India found that reservation quotas influenced women’s political participation and policy outcomes and increased the provision of public goods aligned with female voters’ preferences. Further, quotas improved men’s perceptions of women as leaders, increased the aspirations of girls, and helped women get elected even after quotas were removed. Most of the rigorous research drawn on in this insight comes from India comparative conclusions should be drawn cautiously. This evidence largely suggests that governments seeking to improve women’s representation in politics should consider reservation quotas for local leadership positions. overview of the three main types of quota policies reserved seats, party quotas, and legislative quotas. These are found in all major world regions in countries with a broad range of institutional, social, economic, and cultural characteristics. At the same time, the mere advent of gender quotas has not resulted in uniform increases in the percentage of women in parliament worldwide some countries have witnessed dramatic increases, while others have seen more modest changes or even setbacks in the number of women elected to national assemblies. Despite the rapid international diffusion of these measures, most research has focused on single countries or, at most, the presence of quotas within one world region. Consequently, explanations for the adoption and impact of gender quotas derived from one study often contradict .

WPPM Index Reporting – How can the key figure of women's quota be appropriately integrated into a reporting system?

While women in particular were employed less or not at all in the companies during the Corona crisis period and were unable to participate in the labour market, the number of women in the 40 DAX companies has currently increased again, so that their participation in management and supervisory boards has also increased. In order to ensure better measurability, relevant key figures must be developed that can better reflect the development of women in companies. After the Corona crisis period, management reporting is being re-established in many companies. Innovative key figures are coming into the focus of management and are additionally reported to the individual management levels in favour of traditional key figures. This means that qualitative indicators such as the gender quota and the Women Process Performance Measurement Index (WPPM Index) can ideally be included in management reporting. The following article shows what such a report could look like.

The Political Representation of Women Politicians from Mass-Based Islamic Parties in Palembang City Regarding the Low Representation of Women in Legislative Bodies (A Study on the PAN and PKS Parties in Palembang City)

The background of this research provides an in-depth understanding of the representation of female politicians from Islamic mass-based parties in Palembang, highlighting the ongoing issue of insufficient female representation. Despite the implementation of a 30% quota, women's representation in parliament does not reach this threshold due to various obstacles to political participation. This research specifically examines the representation of female politicians in the PAN and PKS parties in Palembang to understand both the presence of female politicians in the city and the central-level policies supporting women in the region. In Palembang, the PAN party allocates a 38% quota for female politicians, while the PKS party allocates a 30% quota. This study employs descriptive qualitative methods and was conducted in Palembang. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using purposive sampling techniques. Primary data sources include interviews, while secondary data sources include literature reviews. The findings reveal that in the PAN party, women have a 38% quota, supported by an organization called National Mandate Women (PUAN) that handles recruitment. In the PKS party, the women's quota is 30%, with recruitment conducted through various channels, including assessments of cadres' abilities and expertise. The 2019 elections showed a shift, with women becoming more independent in their political decisions, previously influenced by men's political preferences.

Women's Representation To Establish Anti-Corruption In The Village Government Of Kotaraja, Hulu Sungai Utara

The representation of women in village governance, particularly in the Village Consultative Body (BPD), is mandated by Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. Fulfillment of this mandate becomes a subject of debate when the role is merely symbolic to meet the quota of women in village governance. In this context, the method employed is qualitative analysis, utilizing a socio-legal approach that highlights the complexity of social and legal dynamics influencing women's representation in the Village Consultative Body. The role of female representatives is crucial in enhancing the welfare of rural communities, simultaneously contributing to the realization of a corruption-free village. Additionally, they possess a unique closeness and empathy towards the issues faced by women in their villages, enabling them to gain the trust of the community. Residents of Kota Raja Village also perceive female candidates as being corruption-free and capable of fulfilling their duties and responsibilities, thereby earning trust from their respective neighborhood associations (RT - Rukun Tetangga). This situation is evident in the increased representation of women in the governance of Kota Raja Village, especially in the Village Consultative Body. In the newly elected Village Consultative Body for the period 2023-2029, 50% of its members are women, up from 44%. This figure demonstrates the positive perception of Kota Raja Village residents regarding the importance of women's representation in village governance. However, doubts persist regarding whether women's representation is merely symbolic and whether it reflects sincere efforts to empower women in village governance. Nonetheless, this raises further questions about the skills of female representation in addressing the complex issues faced by rural communities.and application within the framework of Indonesian law.

Legislative and Judicial Dynamics of Setting the Quota for Women's Representation in Parliament in the 2024 General Elections

The policy choice of regulating women's quota by the General Election Commission through PKPU Number 10 of 2023 (PKPU 10/2023) has caused debate among democracy observers, especially those who care about women's representation in parliament. This study aims to analyze the compatibility of PKPU Number 10 of 2023 with the Election Law and analyze the Supreme Court Decision Number 24 P/HUM/2023 regarding the material testing of Article 8 paragraph (2) PKPU 10/2023. The method used in the study is normative research with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of this study show that there are differences between the quota for women's representation in PKPU 10/2023 and the Election Law. When viewed in terms of its formation, PKPU 10/2023 was made with the choice of authoritarian political configuration and is characterized as a conservative legal product. The results also justify the first discussion through the annulment of the provisions of Article 8 paragraph (2) PKPU 10/2023 through the Supreme Court Decision Number 24 P/HUM/2023. The conclusion of this study shows the incompatibility of women's quota arrangements regulated by the KPU, but this has been corrected through the Supreme Court's decision. The results of this study are also a contribution of thought for policymakers to always harmonize regulations in every legislative process.

