Reproductive System In Women Research Articles

Metabolic dysfunction correction as a method of restoring the function of the reproductive system in women

Insulin resistance is the main pathogenetic component of many metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Despite the fact that to date the mechanisms of insulin resistance formation have not been established, one of the promising directions at present is the search for potential therapeutic strategies for its correction, due to the fact that this also improves the course of the concomitant underlying disease. Insulin sensitizers are a generally recognized method of PCOS therapy due to their safety and effectiveness in normalizing the metabolic and endocrine profile of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. The leading position in this direction is occupied by the combination of myo-inositol (MI) with D-chiro-inositol (DHI) in a ratio of 40:1, which, according to the conducted studies, is comparable to the concentration of inositols in the blood plasma of healthy women. This ratio of MI/DHI is effective both for normalization of the metabolic profile, and for regulation of the menstrual cycle and overcoming anovulatory infertility. An analysis of the literature has shown that a number of biologically active substances, such as folic acid, vitamin D and alpha-lipoic acid, in combination with insulin sensitizers, have additional advantages, which gives grounds for continuing research on their significance as components of combined treatment, as well as in the search for the optimal dose and duration of such therapy.

The sequestosome 1 protein: therapeutic vulnerabilities in ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly tumor that may develop in a woman's reproductive system. It is also one of the most common causes of death among those who have been diagnosed with cancer in women. An adapter protein known as sequestosome 1(SQSTM1) or p62 is primarily responsible for the transportation, degradation, and destruction of a wide variety of proteins. This adapter protein works in conjunction with the autophagy process as well as the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. In addition, the ability of SQSTM1 to interact with multiple binding partners link SQSTM1 to various pathways in the context of antioxidant defense system and inflammation. In this review, we outline the processes underlying the control that SQSTM1 has on these pathways and how their dysregulation contributes to the development of OC. At the final, the therapeutic approaches based on SQSTM1 targeting have been discussed.

Epidemiological trends and risk factors of gynecological cancers: an update.

Gynecological cancers, the most common cancer among women worldwide, disrupt the function of women's reproductive system, significantly impacting the quality of life. The epidemiological patterns of gynecological cancers differ in various regions and alter over time. The main challenge to deal with women's cancers is focusing on potential plans to improve patient outcomes. The epidemiology and general risk elements of gynecological cancers are important in the management of these cancers, so all of the reported risk factors in gynecological cancers have been evaluated in the present review. Due to the role of gynecological cancers in women's health, preventive measures and modifiable lifestyles together with early detection in high-risk groups are effective strategies that can reduce mortality rates. This review summarizes the epidemiology and global risk factors of gynecological cancers alongside others to better management of these malignancies and improve the quality of life in the affected patients.

Evaluation of the potential of miR-21 as a diagnostic marker for oocyte maturity and embryo quality in women undergoing ICSI

MicroRNAs are small molecules that play a crucial role in regulating a woman's reproductive system. The present study evaluates the expression of miR-21 in the serum, follicular fluid (FF), and cumulus cells (CCs) and their association with oocyte maturity and embryo quality in women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Women subjects were divided into the case (54 Patients with female factor infertility) and control groups (33 patients with male factor infertility). The level of miR-21 was measured using Real-Time PCR. The level of miR-21 was significantly lower in the CCs, FF, and serum in the case compared to the control group (p < 0.05). MiR-21 abundance was higher in FF and CCs samples than in serum. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in CCs to FF in the case group (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in oocyte count, MII oocytes, and percentage of mature oocytes were observed in the case group (p < 0.05). The expression of miR-21 in FF and CCs was positively related to oocyte maturation, but no correlation with embryo development was observed. This study found that miR-21 is expressed less in women with female factor infertility, and human oocytes' development is crucially affected by the expression of miR-21. Therefore, miR-21 could provide new helpful biomarkers of oocyte maturity.

Вторичная профилактика опухолей репродуктивной системы у женщин, проживающих в городских и сельских условиях

