Uterus In Women Research Articles

The Relationship Between Adolescent Women's Behavior Towards the Effects of Use of Natural Pain Relief in SMP Negeri 1 Panci Tongah, Simalungun Regency

Menstruation (menstruation) is the periodic discharge of blood and body cells from the vagina that originate from the lining of a woman's uterus. Menstruation begins at puberty and marks a woman's ability to bear children, although other health factors may limit this capacity. This event is so natural and natural that it is certain that all normal women will experience this process. However, in reality many women experience menstrual problems, one of which is menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) (Admin, 2008). The research was conducted at Panei Tongah Public Middle School 1, Simalungun Regency, on 139 respondents. There is a relationship between knowledge and the effect of using menstrual pain relievers at SMP Negeri 1 Panci Tongah, Simalungun Regency, with the P-Value of 0.001 0.05. There is no relationship between attitudes towards the effect of using menstrual pain relievers at Panei Tongah 1 Public Middle School, Simalungun Regency, where the value obtained is greater than the expected value (P Value 0.250 0.05). There is a relationship between action and the effect of using menstrual pain relievers at Panei Tongah 1 Public Middle School, Simalungun Regency. From the results of the Chi-square test, the P-Value is 0.001 0.05, so the hypothesis is accepted. It is hoped that young women will pay more attention to the effects of excessive use of pain relievers because this can be bad for health. It is hoped that the school will work closely with health workers to conduct health education in schools, especially for young girls.

Human Myometrial and Uterine Fibroid Stem Cell-Derived Organoids for Intervening the Pathophysiology of Uterine Fibroid

Uterine fibroids (UFs) (leiomyomas or myomas) are the most common clonal neoplasms of the uterus in women of reproductive age worldwide. UFs originate from myometrium consist of smooth muscle and fibroblast components, in addition to a substantial amount of fibrous extracellular matrix which all contribute to the pathogenetic process. Current treatments are primarily limited to surgical and interventional. Here, we have established a novel and promising organoid model from both normal and patient myometrial stem cells (MMSCs). MMSCs embedded in Matrigel in stem cell media swiftly formed organoids which successfully proliferate and self-organized into complex structures developing a sustainable organoid culture that maintain their capacity to differentiate into the different cell types recapitulating their tissue of origin and shows responsiveness to the reproductive hormones (estrogen and progesterone). Gene expression analysis and structural features indicated the early onset of uterine fibrosis led to the accumulation of extracellular matrix suggesting the potential use of this model in better understanding of the pathophysiology associated with UFs and inventing novel therapeutics for the treatment of UFs.

Physical Activity Level and Its Association with Mental Health and Quality of Life in Females during Menses

Background: During a normal menstrual cycle, the lining of a woman's uterus sheds. This cycle is part of a woman's reproductive system and prepares the body for a possible pregnancy. It is also called a period, menses or cycle. A menstrual cycle is considered to begin on the first day of a period. The average cycle is 28 days long; however, a cycle can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days. Girls start menstruating at the average age of 12, but it can range from 8-16 years. The most common symptoms that is been seen during menses are Moodiness, Trouble sleeping, Food cravings, Cramps in the lower abdomen and back. Physical activity plays a key role in maintaining or improving an individual’s wellness. Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for women’s health as it is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease; breast and colon cancers; type 2 diabetes; osteoporosis; and other adverse health outcomes and also reduces the risk of depression and perceived stress levels. Some women report low physical activity level and energy level during the time of menses. Data from various literatures suggests that there is high prevalence of anemia in India and during menses, due blood loss, the severity level increases. During menses, due to blood loss, hormonal level fluctuations, there occurs extreme pain, mood swings, social stigma as a part of culture; all this alters the mental health status and quality of life. Purpose of the study: To determine the Physical activity level in females during menses. The objective is to find the association of Physical activity level with mental health and quality of life. Methodology: A google form was shared in whatsapp consisting of all 3 questionnaires (IAPQ- International Physical activity questionnaire short form), Quality of life was assessed through (WHOBREF). Mental health was assessed by General health questionnaire (GH-12).The consent and details of the study were also mentioned in the form. All the data were analysed. Results: A total 100 responses were analyzed and out of that 55% were physically active and remaining 45% were inactive. For the association of PA level with quality of life and mental health status, there was a significant association (p<0.05) Conclusions: The overall PA level is 55% in this study. There is also positive influence of PA on general health aspects. Given that a proper understanding of physical activity and doing it on a regular basis can be effective in the health and life of young women and also improving the mental health status and overall quality of life. Keywords: Physical activity, mental health and Quality of life. Keywords:[Physical activity, Mental health, Quality of life, Menses]

