Routing Protocol For Wireless Networks Research Articles

A Survey on Clustered and Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

A Survey on Clustered and Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Novel energy-efficient secure routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with Mobile sink

The energy consumption and the Quality of Service (QoS) are the major concern in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Dissimilar sensor nodes in the heterogeneous network are the efficient network strategy. Since it has some capabilities like enhanced processing ability, additional memory power and distant transmission ability. For effective clustering and route formation among the pair of nodes, an efficient Enhanced Fuzzy C means and Adaptive TDMA Scheduling (ECATS) method is proposed as a protocol to facilitate communication within the network. So that data packets can be delivered within time to the mobile sink. Here introducing the novel protocol named as Neural Elliptic Galois (NEG) cryptography for efficient data security. Also, the location privacy (Threshold fault node detection) is taken in to account for better security. Cluster head (CH) selection is done on the basis of energy to manage the data aggregation among a number of nodes in the network. Here, hybridization of TDMA based Ant Lion Optimization scheduling is introduced for optimal CH selection is used for better energy efficiency. Finally, ECATS can be done with optimized WSN performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, minimum energy consumptions, communication overheads & end to end delay. Thus, we can increase the reliability of the network while minimizing the energy consumption and the results are compared with few existing routing protocols using MATLAB simulation tool.

A multi-hop graph-based approach for an energy-efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Emerging technological advances in wireless communication and networking have led to the design of large scale networks and small sensor units with minimal power requirements and multifunctional processing. Though energy harvesting technologies are improving, the energy of sensors remains a scarce resource when designing routing protocols between sensor nodes and base station. This paper proposes a multi-hop graph-based approach for an energy-efficient routing (MH-GEER) protocol in wireless sensor networks which aims to distribute energy consumption between clusters at a balanced rate and thus extend networks’ lifespans. MH-GEER deals with node clustering and inter-cluster multi-hop routing selection. The clustering phase is built upon the centralized formation of clusters and the distributed selection of cluster heads similar to that of low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH). The routing phase builds a dynamic multi-hop path between cluster heads and the base station. Our strategy is about exploring the energy levels in the entire network and using these to select the next hop in a probabilistic, intelligent way. Performance evaluation shows that MH-GEER minimizes energy depletion in distant clusters and ensures load balancing in a network, thus improving the network’s lifetime and stability compared with single-hop conventional LEACH protocol.

An annulus sector grid aided energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of sensor nodes which usually have very limited energy and are deployed in the wild environment. The batteries of the nodes cannot be recharged or replaced. Therefore, it is necessary to design energy-efficient routing protocols to maximize the network lifetime. This paper proposes an annulus sector grid aided routing protocol (ASGRP) which uses an annulus sector grid clustering method to improve WSNs’ energy efficiency and prolong the network lifetime. The annulus sector grid clustering method based on arithmetic progression is presented to divide the network area into clusters with various sizes. From the base station (BS) outwards, the network area is divided into different levels with incremental equal difference distance. This paper also presents an inter-level multi-hop routing algorithm to improve the energy efficiency of data transmission between the BS and cluster head (CH) nodes. The algorithm combines the communication management (CM) nodes with CH nodes to establish routes to transmit data. Simulation results show that compared with multi-hop EEBCDA, EEMRP and CAMP, ASGRP prolongs the network lifetime by 24.36–70.68% in the 200 m × 200 m network and 25.47–90.34% in the 400 m × 400 m network. The proposed protocol significantly reduces the energy consumption of each round and has better performance of energy balance and efficiency in the larger network area.

Cluster Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are emerged as prominent solution to provide seamless connection to the internet. WMNs are typically used for providing broadband wireless internet access to a large number of users and networks. Guaranteeing the quality of service to end users with efficient resource utilization is a challenging issue in WMNs. To accomplish this, we propose a hybrid routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. It is a combination of intra cluster routing protocol (ICR) and inter cluster routing protocol for mesh networks (ICMR). Intra cluster routing protocol is intended to facilitate the communication between mesh clients within a same cluster and inter cluster routing protocol (ICMR) intended to facilitate the communication for mesh clients from different clusters. Intra cluster routing protocol is a proactive type of routing protocol and inter cluster routing protocol is a reactive type of routing protocol. The performance of the proposed protocol is analyzed and the results shown superior performance compared to baseline routing protocols in terms of throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and jitter.

The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless Networks

In ad hoc routing protocols the source node may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into the destination if the destination is not within transmission range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing protocols in four different directions including the routes and the nodes. As a result the study give an important improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without considering signal strength.