Aim: to analyze specific aspects of diagnosing reproductive system disorders in women depending on the place of residence, medical activity and awareness of the female population, staffing resources and the availability of equipment in medical institutions. Patients and Methods: the analysis covered medical records of 9,785 women who, at their own volition, visited the medical center for medical check-up. Gynecological examination, colposcopy, liquid-based cytology, pelvic and breast ultrasound examination, and mammography were performed in all patients. The patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire including the following data: conditions of life and work, lifestyle, and risk factors of malignant tumors of the female reproductive system. Results and Discussion: women over 40 years of age were more concerned about their health status. Thus, it is necessary to find mechanisms for the additional motivation of women of early and middle reproductive age for expanding the screening coverage. It was found out that the differences in the organization of secondary prevention of reproductive system tumors in women living in the urban and rural environments are underpinned by the impact of demographic and social factors, characteristics of medical activity of the population, and staffing shortages in healthcare institutions. These aspects should be taken into consideration for developing methods aimed at overcoming the current failures in the diagnostic process. Conclusion: the establishing of regional "Women's Health Centers" based on multi-disciplinary comprehensive approach will help to improve the detection of tumors of the female reproductive system at the pre-cancer stage, facilitate the timely identification and mitigation of the risk factors of tumor development, and to ensure the prevention of recurrences and progression of hyperplastic processes of the reproductive system in women. KEYWORDS: tumors of reproductive system, prevention, diagnosis, organizational measures. FOR CITATION: Aminodova I.P., Vasiliev M.D., Makarova E.V., Makarova V.I. Secondary prevention of reproductive system tumors in women living in the urban and rural environments. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2023;6(2):112–118 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618- 8430-2023-6-2-112-118.

ANOMALIES OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Anomalies of the genital tract, which is one of the most important problems of the reproductive system in women, is a condition that affects the whole life. It is examined in two ways as developmental anomalies of female reproductive organs and acquired disorders. Developmental disorders of female reproductive organs cause menstrual disorders, infertility and hereditary disorders that can continue throughout life, starting from adolescence and adolescence. Acquired disorders include pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as the downward displacement of the structures in the pelvis due to anatomical and functional disorders of the structures supporting the pelvic organs; Urinary incontinence is a common problem that is often underreported in women due to its embarrassing nature and added social stigma. In such situations that affect their quality of life, women need physical and psychological support. In order to evaluate the patients and to achieve success in the treatment, the doctor and the nurse should support the patient. In this review, developmental anomalies of genital organs, acquired disorders of reproductive organs and classification of reproductive health problems, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments are discussed among gynecological problems in women.

Deregulated Brain's Central Clock Management on Sleep-Wake Behavior in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Melatonin & Sleep Pattern.

The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the reciprocal correlation between melatonin through the brain's central clock management on sleep-wake behavior in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Biological clocks are genetically programmed physiological systems that permit organisms to live in harmony with natural rhythms. The most important function of a biological clock is to regulate overt circadian biological rhythms. Circadian rhythms orchestrate the body's rhythmic physiologic functions like sleep-wake and menstruation cycle. Stress hormones, beta-endorphins, and melatonin which can easily affect the woman's reproductive system. For example, amplitude changes in the luteal phase are one of the results of menstrual-related disorders that occur through this circadian fluctuation. Many reports indicate that levels of melatonin and stress hormones are altered in women with PCOS. The melatonin metabolites are significantly raised in the level of night-time urinary in women with PCOS, which is associated with a significant reduction of sleep quality compared to normal women. The result of this narrative review showed the circadian rhythm as a normal coordinated function is a regulator of the natural structure of sleep-wake architecture. Disruption of this natural pattern can lead to phasic activation of the HPA axis, which increases the continuation of circadian activation; which there is in women with PCOS.

The effect of human papilloma virus on women reproductive system, pregnancy outcome of mothers: a review

Human papillomavirus is a type of sexually transmitted virus that is common in people with factors such as multiple sexual partners, a weakened immune system caused by anxiety, or alcohol and tobacco users. This virus (human papilloma) causes negative effects on vaginal and cervical epithelial cells, sperm quality and other fertility parameters. Human papilloma virus can exist in the seminal fluid caused by ejaculation and play a role in the fertility quality of men. Different viruses may directly or indirectly infect male gametes, sperms. Decreased fertility quality is caused by changes in sperm structure, increased sperm DNA fragmentation, and increased sperm aneuploidy. As a result, it causes a decrease in the quality of fertility in women and men and failure of assisted reproductive methods, and pregnancy complications such as frequent miscarriages, premature births and weight loss at birth. HPV causes precancerous cells, low-grade and high-grade cancer (LSIL-HSIL).