A SINGLE CASE STUDY ON AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE FIBROIDS

Fibroids are the abnormal growths that develop in a woman's uterus. In most of the cases these tumors are quite large and cause severe abdominal pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. In other cases, it may be asymptomatic .The growths are typically benign or malignant. The cause of broids is unknown. This is the case report of a 42 years female who presented with increased menstrual bleeding with pelvic pain. On Ultrasonography she was detected to have broids in uterus. The case was treated for 03 months with a combination of different Ayurvedic drugs based on the clinical features Raktastanbhana, Vata anulomana, kaphamedohara ,Lekhana mode of management was given, And it is successfully treated with oral Ayurvedic drugs and Loacal ayurvedic panchakarma therapies like yoga vasthi and Uttara vasthi without surgical intervention.

Persisting cancer mortality gap between western and eastern Europe

BackgroundOver the last three decades, cancer mortality has shown favourable patterns in Europe. Patterns and trends however have been less favourable for most eastern countries. MethodsWe computed cancer mortality rates in western (WE) and eastern European (EE) countries using the official mortality database of the World Health Organisation, using joinpoint regression models to identify significant changes in trends over time. ResultsCancer mortality declined by 1–1.4% annually in WE since 1990, to reach an age-standardised rate (world standard) of 125.4/100,000 men and 81.3/100,000 women in 2016. In contrast, EE rates only started to decline around the 2000s in men and remained stable in women, to reach 171.9/100,000 men and 98.2/100,000 women. Lung cancer rates were 30.8/100,000 men and 14/100,000 women in WE versus 47.1/100,000 men and 15.2/100,000 women in EE. In relative terms, the mortality excess in EE increased from 32 to 37% in men and from 15 to 21% in women, compared with WE. The largest percent excesses were for cancers of the upper respiratory tract, stomach, intestines and lung in men and uterus in women. Prostate cancer rates increased in EE to reach 12.7/100,000 in 2016, whereas they decreased to 10.2/100,000 in WE. Compared with rates in 1990, over the period 1991–2016, about 3.9 million cancer deaths were avoided in WE, but no notable improvements was seen in EE. If cancer mortality rates in EE had been those observed in WE, over 55,000 deaths would have been avoided in 2016. ConclusionDifferences in lifestyle patterns, mainly smoking and alcohol, besides different roll-out of improvements in cancer diagnosis and management are the key determinants of the persisting difference in cancer mortality between western and eastern Europe. There is no evidence for the gap to close.

Assessment of Coagulation and Haematological Parameters among Pregnant Women in Port Harcourt