The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless Networks

In ad hoc routing protocols the source node may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into the destination if the destination is not within transmission range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing protocols in four different directions including the routes and the nodes. As a result the study give an important improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without considering signal strength.

BPA-CRP: A balanced power-aware clustering and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Advances in sensor technology has enabled the development of small, relatively inexpensive, and low-power sensors, which are connected together through wireless medium, forming what is so called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs have huge number of applications out of which military target tracking and surveillance. However, sensors operate on limited power resources; therefore, utilizing those resources has brought the attention of current researchers. In this paper, we propose a Balanced Power-Aware Clustering and Routing protocol (BPA-CRP). Specifically, we developed a batch-based clustering and routing protocol in which the network topology divides the sensor field into equal-sized layers and clusters. The clustering algorithm allows any cluster to operate multiple rounds (a batch) without any need for set-up overhead. BPA-CRP assigns four different broadcast ranges for each sensor. Not only to this extent, but rather, BPA-CRP introduces a routing algorithm in which a new node role called “Forwarder” which is capable of relaying the collected data from the layer, it resides in, and far away forwarders toward the base station. As a complementary to prior described protocol, BPA-CRP proposes that a batch ends when the energy of any of the forwarders dips below a certain threshold. Additionally, BPA-CRP introduces the “Only Normal” operation mode, which primarily prevents exhausted nodes from serving as cluster heads or forwarders any longer. In fact, all of just mentioned enhancements not only are energy-aware, but also contributes in accomplishing efficient load balancing. Finally, we put proper node death-handling rules, which guarantee that each node dies smoothly without any loss of data, neither causing disruption for the network. Simulation results showed an exceptional performance of BPA-CRP over different relevant works in terms of network lifetime and network energy utilization. The load balancing capability of BPA-CRP is validated as well.

Fog-based energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

By exploiting the benefits of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the Internet of Things (IoT) has caused many advances in the modern world. Since WSNs have limitations in energy usage, it is critical to save live nodes. Fog computing is a good solution to reduce the limitations of WSNs with its ability to meet the requirements of the IoT applications. Fog computing brings computing and storage resources closer to end users. P-SEP uses fog-based architecture to decrease energy consumption and increase network lifetime. To do so, in this paper, we introduce a new method based on P-SEP which uses FECR and FEAR algorithms in implementation. These algorithms improve the performance of fog-supported WSNs and prolong the lifetime of networks. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in comparison with P-SEP. The results of the simulation show that the average amount of energy usage in FECR protocol has been reduced by 9% and by 8% in FEAR. The number of live nodes saved in the network increased by 74% in FECR and 83% in FEAR in comparison with P-SEP protocol.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Different Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad-hoc networks (IEEE 802.11)

Wireless Ad-hoc networks have lack of mass deployment. An Ad hoc wireless network has a dynamic nature that leads to constant changes in its network topology. There is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust dynamic routing protocol. This article presents performance comparison of wireless Ad-hoc network on different routing protocols. Network simulator QualNet 5.0.2 has been used to evaluate the performance of wireless networks with various routing protocols.

A Survey of QoS based on Real time and Reliable Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

A Survey of QoS based on Real time and Reliable Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

A QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Networks

A QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Networks

A hybrid encryption technique for Secure-GLOR: The adaptive secure routing protocol for dynamic wireless mesh networks

As we progress in into a digital era where most aspects of our life depend upon a network of computers, it is essential to focus on digital security. Each component of a network, be it a physical network, virtual network or social network requires security when transmitting data. Hence the dynamic wireless mesh network must also deploy high levels of security as found in current legacy networks. This paper presents a secure Geo-Location Oriented Routing (Secure-GLOR) protocol for wireless mesh networks, which incorporates a hybrid encryption scheme for its multilevel security framework. The hybrid encryption technique improves the network’s overall performance compared to the basic encryption by using a combination of symmetric key as well as asymmetric key encryption. Using the combination of the two encryption schemes, the performance of the network can be improved by reducing the transmitted data size, reduced computational overhead and faster encryption–decryption cycles. In this paper discussed multiple encryption schemes for both symmetric and asymmetric encryption, compare their performance in various experimental scenarios. Proposed security scheme achieves better performance based on the results obtained with most viable options for our network model.

