Routing Protocol For Wireless Networks Research Articles

Efficient energy, cost reduction, and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

<span lang="EN-US">Recent developments and widespread in wireless sensor network have led to many routing protocols, many of these protocols consider the efficiency of energy as the ultimate factor to maximize the WSN lifetime. The quality of Service (QoS) requirements for different applications of wireless sensor networks has posed additional challenges. Imaging and data transmission needs both QoS aware routing and energy to ensure the efficient use of sensors. In this paper, we propose an Efficient, Energy-Aware, Least Cost, (ECQSR) quality of service routing protocol for sensor networks which can run efficiently with best-effort traffic processing. The protocol aims to maximize the lifetime of the network out of balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, by using the concept of service differentiation, finding lower cost by finding the shortest path using nearest neighbor algorithm (NN), also put certain constraints on the delay of the path for real-time data from where link cost that captures energy nodes reserve, energy of the transmission, error rate and other parameters. The results show that the proposed protocol improves the network lifetime and low power consumption.</span>

Comprehensive Analysis on Cluster based Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Comprehensive Analysis on Cluster based Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Soft computing and trust-based self-organized hierarchical energy balance routing protocol (TSHEB) in wireless sensor networks

Nowadays, network lifetime is an important factor in the wireless sensor network, and it produces due to a large amount of data communication between the nodes and less battery storage. To avoid this issue, a new paradigm called trust-based self-organized hierarchical energy balance routing protocol is proposed and it helps to solve the most important issues in wireless sensor networks such as security and storage. Here, trust denotes the energy level maintaining in each sensor node and transaction between its neighbor nodes and cluster heads. This trust-based self-organized hierarchical energy balance routing protocol helps to enhance the network lifetime to maintain the energy level of sensor node as well as drastically increase the packet delivery rate by increasing the number of nodes in the wireless networks.

Performance evaluation of various link quality metrics using cross layer routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks

For the past few years, link quality estimation has been an active area of research in wireless networks. Low-power wireless links are error-prone, asymmetric and unreliable in nature. Therefore, understanding the behaviour and characteristics of low-power radio links is essential to design effective and efficient routing protocol in wireless networks. The objective of this paper is to estimate and evaluate the quality of a link with single link quality metric and amalgamated link quality metric. In addition, these estimated link quality metrics are respectively used in a generic routing cost function of the proposed link quality-based cross layer routing (LQCLR) protocol. Extensive simulation results are presented, which give insights on how estimated link quality with single and amalgamated link quality metrics affects the performance of routing protocol in wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN).

Performance evaluation of various link quality metrics using cross layer routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks

For the past few years, link quality estimation has been an active area of research in wireless networks. Low-power wireless links are error-prone, asymmetric and unreliable in nature. Therefore, understanding the behaviour and characteristics of low-power radio links is essential to design effective and efficient routing protocol in wireless networks. The objective of this paper is to estimate and evaluate the quality of a link with single link quality metric and amalgamated link quality metric. In addition, these estimated link quality metrics are respectively used in a generic routing cost function of the proposed link quality-based cross layer routing (LQCLR) protocol. Extensive simulation results are presented, which give insights on how estimated link quality with single and amalgamated link quality metrics affects the performance of routing protocol in wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN).

IoT enabled adaptive clustering based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a new internet of things (IoT) enabled multi adaptive clustering (MAC) energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to minimise energy dissipation and improve the network performance. This new technique holds the hybrid cluster formation algorithm in which the network topology is divided in two regions where the first region is centralised and the second region is distributed. Both regions contain homogeneous and heterogeneous nodes while the sink is static and located in the centre of both networks. Specifically, proposed IoT enabled MAC routing protocol holds the major three properties: enabling of resources to sensor nodes through IoT, hybrid cluster formation to distribute the network load evenly among sensor nodes and a new mechanism to minimise the energy consumption in long range data transmission. In all of our experiments MAC achieves greater performance than state-of-the-art routing protocols. Moreover, performance evaluation proofs that MAC outperforms in critical network environment.

