Women In Beijing Research Articles

Air pollution-induced missed abortion risk for pregnancies

Fetus death risk reduction is included in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, little is known about how missed abortion in the first trimester (MAFT) is related to maternal air pollution exposure. We quantify the link between air pollution exposure and MAFT in Beijing, China, a region with severe MAFT and air quality problems. We analyse the records of 255,668 pregnant women from 2009 to 2017 and contrast them with maternal exposure to air pollutants (particulate matter PM2.5, SO2, O3 and CO). We adjust for confounding factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, spatial autocorrelation and ambient temperature. We find that, for all four pollutants, an increased risk of MAFT is associated with rises in pollutant concentrations and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of these associations increase with higher concentrations. For example, the adjusted OR of MAFT risk for a 10.0 μg m−3 increase in SO2 exposure is between 1.29 and 1.41 at concentrations of 7.1–19.5 μg m−3; it drops to 1.17 below this range and rises to 1.52 above it at higher SO2 concentrations. This means that the risk increase is not linear but becomes more severe the higher the pollutant concentration. The findings provide evidence linking fetus disease burden and maternal air pollution exposure. A study of over 250,000 pregnant women in Beijing, China, finds that missed abortion is associated with the concentration of four major air pollutants. The association is not linear but becomes stronger with higher concentrations.

Characteristics of women infected with human papillomavirus in a tertiary hospital in Beijing China, 2014\u20132018

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in women. In order to determine the epidemiological characteristics as well as the relationship between the HPV genotype and cytology test results among women in Beijing, China, we retrospectively collected and analyzed the data from a tertiary hospital in Beijing, China.MethodsA total of 21,239 women visited the China–Japan Friendship Hospital between 2014 and 2018 and their cervical exfoliations were collected. Thirteen HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68) were examined and ThinPrep cytological test (TCT) was performed.ResultsAmong all cases, 4473 (21.06%) women were infected with HPV. HPV52 (4.64%), HPV16 (4.44%) and HPV58 (4.28%) had higher prevalence. Single-type infection (77.26%) was more common than multiple-type infection (22.74%). Single-type infection was more frequently seen in women aged 50–60 years (17.17%), and multiple-type infection was more common in those aged < 30 years (7.88%). Significant differences in secular trends from 2014 to 2018 were observed for subtypes HPV39, 51, 52 and 58. HPV positive rates of women aged < 30 and 30–40 years changed significantly along with the time period, and the TCT positive rates of women aged 30–40, 40–50, 50–60 and > 60 years also showed significant differences from 2014 to 2018. In addition, 1746 (8.22%) women were TCT positive, of whom, 858 (4.04%), 561 (2.64%) and 327 (1.54%) had atypical squamous cells (ASCs), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), respectively. Among four types of cytological lesions, the HPV infection rates were 16.76, 66.08, 63.99 and 85.32% in those negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (NILM), ASC, LSIL and HSIL, respectively.ConclusionsHPV52, 16 and 58 are the most common infection subtypes in this study and among four types of cytological lesions, HSILs has the highest HPV prevalence. Significant differences in secular trends are observed for different subtypes in recent 5 years. The results on HPV genotype-specific prevalence should be considered when the HPV vaccine program is implemented in Beijing area.

A survey on sun protection behavior among middle-aged and elderly women in two districts in Beijing

