Routing Protocol For Wireless Networks Research Articles

Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Healthcare is an application where the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), the emerging field of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), can give assistance to the person in case of detection of abnormal activities of the human body without demanding the presence of the doctor. The small-sized sensors can be deployed for continuous monitoring of the physical activities of the human body. In the case of abnormal activity, the sensors will alert the person as well as share the data with the health expert. The information to be sent is very critical so the routing nodes selection must be done in such a manner that the malicious nodes will not get the information. There are various factors which we can count as the selection parameters for taking a node as part of the route. The Trust of the sensor node is very important as if the node is not trustworthy the chances of delivering correct data to the destination node are very less. This may lead to a threat to a person’s life. In this paper we are presenting a routing algorithm which will count the trust of the node as an important factor and update the path if it found any malicious node in between the route.

Routing Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks: Analysed and Compared

Wireless sensor network will be the dominating field in the future era. Right now it goes from the transformation phase. It unfolds its capacity and sort out its limitations. There are certain limitations imposed on Wireless sensor network when we deployed them in the field. Out of them routing of data in wireless sensor network is quite critical due to frequently movement of nodes.Routing protocol is used to determine routes between nodes to facilitate efficient communication within the network. The primary objective of such a wireless network routing protocol is accurate and effective path formation among a pair of nodes so that communications may be done with minimum delay. This paper deals with the concise study of the available routing algorithm and examinations of these algorithms based on certain parameters. The paper conveys an outline of various routing algorithms by providing their features and functionality and then provides a comparison and conversation of their distinct abilities and shortcomings. We also try to elaborate the primitive functioning of routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks.

Energy Consumption Between Routing and Bridging Protocol for Eco-Friendly Wireless Networks

The implementation of eco-friendly technology has been become an interesting field for sustainability. No exception with the implementation of wireless technology that used for developing networks infrastructure, it is necessary for saving the usage of energy. As a data forwarding protocol in a computer network, commonly there are two protocols that used for, which are routing and bridging protocol. Technically routing protocol has been confirmed that it is more effective and efficient than bridging protocol. However bridging protocol still becomes the popular protocol for data forwarding because it is easy to use. This research tried to test the energy consumption of the wireless network device that implementing between routing or bridging protocol. The wireless network device that used for this research was MikroTik router RB 433Ah. The data forwarding protocol that was tested consists of bridging, static routing, and RIP routing. Data traffic scenario that used for this research consisted of two scenarios which were HTML data access with packet size 256B and video streaming data access with packet size 1518B. Measuring the energy consumption referred to three parameters which were power consumption, CPU usage, and processor temperature. The result showed that for HTML data access scenario, the RIP routing protocol become the lowest energy consumption with power consumption reached 7.460 W, CPU usage 4.6 %, and processor temperature 38.133^C. While for video streaming scenario, generally the RIP routing protocol still become the lowest energy consumption with power consumption reached 7.567 W, CPU usage 7.33 %, and processor temperature 36.727^C.

TAEO-A Thermal Aware & Energy Optimized Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are in the spotlight of researchers and engineering industries due to many applications. Remote health monitoring for general as well as military purposes where tiny sensors are attached or implanted inside the skin of the body to sense the required attribute is particularly prominent. To seamlessly accomplish this procedure, there are various challenges, out of which temperature control to reduce thermal effects and optimum power consumption to reduce energy wastage are placed at the highest priority. Regular and consistent operation of a sensor node for a long-time result in a rising of the temperature of respective tissues, where it is attached or implanted. This temperature rise has harmful effects on human tissues, which may lead to the tissue damage. In this paper, a Temperate Aware and Energy Optimized (TAEO) routing protocol is proposed that not only deals with the thermal aspects and hot spot problem, but also extends the stability and lifetime of a network. Analytical simulations are conducted, and the results depict better performance in terms of the network lifetime, throughput, energy preservation, and temperature control with respect to state of the art WBAN protocols.