Survey: secure opportunistic routing protocols in wireless networks

Survey: secure opportunistic routing protocols in wireless networks

Survey: secure opportunistic routing protocols in wireless networks

Opportunistic routing (OR) protocols in wireless network schemes are a rich research field. These protocols select the best path in order to send information and take the broadcasting medium into consideration. OR tends to reach better reliability and performance than traditional routing (TR). However, they are both equally vulnerable to the same attacks because wireless networks might be deployed in hostile or unwatched environments. The approaches in terms of routing are mainly focusing on energy preservation, robustness, etc. However few work has been done to secure routing protocols especially in OR. In this paper, we are going to give an analysis of OR protocols their classifications as well as an overview on the security approaches available for opportunistic routing protocols.

WETRP: Weight Based Energy & Temperature Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

The technological advancements in wireless communication and miniaturization of sensor nodes have resulted in the development of Wireless Medical Sensor Networks (WMSNs) which can be effectively used for remote patient monitoring. Remote patient monitoring is one such application of wireless sensor networks which is becoming increasingly prevalent in healthcare. The healthcare applications of the WMSNs are delay-sensitive and require timely delivery of patient-critical data. However, the frequent exchange of critical data packets results in higher delays, collisions, packet drop, and re-transmissions. Consequently, it brings a detrimental impact on the performance of the WMSNs. In addition, the implanted biomedical sensor nodes produce electromagnetic radiations, pose a serious threat of damaging sensitive tissues in the human body. Protecting tissue damage requires thermal-aware routing protocols. However, most of the thermal-aware routing protocols developed for the WBSNs primarily focused on minimizing temperature, while overlooking the energy conservation goal and optimization of route selection. In this paper, we propose a weighted, QoS-based, energy and temperature-aware routing protocol, referred to as (WETRP), for the WMSNs that utilizes a composite routing metric by keeping in view temperature, remaining node energy, and link-delay estimation during route selection decisions. The simulation results presented in the paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed scheme in terms of preventing temperature rise, dealing with hotspot nodes, and maximizing network's lifetime.

A Novel QoS-Awared Grid Routing Protocol in the Sensing Layer of Internet of Vehicles Based on Reinforcement Learning

This paper proposes a novel Quality of Service (QoS) grid routing protocol in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) based on reinforcement learning to guarantee Quality of Service in WMSN based on the sensing layer of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The sensing layer of IoV acquires abundant information to handle complex road traffic problems. Moreover, WMSN is rich in perceptual data. This suggests a need for complex acquisition, processing, storage, transfer of text and video data. These issues are elevated due, impart, increased requirements for QoS in WMSN. However, WMSN is heterogeneous, and its network topology is changing dynamically. Therefore, ensuring high QoS in a complex environment has become a challenge. This research suggests that least delay can be accomplished by calculating the distance among the nodes through grid identification number (GID) to acquire the nearest path from the source to the sink. Additionally, optimal grid coordinators with the highest reliability can be elected by making all the nodes in the grid for reinforcement learning to acquire their performance knowledge of reliability and delay. This enables high QoS performance in terms of reliability and end-to-end delay. The results indicate that the QoS of QoS-awared grid routing (QAGR) protocol is higher compared with the traditional grid-based clustering routing protocol.

Energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using dynamic hyper round policy and ACO

Energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using dynamic hyper round policy and ACO

IoT enabled adaptive clustering based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

IoT enabled adaptive clustering based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks using dynamic hyper round policy and ACO

The clustering based routing protocols enhance the performance and scalability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). State-of-art routing methods perform clustering and cluster head (CH) based on the scheme of fixed time intervals. Repetitive task of the cluster formation and CH selection at each time interval, regardless of its necessity, leads to routing overhead and consumption of network energy. Along with clustering, efficient route formation is a challenge to WSN routing protocols. In this paper, an attempt is made to overcome these challenges based on dynamic hyper round policy and route optimisation strategy. The selection of CH and cluster formation is mainly performed using three key parameters such as density, distance from base station and residual energy. After the cluster formation, route formation is performed using ant colony optimisation (ACO). The simulation results reveal that the proposed routing protocol shows improved performance in terms of energy efficiency and quality of service.