Objective To investigate sun protection behavior among middle-aged and elderly women in Beijing. Methods The central (Xuanwumen district) and peripheral areas (Yanqing district) of Beijing city were selected for investigation from May to June in 2016. By random sampling and field investigation, interviewees completed questionnaires with the help of dermatologists. Results A total of 400 females aged 40-90 years were investigated, including 190 in the Xuanwumen district and 210 in the Yanqing district. Among all the subjects, the average duration of outdoor activities was 2 hours. Moreover, 117 (29.2%) of the 400 interviewees had the active sun exposure habit, including 38 (18.1%) in the Yanqing district and 79 (41.6%) in the Xuanwumen district, and the proportion of subjects with the active sun exposure habit significantly differed between the two districts (χ2=26.582, P < 0.001) . In addition, 67 (16.8%) interviewees had a sunburn history, and 130 (32.5%) were used to applying sunscreen. The proportion of sunscreen users was significantly higher in moderately or highly educated women (103 [45.2%]) than in lowly educated women (28/172[16.3%], P < 0.001) . The proportion of sunscreen users in women with skin type Ⅲ (41.2%[70/170]) was significantly higher than that in those with skin type Ⅳ (26.5%[61/230], P=0.002) . The scores for facial skin aging and dorsal hand skin aging were both significantly lower in sunscreen users than in non-users (Z=18.536, 10.731, P=0.002, 0.026, respectively) . Conclusion The active sun exposure habit in the middle-aged and elderly women differs between the central and peripheral areas of Beijing, and the use of sunscreen is associated with education level. Key words: Sunbathing; Sunburn; Suntan; Skin aging; Sunscreening agents

Abstract 2905: Clinical features in relation to age at diagnosis in luminal breast cancer patients: A hospital-based case series study in Beijing, China

Abstract Background Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogenous disease that can be classified into various molecular subtypes. Patients with younger age at diagnosis are less likely to develop luminal A cancers. However, a large proportion of early-onset luminal BCs are seen among Asian BC patients. While this may be explained by the increasing exposure to Westernized lifestyle, germline genetics, breast density, or immune factors may also give rise to a distinct age-related biology in Asian BC. We investigated several tumor characteristics in luminal BC patients with respect to age, among women in Beijing, China. Methods Subjects in this study were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and treated at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, between 2008-2016. 7,543 luminal cases (ER+ and/or PR+), were further defined as Luminal A: ER+, PR+, HER2-, low grade (1/2); Luminal B/high grade: ER+ and/or PR+, HER2-, high grade (3); Luminal B/HER2+: ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+. Patients were divided into four age groups: &amp;lt;40 (12.1%), 40-50 (34.2%), 50-60 (32.2%), and 60+ (21.5%) years old. We investigated the associations between age and tumor markers (ER, PR, HER2, KI67, P53, CK5/6, and EGFR) and features (tumor size, lymph node involvement, and histologic grade) using unconditional logistic regression. Results The mean age at diagnosis among these cases was 51.5 years (SD=10.8). Compared to older women (60+), patients diagnosed &amp;lt;40 years old were more likely to have lower ER percentage/intensity, to be positive for HER2, P53, and EGFR, to have higher KI67, and luminal B/HER2+ tumors (p-values=&amp;lt;.0001). PR showed a different and interesting pattern among patients in age group 40-50, who had higher values of PR percentage/intensity compared to women 60+ years old. After mutually adjusting for the significant tumor features, the associations for ER [OR&amp;lt;40 vs 60+=0.34 (0.21, 0.55), OR40-50 vs 60+=0.22 (0.15, 0.32), strong vs. weak staining] and PR [OR&amp;lt;40 vs 60+=2.95 (2.00, 4.35), OR40-50 vs 60+=4.22 (3.13, 5.68), strong vs. weak staining], HER2 positivity [OR&amp;lt;40 vs 60+=1.60 (1.15, 2.23)], KI67 [OR&amp;lt;40 vs 60+=1.52 (1.04, 2.21), quartile 4 vs. 1], and lymph nodal involvement [OR&amp;lt;40 vs 60+=1.87 (1.38, 2.51)] remained significant. While younger patients in general were more likely to have luminal B/HER2+ tumors, women in age group 40-50 were less likely to develop luminal B/high grade BC [OR40-50 vs 60+=0.78 (0.63, 0.97)] compared to women 60+ years old. Conclusion We observed the known associations between younger age at diagnosis and more aggressive tumor features. We also found that patients in the age 40-50 group showed interesting associations with PR and the luminal B/high grade subtype. We intend to replicate these results in other Asian datasets and to explore the age associations with etiologic factors. Citation Format: Hela Koka, Changyuan Guo, Mustapha Abubakar, Hyuna Sung, Hyuna Sung, Bin Zhuo, Eric Tang, Joseph Deng, Nan Hu, Ning Lu, Xiaohong R. Yang. Clinical features in relation to age at diagnosis in luminal breast cancer patients: A hospital-based case series study in Beijing, China [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2905.