EMRP: Evolutionary-based multi-hop routing protocol for wireless body area networks

Routing is one of the main challenges in designing wireless body area networks. Existing routing protocols exhibit some drawbacks for practical networks: First, insufficient criteria (e.g., only energy or distance) are used to select the forwarder nodes. Second, controllable parameters of the protocol are determined manually and no automatic tuning is used. Third, the protocol is not adjusted and optimized based on application specifications. In order to overcome the mentioned drawbacks, an adaptive Evolutionary Multi-hop Routing Protocol (named EMRP) is proposed in this paper. We introduce a multi-objective function based on energy level, distance, estimated path loss and estimated energy consumption for selecting optimal forwarder nodes. The proposed objective function aims to select forwarder nodes with high energy, low communication distance, low path loss and low energy consumption. The controllable parameters of EMRP can be adaptively optimized based on application specifications via genetic algorithm. Simulation results show a significant improvement than the existing technologies in terms of lifetime, path loss, throughput, and energy consumption.

Energy‐efficient medium access control and routing protocol for multihop wireless sensor networks

This work presents a combined energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) and routing protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks that aims to minimise energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. The proposed communication framework employs the following measures to enhance the network energy efficiency. Firstly, it provides an adaptive intra-cluster schedule to arbitrate media access of sensor nodes within a cluster, minimising idle listening on sensor nodes, leading to improved energy performance. Secondly, it proposes an on-demand source cross-layer routing protocol ensuring selection of best routes based on energy level and channel quality indicator for the multihop inter-cluster data transmission. Lastly, an unequal cluster size technique based on cluster head residual energy and distance away from the base station is utilised. This technique balances the energy among clusters and avoids early network partitioning. This work further presents the analytical performance model for energy consumption and delay of the proposed communication framework. The performance measures used for evaluation are energy consumption, delay, and network lifetime. The results indicate that combining routing and MAC schemes conserves energy better than utilising MAC scheme alone.

An energy efficiency routing protocol for wireless body area networks

The wireless body area networks (WBANs) play an important role in monitoring and minimising the duration of patients stays at the hospital. The aim of our study was to design an energy efficient routing protocol for WBANs taking into consideration the minimisation of energy and maximisation of the network lifetime, such as that the routing is recognised as a resource hungry operation. In this protocol, to confront the different constraints, we use the concept of the gateway body sensor which is responsible for sending data to the base station. Some biosensors transmit data directly while some use clustering technique to send data, it depends on the type of transferred information. Simulation results showed that clustering based routing protocol for wireless body area network (CRPBA) improves the quality of our network by minimising the energy consumption and enhances the stability period.

A Dummy Packet-Based Hybrid Security Framework for Mitigating Routing Misbehavior in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Wireless networks have emerged as a key enabling technology, expanding rapidly and offers numerous potential applications. The security issues have to be adequately addressed to realize the potential of multi-hop cooperative wireless network scenarios. The open nature of the wireless network is the opportunity for invaders launching various attacks with minimum effort owing to the multi-hop scenario of routing protocols. Routing protocols work based on the assumption that intermediate nodes are cooperating and well-behaving. Even in the presence of strong authentication mechanisms, detecting the continuous and selective packet dropping attack is a challenging process. This paper focuses on the design of a secure routing framework, and extend it to the routing protocols of various multi-hop wireless networks vulnerable to such attacks. The proposed hybrid security framework combats the routing misbehavior attacks in the presence of a wide range of malicious nodes. The proposed framework extends the hybrid security model adaptable to various multi-hop wireless networks with flexible routing overhead. The framework introduces a dummy packet based acknowledgment scheme that inserts dummy packets in the real payload traffic and masks the dummy traffic sequence through the dynamic traffic pattern. It optimizes the dummy packet generation based on the packet drop experienced and minimized the dummy traffic to balance the routing security and overhead. It confirms the presence of malicious nodes based on the dummy packet dropping and relies on the trust mechanism to eliminate the misbehaving nodes in the critical path. The use of subjective and fuzzy trust model validates the accuracy of uncertain evidence and contextual factors in the trust. The effectiveness of the framework is realized by applying it on various routing protocols in wireless networks. The performance evaluation confirms excellent packet delivery of the proposed hybrid framework over various networks in a highly vulnerable environment.

An Energy Efficient Cluster-Head Rotation and Relay Node Selection Scheme for Farmland Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

A new routing protocol of wireless sensor network is proposed in this paper. Node residual energy, network topology density and the distance to the sink are all under consideration in the cluster-h...

Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols in Wireless Networks

Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols in Wireless Networks

Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol in Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol in Wireless Ad Hoc Network