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Updated Overview Foregrounding Impacts of Ethnicities and Geographic Variations.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common heterogeneous conditions of the endocrine reproductive system in women of childbearing age. Hyperandrogenism and oligomenorrhea are the two core characteristics of PCOS, a complicated and multifaceted illness. The condition is also linked to several major side effects, which include type 2 diabetes, early atherosclerosis, infertility, and endometrial cancer. There are few facts and statistics available on PCOS prevalence internationally due to the significant degree of geographic and ethnic variance and inconsistency caused by different diagnosis standards. Limited (n = 179) explorations have been made in the context of the prevalence of this complicated illness so far, and out of these, only 55 studies have discussed its association with race and/or ethnicity. However, those studies remain restricted due to the small sample size, biased selection, and the lack of comparative studies. Variations in PCOS prevalence frequency also arise due to different diagnostic criteria, as well as racial and ethnic differences, associated lifestyle factors, and subsequent illnesses that affect the accuracy of the diagnosis. The main objective behind this systematic review is to provide comprehensive epidemiological data on PCOS that is organized geographically. This evidence-based study also provides an overview of the clinical management of PCOS to instigate further research on this complex endocrinological condition and the subsequent development of preventive treatment strategies.

Role of noncoding RNA in the pathophysiology and treatment of intrauterine adhesion.

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is one of the most common diseases of the reproductive system in women. It is often accompanied by serious clinical problems that damage reproductive function, such as menstrual disorder, infertility, or recurrent abortion. The clinical effect of routine treatment is not ideal, and the postoperative recurrence rate is still very high. Therefore, exploring the pathological mechanism of IUA and finding new strategies for the effective prevention and treatment of IUA are needed. The main pathological mechanism of IUA is endometrial fibrosis and scar formation. Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) plays an important role in the fibrosis process, which is one of the latest research advances in the pathophysiology of IUA. Moreover, the exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells can be used to improve IUA. This paper reviewed the role of ncRNAs in IUA pathogenesis, summarized the core pathways of endometrial fibrosis regulated by ncRNAs, and finally introduced the potential of ncRNAs as a therapeutic target.

The Role of Mutations on Gene WNT4 in Müllerian Aplasia and Hyperandrogenism Syndrome

Molar aplasia and hyperandrogenism is a genetic disorder that affects the reproductive system in women. This condition is caused by abnormal growth of the molar ducts, which are structures in the fetus that form into the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, and upper vagina. A mutation in the WNT4 gene, located at the short arm of chromosome 1 at 1p36.12, causes molar aplasia and hyperandrogenism. This gene belongs to a family of WNT genes that play an important role in evolution before birth.

Marking the Profile of the Microflora of the Endometrium and Uterine Cervix in Women as a Potential Factor Determining the Effectiveness of In Vitro Fertilization.

One promising research trend involves evaluating the influence of microbiota in the reproductive system of women on becoming pregnant and maintaining pregnancy. The goal of this study was to define the microflora profile of the endometrium and uterine cervix in women qualified for an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure, which is expected to contribute to increasing the percentage of successful IVF implantations. Based on the conducted molecular analysis in the collected swabs, 22 bacterial strains were identified. Eleven strains (57%) that were isolated belong to the physiological microflora, the most common strain of which was Lactobacillus. Eight of the isolated strains (33%) were pathological microflora, among which the most common bacteria were from the Enterobacteriaceae family (which includes E. coli, Shigella, and Salmonella). Finally, three of the bacterial strains (10%) may be a component of both physiological or pathological microflora of the vagina: Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum group, and Alloscardovia omnicolens. The presence of Escherichia coli was detected in six women, Staphylococcus aureus also in six patients, Atopobium parvulum in three, Streptococcus salivarius group in three, Enterococcus faecalis in four, and Aerococcus christensenii in two patients. We found statistically significant relationships (p < 0.05) between Lactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Escherichia coli groups, Lactobacillus FN667084_s and Staphylococcus aureus groups, as well as Lactobacillus fermentum and Streptococcus agalactiae. Based on the conducted study, it may be confirmed that the endometrium is, to a large extent, colonized by lactic acid bacilli. Apart from that, endometrial dysbiosis was not noted in patients qualified for the IVF procedure.

Numerical characterization of 1D-Photonic crystal waveguide for female reproductive hormones sensing applications

The current work investigates the detection of a wide range of estradiol and progesterone hormone concentrations by the use of a defective 1D photonic crystal. The suggested structure consists of repeating layers of PbS and SiO2, with a central cavity layer. The transfer matrix technique is manipulated to examine the transmission spectrum of the proposed structure. The mainstay of the present work is to analyse the shift in the wavelength of the defect mode concerning the changes in different concentrations of hormones that are infiltrated into the cavity layer. In the course of a simulation, various geometrical parameters such as the thickness of the cavity layer and incident angle are properly optimized to envisage high performance. The colour map plot is investigated to convey a clear view of the shift of defect mode position concerning the change in incident angle. Moreover, all the sensing parameters like sensitivity, figure of merit, quality factor, signal-to-noise ratio, sensor resolution, and limit of detection are evaluated for each hormone at different incident angles. The main application behind this study is that it is important to sense the levels of estradiol and progesterone hormones for balanced needs in a women's reproductive system as well as to monitor the overall health systems. This proposed structure is suitable for bio-sensing applications due to their cost-effective fabrication and high performance.