Extent of legal status-defined support on maternal health care system in Beijing and Shanghai

Objective To explore the extent of legal status-defined support on maternal health care system and the relationship between the support and maternal mortality in Beijing and Shanghai and to verify appropriate legal status of maternal health care system and its significance. Methods We systematically collect all normative legal documents related to maternal health issued by governmental agencies of the two cities and assessed extent of support of the legal documents on maternal health care system quantitatively based on the documents′ type and definition for legal status of maternal health care system. We adopted Spearman rank correlation and one-way linear regression to analyze the relationship between the extent of legal support on maternal health care and maternal mortality in the two cities. Results The appropriateness of the legal status of maternal health care system in Beijing and Shanghai showed an increasing trend year by year. The overall proportion of the maternal health programs with definite legal guarantees increased from 81.5% in 1990 to 96.3% in 2017 for the two cities. There was an inverse correlation between the appropriateness of maternal health care system and maternal mortality in both the cities, with the correlation coefficients of greater than 0.65. The results of fitted regression analysis demonstrated that 46.3% and 68.5% of the variation in the maternal mortality for the women in Beijing and Shanghai could be interpreted by the appropriateness of the legal status of maternal health care system. Conclusion Appropriate maternal health care system should clearly define the status, purpose, behavioral norms and the rights and responsibilities of all parties in the form of legal provisions. The implementation of maternal health care in Beijing and Shanghai has been guaranteed by relevant law regulations gradually but the responsibilities of various institutions for the implementation needs to be further clarified to strengthen the support of relevant law regulations. 【摘 要】 目的 评价京沪两地妇女保健法律地位保障程度及其与孕产妇死亡率的关系，验证适宜妇保体系的法律地位定位及其于京沪的意义。 方法 系统收集两地所有妇女保健相关的规范性法律文件，摘录“文件类型”“地位表述”等内容，量化计算法律地位的保障程度，并使用 Spearman 秩相关和线性回归模型分析妇女保健法律地位保障程度与孕产妇死亡率的关系。 结果 京沪两地妇女保健法律地位保障程度均呈现逐步上升的趋势，均从 1990 年的 81.5 % 上升至 2017 年的 96.3 %，并且与孕产妇死亡率均呈负相关（相关系数均大于 0.65）。拟合回归方程显示，京沪法律地位保障程度对孕产妇死亡率变化的解释程度分别为 46.3 % 和 68.5 %。 结论 适宜的妇女保健体系，应以法律的形式明确规定体系的地位、目的、行为规范和各方的权责关系等。两地妇保工作均已逐步得到法律规制的保障，但尚需通过明确职责、增强约束来充分发挥保障作用。

Analysis of cervical cancer screening results in women aged 50 and older in Beijing and Guizhou