Background: Pregnancy is the fertilization and development of an embryo or fetus in a woman's uterus. It is a critical stage of development during which maternal nutrition can strongly influence obstetric and neonatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy on some coagulation and haematological parameters of pregnant women residing in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
 Method: This case-control study investigated 80 pregnant subjects and 20 non-pregnant controls. Haematological parameters were determined using a fully automated The SysmexXP-300, while the coagulation parameters (PT and INR) were determined with the automated method.
 Results: The mean PT (s), HB (g/dl), PCV (%), PLT (x109/L), RBC (mcL), LYMPH (%), BASO (%) and EOSIN (%) counts were significantly lower among the pregnant subjects (5.02±5.82, 11.00±1.13 g/dl and 33.81±3.89%, 189.6±52.93 × 109/L, 3.95±0.50, 43.93±10.10 %, 0.9385±1.08 % and 1.12±1.32 %) compared to the non-pregnant controls (1.68±2.37, 12.01±1.29 g/dl, 37.31±3.39 %, 235.6±72.37 × 109/L, 4.45±0.35, 43.24±9.06, 2.11±0.94 and 2.15±1.47) respectively. There were no significant differences in the INR, MONO (%), MPV (fl), MCV (L/C), and MCH (g/c) between the pregnant subjects (0.92±0.11, 5.41±2.59 %, 11.67±4.848, 84.26±3.77 and 28.06±3.54) and non-pregnant controls (0.88±0.11, 5.58±2.65, 11.14±5.45, 82.52±10.45 and 26.96±1.85). The NEUT (%), PDW (%) and WBC (x109/L) were significantly higher among the pregnant subjects (44.90±11.24 %, 13.26±2.56 % and 8.35±2.982 x109/L) compared to the non-pregnant controls (46.63±9.96 %, 10.78±1.80 % and 4.71±0.81 x109/L).
 Conclusion: This study has shown that pregnancy has a significant effect on some haematological and coagulation parameters of pregnant women in Port Harcourt. The result of this research work indicates the need to routinely monitor the complete blood count, thrombocytopenia and hyper-coagulative activity among pregnant women of African descendant.

A Collection of Experiences of Famous Modern Gynaecologic Herbalists in the Treatment of Uterine Fibroids

Objective: To summarize the experience of famous gynecological Chinese doctors in treating uterine fibroids and the rules of medication in recent times. Methods: To study the literature of famous TCM doctors in gynaecology in recent times, to summarize and summarize the experience of treating uterine fibroids and the rules of medication. Results; the pivot of the woman's uterus is the Chong Ren; internal obstruction of blood stasis is the key to the pathogenesis, cold-dampness, liver-depression, phlegm-dampness and kidney deficiency are the main causes of the disease; activating blood circulation, resolving blood stasis and helping the righteousness is the main treatment method, and the treatment is based on the period and the individual; the Chong Ren induces the meridian medicine and focuses on regulating the emotions. Conclusion: By summarizing the experience of modern gynecologically renowned Chinese medicine practitioners in the treatment of uterine fibroids, we have developed therapeutic ideas for the treatment of uterine fibroids, which has guiding significance and practical value.

Influence of parity and Body Mass Index (BMI) on endometry thickness variation in women of Lokossa, Benin

The thickness of the endometrium is also an important parameter in the clinical management of women. It is often influenced by several parameters which are important to determine. This is why the present study looked at the factors that influence the variation in the thickness of the endometrium of women in Lokossa in the Republic of Benin. This descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study concerns 166 women aged 15 to 40 in Lokossa. Ultrasound examination measured the thickness of the endometrium on the longitudinal section through the suprapubic route. Anthropometric parameters were taken by other equipment from each woman. Analysis of one-way proc glm ANOVA variants and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests identified factors associated with variation in endometrial thickness in women. At the end of the study, the minimum, average and maximum values ​​of the thickness of the endometrium obtained are respectively Vm = 3.50 mm, VMoy = 6.73 ± 1.38 mm, MV = 10.00 mm during the pre-ovulatory phase, Vm = 7.30 mm, MV avg = 10.75 ± 2.11 mm, MV = 16.00 mm during the post-ovulatory period. There is an association between the thickness of the endometrium and parameters such as age, weight, Body Mass Index, parity. BMI has been found to be associated with changes in endometrial thickness. And this variation in the thickness of the endometrium of the woman's uterus is related to the number of deliveries. Thus, the higher the number of childbirth, the greater the thickness of the endometrium deprived.