Functional implementation of EEDR routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are having high attention since there are huge developments and vast applications in the military and environmental applications. In this paper, the software implementation of energy efficient distributed receiver (EEDR) based protocol for WSN using MATLAB is discussed. The proposed mechanism uses information related to channel information, transmission range of sensor nodes and minimum hop. The main objectives of the proposed work include: 1) reduced delay; 2) reduced control packet overhead; 3) increased throughput; 4) high residual energy of all nodes in the network. The EEDR performance is compared with related research works such as traffic estimation-based receiver initiated MAC (TERI-MAC) and the receiver-initiated packet train (RIPT) protocol and also the performance variations due to fluctuations in the propagation conditions is evaluated. The result section discusses the attainment of reduced control overhead, reduced delay, high throughput, and high residual energy of all nodes in the network.

Improving the effect of black hole attack on zone based energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensors network

Improving the effect of black hole attack on zone based energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensors network

Non-Interactive Group Key Pre-Distribution Scheme (GKPS) for End-to-End Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

A novel design of secure end-to-end routing protocol in wireless sensor networks was recently proposed by Harn et al. Their design is based on a group key pre-distribution scheme (GKPS) using a multivariate polynomial. A group key also called a path key , is used to protect data transmitted in the entire routing path. Specifically, instead of using a link-to-link secure communication that uses multiple pairwise shared keys, it is an end-to-end secure communication that uses a single path key to protect data over the entire path. The problem with all polynomial-based key distribution schemes is that the security of these schemes, which are called deterministic k-secure , depends on the degree of the chosen polynomial. In other words, if the degree of the chosen polynomial is $k$ , then capturing the $k+1$ sensors (or more) can compromise the system’s security. Although increasing the degree of the polynomial can improve the security, it increases the storage and computational requirements of the sensors. In this paper, we propose the first probabilistic polynomial-based GKPS, which is based on a multivariate polynomial. The security of our scheme is probabilistic k-secure , which means it is probabilistic to compromise the security of our GKPS after capturing the $k+1$ sensors. We show that the probability of a sensor capture attack can be significantly reduced.

Functional implementation of EEDR routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are having high attention since there are huge developments and vast applications in the military and environmental applications. In this paper, the software implementation of energy efficient distributed receiver (EEDR) based protocol for WSN using MATLAB is discussed. The proposed mechanism uses information related to channel information, transmission range of sensor nodes and minimum hop. The main objectives of the proposed work include: 1) reduced delay; 2) reduced control packet overhead; 3) increased throughput; 4) high residual energy of all nodes in the network. The EEDR performance is compared with related research works such as traffic estimation-based receiver initiated MAC (TERI-MAC) and the receiver-initiated packet train (RIPT) protocol and also the performance variations due to fluctuations in the propagation conditions is evaluated. The result section discusses the attainment of reduced control overhead, reduced delay, high throughput, and high residual energy of all nodes in the network.

Research on LEACH-Based Wireless Sensor Network Routing

Routing technology is one of the main supporting technologies of wireless sensor networks. Only by using routing algorithm reasonably or finding better routing optimization algorithm, can the function of wireless sensor networks be maximized. Therefore, the research of routing technology for wireless sensor networks has important theoretical and practical significance. Based on the analysis of existing routing protocols in wireless sensor networks, this paper focuses on LEACH protocol.

An Efficient and Reliable Directed Diffusion Routing Protocol in Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are composed of several tiny sensor devices which are embedded on or implanted in the human body. They are designed to continuously transmit sensed physiological data and act as key infrastructures for remote healthcare monitoring and treatment. Considering the limited power supply, varying link connectivity, and complicated channel environment, the design of routing protocol in WBANs is challenging. The existing algorithms cannot fully satisfy the application requirements. Focusing on lower energy consumption, a directional diffusion routing protocol for WBANs is proposed in this paper. The concept of the gradient is introduced to indicate the direction and the rate of data transmission and the minimum hop count in directed diffusion is used as the criterion for establishing the gradient. Each node is required to maintain the gradient information of its neighbor nodes with the shortest path. Simultaneously, the residual energy is also considered to further improve the performance. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol has significantly lower packet loss rate and power consumption in both static and mobile scenarios. The reliability of the data transmission is improved and the networks life is extended effectively.

A Concise Review on Cluster-Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensors Network

A Concise Review on Cluster-Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensors Network