Objective: To analyze the screening results of cervical cancer in elderly women in Beijing and Guizhou. To compare the screening effectiveness of cervical cancer in elderly women in different areas. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the screening data of elderly women (≥50 years) who had examination at cervical lesion clinic in Peking University People's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2013 to January 2014, with histopathology as the gold standard, to compare screening effectiveness of cervical cytology or HPV detection for elderly women in cervical cancer screening in the two regions. Results: Among the patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and above (CIN2 + ) detected by colposcopy in Peking University People's Hospital and Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 44.1% (82/186) and 57.0% (98/172) were women aged 50 and older. In Beijing group 39.0% (32/82) of CIN2 + patients had clinical symptoms, which in Guizhou group was 31.6% (31/98). In Beijing group and Guizhou group, 50.0% (19/38) and 73.2% (30/41) patients with cervical cancer had never been screened, respectively. In Beijing group and Guizhou group, 5.4% (4/74) and 19.2% (10/52) of the patients with CIN2 + had cervical cytology negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), respectively (P=0.015). The cervical cytology showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) in 10.2% (13/127) and 24.6% (14/57), respectively, with significant difference (P=0.01). The cervical cytology showed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 14.9% (11/74) and 37.5% (6/16) with no significant difference (P=0.08). Atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H) were 41.7% (5/12) and 71.4% (20/28) with no statistically significant difference (P=0.15). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were 78.9% (15/19) and 86.4% (19/22) with no significant difference (P=0.83). In cases with HPV detection information, the sensitivity of CIN2+ diagnosis by high-risk HPV detection in Beijing group and Guizhou group was 95.2% (40/42) and 73.6% (39/53) that was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: In both Beijing and Guizhou, the incidence of CIN2+ in elderly women is at a relatively high level. There were differences in the detection of CIN2+ by cervical cytology or HPV detection in Beijing and Guizhou.

Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with HPV infection in pregnant women: a matched case-control study in Beijing, China

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays key role in the development of cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with HPV infection in pregnant women in Beijing, China.MethodsAn age matched case-control study designed with 66 women as the case group (HPV positive) and 132 women as the control group (HPV negative) was carried out in two hospitals in Beijing. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors were obtained using a standard questionnaire. Cervical cells from study subjects were collected for HPV detection. An unconditional logistic regression model with backward stepwise selection was performed to predict the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the significant factors associated with HPV infection.ResultsThe analyses of present data show that alcohol consumption during pregnancy was the strongest significant factor (OR = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.40–8.03, p = 0.007) when comparing the case (HPV positive) group with the control (HPV negative) group. There were no statistical differences observed in any of the socioeconomic factors when comparing the case and control groups.ConclusionThe results of this study may help to prevent HPV infection in China by providing evidence to support improving the national policy on alcohol restriction and introducing public health interventions, especially for pregnant women in Beijing.

Heavy metals in maternal and cord blood in Beijing and their efficiency of placental transfer

This study aimed to determine the effect of exposure to heavy metals in pregnant women in Beijing, China. We also evaluated the association of these heavy metals with birth weight and length of newborns. We measured the levels of 10 heavy metals, including lead (Pb), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), stannum (Sn), vanadium (V), and arsenic (As), in 156 maternal and cord blood pairs. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was used for measurement. Pb, As, Ti, Mn, and Sb showed high detection rates (>50%) in both maternal and cord blood. Fourteen (9%) mothers had blood Pb levels greater than the United States Center for Disease Control allowable threshold limit for children (50 μg/L). In prenatal exposure to these heavy metals, there was no significant association between any heavy metal and birth weight/length. Moreover, we estimated the placental transfer efficiency of each heavy metal, and the median placental transfer efficiency ranged from 49.6% (Ni) to 194% (Mn) (except for Cd and Sn). The level and detection rate of Cd in maternal blood were much higher than that in cord blood, which suggested that Cd had difficulty in passing the placental barrier. Prospective research should focus on the source and risk of heavy metals in non-occupationally exposed pregnant women in Beijing.

Indoor Pesticide Exposure, Birthweight, and Gestational Age: A Cohort Study among Pregnant Women in Beijing, China