Потенційний вплив мелатоніну на розвиток міоми матки у жінок репродуктивного віку (огляд літератури)

For a long time, Ukraine has been showing negative dynamics between birth and death rates. The demographic situation in any country is an important indicator. Therefore, the issue of women's health and ability to reproduce is significant and urgent. The purpose of the study was to analyze current data from domestic and foreign literature on provoking factors, etiology and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids, new approaches to treatment and the impact of this pathology on a woman's reproductive potential. Hyperplastic processes of the uterus in women of reproductive age are among the most common gynecological diseases. Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign proliferative pathology. The presence of uterine leiomyoma leads to disorders of women's reproductive health, is one of the causes of infertility, in addition, significantly affects the quality of life of the patient due to constant pain, excessive uterine bleeding, dysfunction of adjacent organs. Many studies confirm the unfavorable course of pregnancy and the postpartum period in women with fibroids, namely: complicated pregnancy, reproductive losses, birth defects and postpartum complications. Despite the intensive work of scientists, the implementation of a large number of studies, the pathogenesis to this day remains multifaceted and poorly understood. Results and discussion. After analyzing current data from domestic and foreign literature on provoking factors, etiology and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids, the review article presents data on current opportunities, new approaches to treatment and the impact of this pathology on a woman's reproductive potential. For a long time, the pineal gland with the hormone melatonin has not been studied. During the scientific research, the review of the current domestic and foreign literature on the potential inhibitory effect of melatonin on uterine fibroid cells, and the direct and indirect effect on fertility was reviewed and analyzed. As a result of analysis of experimental and clinical data presented in the literature, it can be argued that melatonin has the ability not only to regulate biological rhythms, but also that it is promising to study metabolic and immunomodulatory effects, as well as antitumor effects, which gives us a chance to reduce surgery of this group of patients. Conclusion. The information presented in the review suggests that melatonin has the potential as a therapeutic agent for clinical trials against uterine leiomyoma in women of reproductive age. Therefore, there is a need to study deeply the etiopathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma and in particular the effect of melatonin on growth, reduction of surgical interventions, the impact on the pre- and postoperative period, and to determine melatonin as a therapeutic drug

Iub™ Sead™ - A Novel Intra Uterine Ball: Spherical Endometrial Ablation Device

<h3>Study Objective</h3> The aim of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of the IUB SEAD™ (Intra Uterine Ball: Spherical Endometrial Ablation Device) introducing silver nitrate to the uterus in women suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding. We present results of 6 months follow up period post treatment. <h3>Design</h3> Open-label multicenter study to assess the safety and efficacy of the IUB SEAD™ device in premenopausal women with predictable menstrual cycles, who suffer from AUB. Women with HMB were enrolled who had an average pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) score ≥ 150 over for 3 months. <h3>Setting</h3> The study was performed in the outpatient clinics of 2 Bulgarian medical centres between September 2019 and December 2020. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> 16 women with HMB (PBAC>150) at least 3 months before inclusion were enrolled. <h3>Interventions</h3> Eligible subjects who met all the inclusion/exclusion criteria were treated during the first 7 days following the cessation of menses. The SEAD™ device was inserted into the uterine cavity via vaginal approach. The device was left in the uterus for 30 (±5) minutes and then removed. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> A total of 16 participants aged 37-50 (mean = 43) were enrolled with a mean baseline PBAC score of 424; 14 of 16 completed follow up requirements and were evaluable at 6 months. All procedures were completed successfully without device/procedure-related adverse events. At 6 months post-treatment the mean PBAC score was 95 with 55% of the overall cohort ≤75 and 72% ≤ 100 and a mean percentage of 83% reduction. The mean procedure related pain score was ≤2 (mild).* <h3>Conclusion</h3> The IUB SEAD™ device is safe and effective in treating HMB in an outpatient environment. Future studies with larger number of patients are planned. *Results may vary until presentation date.