Polyphyllin E Inhibits Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Down-Regulating the AKT/NF-κB Pathway.

Ovarian cancer has long been considered the second-highest cancer threat to women's reproductive system with high mortality. This is ascribed to the absence of highly efficient therapy and cancer metastasis. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for the development of new agents. Recently, Traditional Chinese medicine has gained extensive interest because of its safe use, validity, and distinct pharmacological effects. Polyphyllin E (PPE), as a major constituent in Rhizoma Paridis, is a promising cancer-fighting agent. However, the effect of PPE on ovarian cancers as well as associated latent mechanisms is still not completely understood. In this study, PPE was found to prohibit the proliferation of SK-OV-3 and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells, causing marked cell death. Additionally, low-dose PPE could also inhibit motility and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. The mechanistic assessment revealed PPE-mediated matrix metalloproteinases, i.e., MMP2 and MMP9, inhibition via the AKT-nuclear factor kappa B (AKT/NF-κB) signaling pathway. Rescue experiments with transfection of AKT lentiviral particles remarkably reversed PPE inhibitory effects against ovarian cancer cells. In conclusion, PPE could inhibit proliferation of ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion by down-regulating the AKT/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, it has the potential to act as a novel agent for ovarian cancer treatment.

Physical Activity Level and Its Association with Mental Health and Quality of Life in Females during Menses

Background: During a normal menstrual cycle, the lining of a woman's uterus sheds. This cycle is part of a woman's reproductive system and prepares the body for a possible pregnancy. It is also called a period, menses or cycle. A menstrual cycle is considered to begin on the first day of a period. The average cycle is 28 days long; however, a cycle can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days. Girls start menstruating at the average age of 12, but it can range from 8-16 years. The most common symptoms that is been seen during menses are Moodiness, Trouble sleeping, Food cravings, Cramps in the lower abdomen and back. Physical activity plays a key role in maintaining or improving an individual’s wellness. Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for women’s health as it is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease; breast and colon cancers; type 2 diabetes; osteoporosis; and other adverse health outcomes and also reduces the risk of depression and perceived stress levels. Some women report low physical activity level and energy level during the time of menses. Data from various literatures suggests that there is high prevalence of anemia in India and during menses, due blood loss, the severity level increases. During menses, due to blood loss, hormonal level fluctuations, there occurs extreme pain, mood swings, social stigma as a part of culture; all this alters the mental health status and quality of life. Purpose of the study: To determine the Physical activity level in females during menses. The objective is to find the association of Physical activity level with mental health and quality of life. Methodology: A google form was shared in whatsapp consisting of all 3 questionnaires (IAPQ- International Physical activity questionnaire short form), Quality of life was assessed through (WHOBREF). Mental health was assessed by General health questionnaire (GH-12).The consent and details of the study were also mentioned in the form. All the data were analysed. Results: A total 100 responses were analyzed and out of that 55% were physically active and remaining 45% were inactive. For the association of PA level with quality of life and mental health status, there was a significant association (p&lt;0.05) Conclusions: The overall PA level is 55% in this study. There is also positive influence of PA on general health aspects. Given that a proper understanding of physical activity and doing it on a regular basis can be effective in the health and life of young women and also improving the mental health status and overall quality of life. Keywords: Physical activity, mental health and Quality of life. Keywords:[Physical activity, Mental health, Quality of life, Menses]

Effect of Metformin therapy on lipid profile in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Introduction and Aim: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition affecting the reproductive system in women. It is characterized by obesity, irregular menstruation, anovulation, hirsutism, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Metformin, an oral anti-diabetic drug is known to stabilize metabolic disturbances caused by PCOS. This study aims to determine the effect of metformin therapy on lipid profile in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective, clinical, interventional study, participated by sixty women aged between 13 to 45 years, suffering with PCOS, who are attending the gynecology outpatient department at SVS medical college and hospital, from a year. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group-1 (Obese women) and Group-2 (non-obese women) and received the anti-diabetic drug, Metformin orally with doses of 500mg/day for a year. Approval of our study was done by Ethical Institutional Board. Demographic parameters age, BMI, and lipid profile including High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerides (TAG), &amp; Total Cholesterol (TC) were assessed. SPSS was applied for data analysis and p&lt;0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results: A combined group study of obese and non-obese women subjects showed a BMI decrease in non-obese subjects at 6 months by Metformin therapy. HDL levels increased in non-obese women subjects with a statistical significance. LDL and TAG levels remained unchanged at 6 months by Metformin therapy in both groups. Total cholesterol levels were high in non-obese women and were decreased in the obese women group after Metformin treatment, this metformin therapy could be useful in controlling the metabolic disturbances in non-obese women suffering from PCOS. Conclusion: Metformin has an optimistic physiological effect on the BMI &amp; lipid profile of women suffering from PCOS, hence can help control metabolic disturbances.