Background: Prenatal exposure to pesticides are a major public health concern for adverse reproductive outcomes including birthweight. The association between pesticide exposure in pregnant women and fetal growth remains inconsistent.Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between maternal exposure to indoor pesticides with infant birthweight and gestational age in a Chinese population.Methods: A total of 201 study participants in early pregnancy were recruited from Hangtian and Anzhen Hospitals in the Haidan District of Beijing, China. A baseline questionnaire collected information on demographics, disease history, occupational exposure and medical history. Mothers were asked if they use pesticides/insecticides in the home (yes/no). At follow-up, women reported the birthweight in grams and gestational age in weeks. We used linear regression to estimate the change in birthweight and gestational age related to reported indoor pesticide use.Results: Of the 201 participants, 114 women had information available for both indoor pesticide use and birth outcomes. A total of 19 participants (16.67%) reported indoor pesticide use during the 1st trimester. Birthweight ranged from 1100g-4600g and gestational age ranged from 29-41 weeks. The crude model showed a significant reduced birthweight for mothers exposed to indoor pesticides (&amp;#946;&amp;#61; -273.37, p&amp;#61;0.04). However, after adjustment for parity, smoking status, BMI, and maternal age, we observed no significant association between indoor pesticide use and birthweight (&amp;#946;&amp;#61; -248.71, p&amp;#61;0.06). Indoor pesticide use in the 1st trimester was associated with a significant decreased gestational age (&amp;#946;&amp;#61; -0.91, p&amp;#61;0.04) after adjustment for parity, infant sex, BMI, maternal age, and smoking status.Conclusions: Our results indicate that exposure to home pesticides use during the 1st trimester of pregnancy was associated with a decrease in birthweight and gestational age in this Chinese population.

A Social Movement for a Global Age: U.S. Feminism and the Beijing Women's Conference of 1995

A Social Movement for a Global Age: U.S. Feminism and the Beijing Women's Conference of 1995

Rubella seroprevalence among pregnant women in Beijing, China

BackgroundRubella infection in pregnant women can result in serious effects, such as miscarriages, stillbirths, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). However, very little is known about the rubella seroprevalence among pregnant women in China.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional and hospital-based study. From June 2016 through March 2017, a total of 324 serum samples from healthy pregnant women were collected in the Shunyi Women and Children’s Hospital of Beijing Children’s Hospital. Rubella-specific IgG antibody was determined by ELISA (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) kits. International assigned cut-off values of ≥10 IU/ml were used to assess the percentage of pregnant women with protective IgG concentrations.ResultsThe total rate of protected individuals was 83.3% (95% CI: 78.9%–87.0%). The protective rates of pregnant women in 17–26 years group, 27–36 years group and 37–46 years group were 84.0% (95% CI: 75.3%–90.1%), 81.9% (95% CI: 74.9%–87.4%) and 84.9% (95% CI: 75.8%–90.9%) respectively. No significant difference in protective rates among the three age groups was found (P = 0.83). There were also no statistically significant correlations between protective rates and gravidity (P = 0.84), parity (P = 0.84), birth place (P = 0.16), residence area (P = 0.58), education (P = 0.40) or occupation (P = 0.65).ConclusionsDespite the generally low vaccination coverage for rubella, most of Chinese pregnant women had potent rubella immunity. However, at least 16.7% of pregnant women were susceptible to rubella, which suggested rubella immunization in Chinese women at or before child-bearing age.

Association of size-fractionated indoor particulate matter and black carbon with heart rate variability in healthy elderly women in Beijing.

Associations between size-fractionated indoor particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) and heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR) in elderly women remain unclear. Twenty-nine healthy elderly women were measured for 24-hour HRV/HR indices. Real-time size-fractionated indoor PM and BC were monitored on the same day and on the preceding day. Mixed-effects models were applied to investigate the associations between pollutants and HRV/HR indices. Increases in size-fractionated indoor PM were significantly associated with declines in power in the high-frequency band (HF), power in the low-frequency band (LF), and standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN). The largest decline in HF was 19% at 5-minute moving average for an interquartile range (IQR) increase (24μg/m3 ) in PM0.5 . The results showed that smaller particles could lead to greater reductions in HRV indices. The reported associations were modified by body mass index (BMI): Declines in HF at 5-minute average for an IQR increase in PM0.5 were 34.5% and 1.0% for overweight (BMI ≥25kg/m2 ) and normal-weight (BMI <25kg/m2 ) participants, respectively. Moreover, negative associations between BC and HRV indices were found to be significant in overweight participants. Increases in size-fractionated indoor PM and BC were associated with compromised cardiac autonomic function in healthy elderly women, especially overweight ones.

Vertebral fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women: a population-based study.