DYRP-VLC: A dynamic routing protocol for Wireless Ad-Hoc Visible Light Communication Networks

Visible Light Communication (VLC) presents several challenges, such as interference and blockages created by obstacles. At the same time, several environments offer a rich infrastructure of light sources, which can be used to aid end-to-end communication. In this work, we present DYRP-VLC, a dynamic routing protocol. DYRP-VLC reacts to communication interruptions, constructing alternative routes in the network of visible light, without the need for previous knowledge of the topology or even of the devices that comprise it. We implemented and evaluated the new protocol in a real-world environment using the OpenVLC embedded platform. Our results show that, by using DYRP-VLC, the network was able to form wireless ad-hoc networks and to adapt to dynamic changes in communication such as shadows and obstacles. More in deep, the protocol we propose presents low overhead (<1%) and, in a realistic multi-hop communication with obstacles, it can achieve up to 38.6% of the data rate achieved when communicating devices present a line of sight between them.

Environment-fusion multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

In most cases, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are deployed in unattended scenarios and are featured by energy sensitivity and low cost, thus making the performance of WSNs prone to the impact of external environment and internal energy. Existing routing protocols attempted to optimize the energy efficiency and routing reliability from the perspective of the network itself and failed to take into consideration the environmental impact from outside, causing them cannot make prompt reactions to the dynamic changes of the environments (e.g., wildfire). Thus, in these routing protocols the routing survivability under harsh environments is questionable. To tackle this issue, the paper proposes an environment-fusion multipath routing protocol (EFMRP) to provide sustainable message forwarding service under harsh environments. In EFMRP, routing decisions are made according to a mixed potential field in terms of depth, residual energy and environment. The basic idea of this approach is to instruct data packets to select routes with the best trade-off among latency, energy conservation and routing survivability. As the environmental field is constructed and updated using the sensing capability of WSN itself, constructed routes can avoid crossing through the danger zones to keep the paths safe. To enhance the performance of EFMRP, specific maintenance, traffic allocation and retreat mechanisms are proposed. We investigate the impact of configuration parameters and paths number on the routing performance respectively and compare EFMRP with respect to commonly used routing protocols. The experimental results show that EFMRP can obtain significant improvements in packet delivery ratio and network lifetime under harsh environments.

Energy‐balanced and energy‐efficient clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Prolonging the network lifetime for a reasonable period while meeting users' needs is key in developing a data gathering algorithm for WSNs. Clustered sensor networks are considered as an efficient approach for extending the network lifetime of WSNs. In clustering, sensor devices are arranged in clusters. Inside the cluster, non-cluster head nodes transmit data to the cluster head ( C H ) nodes while the C H forward the message to the sink. Irrespective of how the clusters are formed, a clustered WSN requires sturdy energy-balanced (EB) and energy-efficient (EE) communication protocol. Different from the previous clustered based routing protocol, this paper develops and analyses a selective-path priority table EB and EE clustering based routing protocol, which employs a mobile sink. The priority table is formed by prioritising the two shortest paths to the C H or sink according to some simple but efficient rules. The rules are derived using some routing metrics such as transmission range/power and residual energy. The simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol can be integrated with most clustering formation algorithms, even in large scale WSNs. Besides, results show that this routing protocol improve the network lifetime and throughput as compared to similar schemes.

Thermal and energy aware routing in wireless body area networks

Unlike many other Internet of Things applications, in addition to the limited power of Internet of Medical Things devices, the safety aspect and reliability are the major concerns while designing wireless body area network routing solutions. In fact, the heat dissipation from Internet of Medical Things devices and changes in body posture cause tissue damage and frequent wireless links breakage, respectively. Hence, designing an efficient routing solution is extremely challenging in wireless body area network. Considering the safety aspects of human body, the power constraint of Internet of Medical Things devices, and topological variations in wireless body area network environment, this article presents a thermal-aware, energy-efficient, and reliable routing protocol named thermal and energy aware routing. In the given perspective, thermal and energy aware routing considers the weighted average of three costs while selecting the routing path: energy consumption, heat dissipation, and link quality (between communicating nodes). The proposed protocol is validated by a comparison with a state-of-the-art wireless body area network routing protocol. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is efficient in terms of energy consumption, thermal impact, and packet reception rate.