Hadis tentang Haid dan Pengaruh Alat Kontrasepsi Pencegah Kehamilan terhadap Siklus Haid

This study aims to discuss the hadith about menstruation. This research method is a qualitative type through literature study with content analysis. The research discussion includes general views about menstruation, hadith about menstruation, and the effect of contraceptives to prevent pregnancy on the menstrual cycle. This study concludes that menstruation is a natural cycle as a stipulation that has been established for women based on the explanation of the Prophet's hadith, thereby dismissing various discriminatory myths against menstruating women. Indeed, the menstrual cycle is messed up with the use of contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, but the medical world explains that blood that comes out of the end of a woman's uterus due to the use of contraception that exceeds its period is still categorized as menstruation.

Oxytocin antagonists for assisted reproduction.

Oxytocin antagonists for assisted reproduction.

O-031 Importance of blood flow to human implantation

Abstract text The success of embryo implantation depends on a plethora of factors, with embryo quality and endometrial receptivity belonging to the most important ones. The receptive phenotype of endometrium develops in reaction to appropriate estrogen stimulation in the proliferative phase and embryo-synchronized maturation warranted by the action of progesterone. Uterine blood supply, myometrial contractions and the activity of local immune cells also belong to important factors affecting the outcome of both natural and assisted reproduction. Endometrial perfusion was shown to be an independent receptivity parameter, showing a direct association with pregnancy outcomes. Historically, the use of Doppler parameters of uterine vessels was studied as a reflection of blood flow to the endometrium. Although some authors showed a correlation between blood flow in uterine arteries and success rates in IVF cycles, it might not reflect the actual endometrial flow as most of the blood volume goes through myometrium, not endometrium. Currently, using available ultrasound tools – 2D/3D Power Doppler with VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis) software enables clinicians to evaluate parameters of endometrial perfusion in a matter of minutes. In this method, ultrasound system can calculate indices reflecting endometrial blood flow - vascularity index (VI), endometrial flow index (FI), and endometrial vascularity flow index (VFI) which are based on the total and relative amounts of Power Doppler signal (corresponding to the blood flow) within the volume of interest. Endometrial blood flow parameters can be altered in implantation limiting conditions such as endometriosis or chronic intrauterine inflammation. It was also shown to be influenced by implantation-related hormones such as oxytocin. Oxytocin receptor antagonists were shown to decrease uterine contractions in non-pregnant uteri of women being prepared for embryo transfer procedure. This class of medications has been extensively studied as potential candidates for medications promoting embryo implantation in IVF-ET treatments. In several studies, it was shown that mixed oxytocin/vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist atosiban, which is currently registered in Europe for the tocolysis in preterm labour, had the potential of improving implantation rates. Interestingly, this effect was confirmed also in women without pronounced contractions. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that oxytocin antagonism enhances endometrial decidualization and influences other parameters necessary for the acquisition of the endometrial receptivity phenotype. Considering that atosiban and other oxytocin antagonists relax uterine blood vessels and increase endometrial blood flow, it was hypothesized that improvement in endometrial perfusion could be an additional mechanism for observed support of embryo implantation. A similar finding was confirmed in our study on nolasiban – a non-peptide, orally active, oxytocin receptor-specific antagonist. In the 1st phase study on volunteers undergoing estrogen/progesterone endometrial preparation reflecting the synchronization for embryo transfer, it was confirmed that application of nolasiban decreased uterine contractions and improved FI and VFI parameters of endometrial perfusion. Such an effect lasted for more than 24 hours after dosing. The study results suggested that oxytocin antagonism could have an effect on endometrial perfusion, and its potential clinical significance requires further investigation. In a longer perspective, once confirmed it would mean that, apart from the possibility of observation of endometrial blood flow, we could have a tool for improving it, which would hopefully lead to improved outcomes of assisted reproduction treatments.

Implementasi Sistem Pakar Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining Untuk Mendiagnosa Penyakit Rahim

The problem at the present time, especially in the field of health is part obstetrics uterine disease that causes high mortality rates in women , not only in the country of Indonesia is also the world . This happens due to the high number of deaths of women who develop uterine disease . Lack of information and knowledge on diseases of the uterus also cause new problems to the high rate of mortality. The public does not know the symptoms and attack patterns of uterine disease is due to a lack of information about the disease of the uterus. Application of expert system is a computer -based expert system that uses facts and reasoning techniques to solve problems that typically can only be solved by an expert or a doctor . The application of expert systems produce the output of an application program that can be used to diagnose diseases of the uterus in women based on facts or symptoms experienced by users. The method used is forward chaining. Testing the system with forward chaining method begins with questions about the facts or the symptoms experienced user, then the resulting conclusions based on the results of the analysis system .