We aimed to describe the prevalence and develop a model for prediction of radiographic vertebral fractures in a large random sample of postmenopausal Chinese women. We enrolled 1760 women from an age-stratified random sample of postmenopausal women in Beijing, China. The presence of vertebral fracture was assessed by semi-quantitative grading of lateral thoracolumbar radiographs, risk factors by interview, bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur and lumbar spine by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and markers of bone turnover from a fasting blood sample. Associations of these factors were analyzed in logistic models and discrimination by areas of receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC). The prevalence of vertebral fracture, ranged from 13.4% ages 50 to 59years old to 58.1% at age 80years or older. Older age, a history of non-vertebral fracture, lower femoral neck BMD T-score, body mass index (BMI), height loss, housework, and less than half an hour of outdoor activity were significantly associated with increased probability of having a vertebral fracture. A model with those seven factors had a similar AUC with or without BMD and performed better than a simple model with three factors. This study is from a true random sample of postmenopausal women in urban China with high response rate. The prevalence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women in Beijing increases from 13% under age 60 to over 50% by age 80years. A model with seven clinical risk factors with or without BMD is better than simple models and may guide the use of spine x-rays to identify women with vertebral fractures. More than half an hour of outdoor activity might correlate with lower risk of vertebral fracture in this population.

Cytomegalovirus Infection among Pregnant Women in Beijing: Seroepidemiological Survey and Intrauterine Transmissions.

Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy can cause congenital defects. Available data for CMV infection during pregnancy in north China are inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of maternal CMV infection and explore the incidence of congenital infection. In this prospective study, serum CMV IgG and IgM antibodies were measured in 2,887 pregnant women using ELISA, and the IgG avidity test was performed on all IgM-positive subjects. The seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG was 94.70%, and of anti-CMV IgM was 1.28%. CMV IgG prevalence increased significantly with age (p < 0.01). Women living in downtown areas showed higher IgG prevalence than those residing in urban areas (p = 0.023). CMV-IgM seroprevalence was highest in autumn (p = 0.021). There was no difference in IgM seroprevalence by age, socioeconomic status, geographical area, or gravida. The rate of primary CMV infection was 0.45% (13/2,887) at the first trimester. The seroconversion rate during pregnancy was 0.76% (22/2,887). One woman underwent seroconversion during pregnancy and gave birth to an infant with asymptomatic CMV infection. Congenital CMV infection was diagnosed in five of the 14 infants from 14 mothers with active infection, for a vertical transmission rate of 35.71% (5/14). Three infants were asymptomatic, whereas two infants presented symptomatic infection with hearing deficits. Although CMV IgG prevalence is relatively high in north China, significant attention to primary CMV infection during pregnancy is still needed.

Epidemiological investigation of the relationship between common lower genital tract infections and high-risk human papillomavirus infections among women in Beijing, China.

BackgroundThe incidence of lower genital tract infections in China has been increasing in recent years. The link between high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remains unclear.MethodsFrom March to October 2014, gynecological examinations and questionnaires were conducted on 1218 married women. Cervical secretions and vaginal swab specimens were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), yeast, clue cells and HR-HPV.ResultsLaboratory results were available for 1195 of 1218 married women. HR-HPV was detected in 7.0% of participants. Forty-seven percent of women had lower genital tract infections (LGTIs). UU was the most common infection (35.5%), followed by bacterial vaginosis (BV) (10.5%), yeast infection (3.7%), CT (2.2%), and Trichomonas vaginalis (1.7%). BV was associated with an increased risk of HR- HPV (P < 0.0001; odds ratio, 3.0 [95% CI, 1.7–5.4]). There was a strong correlation between abnormal cervical cytology and HR-HPV infection (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of LGTIs in Beijing is at a high level. It is clinically important to screen for the simultaneous presence of pathogens that cause co-infections with HR-HPV.