Gluten-free diet - remedy for infertility or dangerous trend?

Association between celiac disease (CD) and infertility has been a point of consideration for many years. There are lots of studies which present contradictory results. It is accepted that women with unexplained infertility have three times higher risk of CD compared to the healthy women. This finding leads to the conclusion that a gluten-free diet (GFD), as the only effective method of treatment CD, is important to improve fertility. It is observed that women diagnosed with CD and treated by GFD, have positive pregnancy outcomes including better effects of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Excluding gluten from diet by women without CD diagnosis could bring adverse outcomes, because the risk of malnutrition if diet is unbalanced. On the other hand, some research show that not only GFD but CD is related to malnutrition which could be the cause of problems with getting pregnant or with termination of pregnancy. Regarding CD influence on women's reproductive system, it is not only connected with unexplained infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but also with delayed menarche, early menopause and decrease of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). What is more, non-celiac wheat sensitivity affects the reproductive system by increasing risk of menstrual disorders too. The main aim of this paper is presenting scientific facts about the link between gluten elimination and fertility. It is very important to provide patients with reliable fact-checked information in the context of their symptoms.

An Ayurvedic Approach on Endometritis w.s.r. to PittajaAsrigdara-A Case Study

A woman's reproductive system is a delicate and complex system in the body. It is important to protect it from infections and injury for their health. Endometritis is inflammation of the uterine lining. It can affect all layers of the uterus and is usuallydue to an infection. The uterus is typically aseptic nature. However, the travel of microbes from the cervix and vagina can lead to infection. It's usually not life-threatening, but it's important to get it treated as soon as possible. It will generally cure when treated. Untreated infections can lead to complications with the reproductive organs, issues with fertility, and other general health problems. A female patient aged 35 years visited OPD of Prasuti Tantra and Stri Roga department of MMM Govt. Ayurved College, Udaipur, with complaints of heavy menstrual bleeding and prolonged menstrual bleeding more than seven days since six months with lower abdominal pain. Patient was given Nagkesharadi churna3 gm orally BD and Panchtikta ghrita guggulu2tab BD with lukewarm water.

Identification of Hub Genes and Pathways in Cervical Cancer by Statistical and Bioinformatics Analysis

In the field of bioinformatics cervical cancer is the fourth common malignant tumor of women reproductive system. The goal of this research was to evaluate Hub genes and pathways in cervical cancer by statistical and bioinformatics analysis. Several statistical methods like student’s t test, Welch t test, F test, Likelihood ratio test, Hochberg and Benjamini test used to find out differentially express genes. Altogether 603 differentially express genes are identified, from constructing protein-protein interaction network of differentially express genes; the top ten Hub genes with relatively high degree of connectivity (over 58 in PPI network) are identified. These top ten Hub genes are - KIF2C, RAD21, MAD2LI, TOP2A, BIRC5, KIF11, MCM5, PCNA, MCM4, and SMC3. Then we have applied the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of these Hub genes and we have found six hub genes (KIF2C, RAD21, MAD2LI, TOP2A, BIRC5, KIF11) are significantly enriched in cell cycle, and four hub genes (MCM5, PCNA, MCM4, SMC3) are significantly enriched DNA replication. These results might hold promise for finding potential therapeutic targets of cervical cancer.

CHOOSING THE STAGE OF TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED FORMS OF OVARIAN CANCER

Ovarian cancer ranks third among the tumors of the reproductive system in women. This disease has no screening.It is characterized by a latent course and, as a result, is diagnosed at the advanced stages of the tumor process. There are two methods of treatment for this disease: aggressive cytoreductive surgery and anticancer drug therapy. However, the phasing of approaches causes controversy among oncologists. This article will consider approaches to choosing the stage of treatment for patients with advanced ovarian cancer based on the analysis of international studies.