Hemostasis system and uterine scar formation in women undergoing conservative myomectomy

Annotation. The aim of the study was to assess the characteristics of hemostasis and the formation of a scar on the uterus in women who underwent conservative myomectomy. Medical records of 426 women with a scar on the uterus were analyzed. The results of pathomorphological examination of biopsy materials obtained in the area of the “old” scar during myomectomy with recurrence of fibroids with a gestational age of 33 to 40 weeks. The micromorphological structure of postoperative scars and pericycatric region of the myometrium was determined and immunohistochemical examination was performed on serial paraffin sections of biopsy material using primary and secondary monoclonal antibodies of Dako kits (USA). To quantify the immunohistochemical results in the sections, the number of cells in which the immunoperoxidase label (positive staining) was detected in 10 fields of view randomly selected (&gt;200 cells) was counted. FW expression was determined using a semi-quantitative method with H-score calculation. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed by non-parametric methods using the software TIBCO Statistica 13.5 (USA). It was shown that 40.1% of uterine scars are due to conservative myomectomy. In the postoperative period, patients who underwent conservative myomectomy have a tendency to hypercoagulation, while the frequency of thromboembolic complications after conservative myomectomy does not exceed 3%. High FW expression indicates the presence of endothelial dysfunction and should be taken into account when assessing the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients after conservative myomectomy.

Clinical trials of germline gene editing: The exploitation problem.

The birth of the world's first genetically edited babies in 2018 provoked considerable ethical outrage. Nonetheless, many scientists and bioethicists now advocate the pursuit of clinical uses of human germline gene editing. Progress towards this goal will require research, including clinical trials where genetically edited embryos are implanted into a woman's uterus, gestated, and brought to term. This paper argues that such trials would likely conflict with the fundamental research ethical requirement of non-exploitation. This is because they would expose people who are in a vulnerable situation to risks and burdens that are substantial and not obviously offset by compensating benefits. I consider how the potential for exploitation in such trials might be mitigated, arguing that a feasible and justifiable approach is not easily found. If this analysis is correct, there is a significant ethical obstacle on the path towards clinical use of human germline gene editing.

Baptism through Incision: The Postmortem Cesarean Operation in the Spanish Empire

Baptism through Incision: The Postmortem Cesarean Operation in the Spanish Empire

Перинатальні висліди вагітності з рубцем на матці

The increase in the frequency of surgical interventions on the uterus in women of fertile age caused increasing occurrence of pregnancies with one or more scars on the uterus. Purpose — to evaluate perinatal outcomes in women with a uterine scar. Materials and methods. The study involved 120 pregnant women who had a history of reconstructive surgery. The total sample was divided into the following clinical groups: I (n=70) — women who underwent conservative myomectomy, including 6 12 months before conception (group IA, n=30) and more than 1 year before conception (IB group, n=40); Group II (n=50) — women who underwent a cesarean section. All patients were examined in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 676 dated December 31, 2004 «On the approval of clinical protocols for obstetric and gynecological care» (as amended by the order of the Ministry of Health No. 782 (v0782282-05) dated December 29, 2005, No. 624 (v0624282-08) from 03.11.2008, No. 205 (v0205282-14) from 24.03.2014). Statistical processing was performed using the ANOVA method using post-hoc correction with Bonferoni. The null hypothesis was accepted at p&lt;0.05 Results. When analyzing the results of measuring the main fetometric indicators, it was found that in most cases there were no deviations from the population standard values. Only 7 (5.8%) pregnant women were expecting the birth of children with low birth weight, they had a fetal weight that did not correspond to gestational age (so-called SGA — small for gestational age). There were no cases of perinatal mortality. There were 8 (6.5%) cases of children born with malnutrition. There were 2 children born with asphyxiation (1.6%). There were 5 (4.0%) with respiratory disorders syndrome, 6 (4.8%) with manifestations of conjugational jaundice. 4 (3.2%) cases of morphofunctional immaturity were registered. Perinatal lesion of the central nervous system of hypoxic-ischemic origin was detected in 3 (2.4%) newborns. Conclusions. With the correct choice of tactics for the management of pregnancy and childbirth in women who have undergone surgery on the uterus, the number of perinatal complications does not exceed the general population levels. The incidence of unfavorable perinatal outcomes does not exceed 19.4%. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: uterine scar, pregnancy, childbirth, complications, perinatal outcomes.