Probability of premature mortality caused by non-communicable diseases in Beijing, 2010-2015

Objective: To understand the probability of premature mortality caused by non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Beijing from 2010 to 2015. Methods: The data of deaths from Beijing vital registration system were used to analyze age-standardized NCD mortality rates, proportion of NCD deaths in age group <70 years and premature NCD mortality. Results: NCD deaths accounted for 90% of the total deaths in Beijing. Age-standardized NCD death rate decreased from 332.43/100 000 in 2010 to 280.02/100 000 in 2015. Meanwhile, the probability of deaths from four NCDs between in age group 30-70 years (premature NCD mortality) decreased from 12.81% to 11.11% in Beijing. The premature mortality of four NCDs in men was 14.63%, and compared with 2015 baseline, it would decrease by 16.4% to reach 2025 goal (12.23%), and the probability of premature mortality four NCDs in women was 7.54%, and compared with 2015 baseline, it would decrease by 6.8% to reach the 2025 goal (7.03%). People living in suburb areas had a higher probability of premature NCD mortality (13.67%) than those living in urban areas (9.72%) in Beijing in 2015. Conclusions: The premature NCD mortality was much higher in men than in women in Beijing. More attention should be paid to the control of risk factors for NCD premature deaths, especially in men and in suburb residents, to reach the 25×25 goal.

Women's Transnational Activism, Norm Cascades, and Quota Adoption in The Developing World

Electoral quotas are a key factor in increasing women's political representation in parliaments globally. Despite the strong effects of quotas, less attention has been paid to the factors that prompt countries to adopt electoral quotas across developing countries. This article employs event history modeling to analyze quota adoption in 134 developing countries from 1987 to 2012, focusing on quota type, transnational activism, and norm cascades. The article asks the following questions: (1) How might quota adoption differ according to quota type—nonparty versus party quotas? (2) How has the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China (Beijing 95), contributed to quota diffusion? (3) Do global, regional, or neighboring country effects contribute more to quota adoption? Results provide new evidence of how quota adoption processes differ according to quota type, the central role played by participation in Beijing 95, and how increased global counts contribute to faster nonparty quota adoption while increased neighboring country counts lead to faster to party quota adoption.

Prevalence of vertebral fractures kept constant in postmenopausal women in Beijing, China: peking vertebral fracture (PK-VF) study, 2007-2012

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences on calcified tissues ISSN 2052-1219 (online)

Prevalence of hyperuricemia among Beijing post-menopausal women in 10 years

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to explore the trend and risk factors of the prevalence of hyperuricemia among post-menopausal women in Beijing over a ten years period. MethodThis research was based on two cross-sectional surveys in post-menopausal women in Beijing. A total of 1881 post-menopausal women were included. Subjects answered a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination and blood test. Serum uric acid >357μmol/L was diagnosed as hyperuricemia, and another diagnosis criterion (serum uric acid >416μmol/L) was applied in these women. ResultsSerum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia prevalence increased remarkably in the 10-year period. The prevalence of hyperuricemia increased more than 2-fold after being adjusted by age. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed hyperuricemia associated with age, education level, urban residents, alcohol consumption, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia. With the increasing number of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia), the risk of hyperuricemia increased significantly, and the accumulative effect of the factors on the risk of hyperuricemia was determined. ConclusionThe prevalence of hyperuricemia was high and exhibited a remarkable, increasing trend in Beijing community-based, post-menopausal women. Better management of relative factors could help to prevent further increases in the burden of hyperuricemia in post-menopausal women in this region.

The quality of equity? Reframing gender, development and education in the post-2020 landscape

The year 2015 marks the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, with a goal to contribute to gender equality globally. As scholars continue in their quest to ‘take stock’ of the ways in which gender and education work in tandem to achieve greater gender equality, we observe a revival in interest regarding conversations on gender and education. These conversations cover a gamut of related issues, including teaching and achievement as well as a number of intersecting issues such as gender-based violence. Within the conversation has been a continued focus on the role of equity primarily defined as access and opportunity. This paper explores the context of quality as it relates to equity in education and addresses the problems that are still left on the margins. Our goal is to take stock and assess the strength of evidence and to provide directions for future research.