Tackling Gender Inequality in Community-Based Organizations: The Contribution of Cacao Cooperatives to Environmental Justice for Women in Peru

Persistent gender inequalities challenge theory and praxis of community-based collective action. Here we adopt an innovative approach which integrates environmental justice, value chain inclusion and collective action theory to diagnose inequalities in community-based organizations (CBOs) and identify strategies to address them. Drawing on the findings of case studies conducted at six CBOs in Peru’s cacao sector, this article aims to make three contributions. Empirically, we analyze the current situation of, barriers to and strategies for environmental justice for women in the six selected CBOs. Theoretically, we contribute to theory on community-based collective action through an analysis of environmental justice and value chain inclusion. Methodologically, we propose a framework that analysts may use to assess environmental justice for women in community-based collective action. Results show that overall, women participate less and benefit less from cacao CBOs. Furthermore, recognition of women’s contributions and capabilities for cacao value creation tend to remain limited. We discuss 18 strategies and recommendations through which CBOs can address gender inequality for their female stakeholders on a cooperative, community, household and individual level. Most salient recommendations include workshops, generating income opportunities for women, increasing the rights of partners of official cooperative members, and introducing quotas for women in leadership positions. If such efforts are reinforced and better theorized, and gender strategies continuously implemented, CBOs such as cacao cooperatives have the potential to improve the environmental justice outcomes for women within their organizations, families, and communities at large.

Women Representatives and Politics of Image Construct in Pakistan: A Study of Parliamentary Debates on Selected Issues (2013-2018)

Politics and political process across the world has generated a debate that how to create an inclusive democracy in which vulnerable segments of the society has to be provided a sense of equality and justice. Pakistan since 1947 and onward has undergone a systemic change to address multiple issue and problems that needed to refurbish its social and political system to accommodate the justified concerns of the subjected parts of the polity. Women quota was increased in political representation which helped them to break the glass ceiling effect and gave a sense of self-construction. In the parliament, they automated the concept ‘personal is political’ to dispel the social taboos which were working under the auspices of patriarchy and religiosity. In the above given time span of the government, women parliamentarians raised their voices over all kinds of issues and abridged the gulf between public and private. Despite toeing party lines of which they are nominee, they were successful in creating niche for them in the domain of politics. They developed their own caucus to make their identity meaningful in the politics of Pakistan. Parliamentary debates from archives of the parliament were consulted for this research.

Fulfillment of women's political rights through mainstreaming gender quotas in Election Supervisory Board

This study examines women's political representation as election supervisors, the rules regarding women's representation in accordance with the regulations of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections have not been able to run well. This study uses qualitative research by making observations in the recruitment process of the Election Supervisory Board of the Republic of Indonesia and the affirmation quota of women as election supervisors in Election Supervisory Board, Yogyakarta Special Region Province. This study aims to see the application of regulations on the general election law on women's representation and its application in the recruitment process of election supervisors that accommodate women's representation. This finding shows that there is still a gap in women's representation in election supervisory institutions where the rules regarding 30 percent female representation have been very clearly regulated. Evaluation of these findings requires a policy of changing regulations that regulate sanctions for non-fulfillment of women's representation as one of the solutions to fulfill women's gender kouta as female supervisors. The conclusion of this study is that there are several factors that hinder the fulfillment of women's political rights such as, a wrong understanding of political gender, the risk of becoming a very large election supervisor, socialization of selection that is not right on target and the competence of prospective candidates who lack knowledge about elections.

Implementation of Women's Representation Policy in the Recruitment of District Election Supervisory Committee (Panwascam) in Bekasi

Women's representation in politics is needed to be able to voice various kinds of women's aspirations, women's needs, and women's issues. As a form of support for women's political representation, the government has made special affirmation policies for women in politics, which include special quotas for women's candidacy in the DPR and DPRD, management and membership of women in political parties, and representation of women in election organizers. Although it has been regulated in the Election Law, which states that the composition of election organizers must pay attention to at least 30% of women's representation, in practice, until now, women's representation in election organizers has not been optimal, especially at the level of election organizers at the ad hoc level. This research focuses on the policy of women's representation in the recruitment of the Bekasi City District Panwaslu in 2023. This research uses the theory of policy implementation by Van Metter Van Horn using six variables: standards and objectives, resources, characteristics of the implementing organization, communication between implementing organizations, the attitude of the implementers, and the social, economic, and political environment. The result of this study is that currently the number of women in Panwascam Bekasi City is six (6) people, or 17% of the total 30 District election supervisory committee (Panwascam) members. Even though in the recruitment process, the Bekasi City Bawaslu has provided special affirmation policies for women, such as providing an extension of Panwascam registration time for sub-districts that have not met the quota of women. However, this does not necessarily increase women's representation in Panwascam. There are various obstacles faced by women, such as structural, cultural, and capability barriers.