Hak Waris Anak yang Dilahirkan melalui Perjanjian Surogasi

The development of technology in the medical world has led to surrogation methods as an alternative for married couples who cannot have children due to medical indications. Surrogation is an agreement between a woman and the husband and wife to become pregnant by donating the embryo of the husband and wife into the woman's womb and the child born is handed over to the husband and wife who make this agreement. This raises legal issues, namely how the existence of a surrogation agreement according to the health law and the Civil Code and how the inheritance rights of children born as a result of the surrogation agreement. This study uses normative research with a statutory and conceptual approach using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study indicate that the existence of a surrogation agreement does not exist specifically, but based on the logic of argumentum a contrario, article 127 paragraph (1) letter a of the Health Law, article 40 paragraph (2) and article 43 paragraph (3) letter b Government regulations concerning reproductive health prohibits the practice of surrogation in Indonesia and the surrogation agreement is declared invalid according to article 1320 of the Civil Code because it does not meet the objective requirements. If the child is born, according to the Marriage Law, the child has the right to inherit to the surrogate woman's legal husband or to the surrogate woman and her family. However, if the child is adopted by the biological parent, the civil relationship between the child and the biological parent will be cut off and the right to inherit from the adoptive parent, in this case the biological parent of the child.

Cancer incidence estimation from mortality data: a validation study within a population-based cancer registry

BackgroundPopulation-based cancer registries are required to calculate cancer incidence in a geographical area, and several methods have been developed to obtain estimations of cancer incidence in areas not covered by a cancer registry. However, an extended analysis of those methods in order to confirm their validity is still needed.MethodsWe assessed the validity of one of the most frequently used methods to estimate cancer incidence, on the basis of cancer mortality data and the incidence-to-mortality ratio (IMR), the IMR method. Using the previous 15-year cancer mortality time series, we derived the expected yearly number of cancer cases in the period 2004–2013 for six cancer sites for each sex. Generalized linear mixed models, including a polynomial function for the year of death and smoothing splines for age, were adjusted. Models were fitted under a Bayesian framework based on Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The IMR method was applied to five scenarios reflecting different assumptions regarding the behavior of the IMR. We compared incident cases estimated with the IMR method to observed cases diagnosed in 2004–2013 in Granada. A goodness-of-fit (GOF) indicator was formulated to determine the best estimation scenario.ResultsA total of 39,848 cancer incidence cases and 43,884 deaths due to cancer were included. The relative differences between the observed and predicted numbers of cancer cases were less than 10% for most cancer sites. The constant assumption for the IMR trend provided the best GOF for colon, rectal, lung, bladder, and stomach cancers in men and colon, rectum, breast, and corpus uteri in women. The linear assumption was better for lung and ovarian cancers in women and prostate cancer in men. In the best scenario, the mean absolute percentage error was 6% in men and 4% in women for overall cancer. Female breast cancer and prostate cancer obtained the worst GOF results in all scenarios.ConclusionA comparison with a historical time series of real data in a population-based cancer registry indicated that the IMR method is a valid tool for the estimation of cancer incidence. The goodness-of-fit indicator proposed can help select the best assumption for the IMR based on a statistical argument.