QoS adaptive and energy aware cross‐layer opportunistic routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) can reduce human labour and monitoring difficulties in forest fire prevention and environment monitoring due to its low power consumption, small size, self-organising, flexible setting, and unattended operation. However, the limited WSN hardware resources and power capacity, the practical application requirements such as real-time monitoring and timely warning of emergencies, pose higher challenges to WSN on its lifespan, reliability, and real-time performance. This paper proposes a QoS adaptive and energy aware cross-layer opportunistic routing protocol (QE-COR). The protocol sets an adaptive QoS function Q i comprehensively considering multiple metrics, through which the best forwarding node can be selected, and the QoS of transmission can adaptively adjust according to the data's needs. The protocol can also select a standby node to start retransmission when forwarding errors occur. A RTS-QACK and an ASS-DATA-SACK response mechanisms are designed to improve the transmission efficiency and avoid message conflicts. The sleep mechanism of MAC layer related with node's working state enables dynamical switching between active and sleep modes, which improves the energy utilisation and the flexibility of the network. Compared with similar opportunistic routing protocols, QE-COR can improve energy utilisation and extend network lifetime, while ensuring transmission reliability and end-to-end delay performance.

Energy Optimization With Higher Information Quality for SHM Application in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy is an important resource in wireless sensor nodes which gets depleted soon, especially in harsh environments, where the sensor’s batteries once deployed cannot be reached easily for replacement or recharging activities. Therefore, designing energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is the objective for the applications like structural health monitoring (SHM), military surveillance, and so on. In this paper, energy optimization is performed by the clustering technique. In clustering, the energy harvesting sensor nodes, which are close to the sink and having a higher probability of energy arrival rate, are elected as cluster head nodes. The remaining nonelected node reserves a portion of their harvested energy to be used by them when they are elected as cluster heads. Thus, utilizing this reserved harvested energy, the cluster head nodes can survive longer. Routing the data from cluster head nodes to the sink is done with the shortest path available. Also, sensor node placement optimization is important in SHM applications, as if the desired information quality is achieved with less number of sensor nodes, then it is a cost-effective method. Thus, using the exhaustive search method, the sensor node location optimization is performed in the study presented in this paper.

A modified energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Energy efficient routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an important area of research due to energy limitations. It is therefore important to maximize the limited energy so as to increase the network lifetime of the WSN. In this paper, a modified energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol (mEEMRP) in a 200 m2 field is presented. This protocol is based on a technique that involves balancing load between communication management (CM) nodes during the multi-hop routing of aggregated data to the base station (BS), where the residual energy (RE) levels of CM nodes are considered as well as the distance between neighboring CM nodes. Simulation results showed that mEEMRP yielded a 1.77% improvement over energy efficient multi-hop routing protocol (EEMRP) in terms of network lifetime. More so, the proposed mEEMRP also improved the energy consumption and the number of packets received at the BS by 4.83% and 7.41%, respectively.Keywords: Routing protocol, Multi-hop routing, Network lifetime, mEEMRP, EEMRP

Phantom walkabouts: A customisable source location privacy aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

SummarySource location privacy (SLP) is an important property for a large class of security‐critical wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as monitoring and tracking. In the seminal work on SLP, phantom routing was proposed as a viable approach to address SLP. However, recent work has shown some limitations of phantom routing such as poor data yield and low SLP. In this paper, we propose phantom walkabouts, a novel and more general version of phantom routing, which performs phantom routes of variable lengths. Through extensive simulations, we show that phantom walkabouts provides high SLP level than phantom routing under specific network configuration.

Routing in WSNs Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System through a CEAR Protocol Based on Cost Welfare and Route Score Metric

Implementing a low cost, power efficient and high performance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an important requirement for transmitting a packet through network. In this paper we propose, a new cost and energy aware routing protocol (CEAR) that works based on the two metrics such as cost welfare metric and route score metric.A hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) framework which holds numerous banks of heterogeneous electrical energy storage (EES) components to be specific battery and a ultra-capacitor is used for providing energy to the network exhibit in the WSN for routing. The simulation results shows that our proposed routing protocol routes the packet efficiently by choosing the best path that also reduces the cost and routes the packet with reduced power consumption. The quantitative metrics in terms of packet delivery ratio of 0.93, average end to end delay of 110 secs, packet loss ratio of 0.75, average throughput attained of 250 bits/sec and efficiency of 98-99.9% overpowers the performance of our proposed work.

Energy efficient and reliable data gathering using internet of software-defined mobile sinks for WSNs-based smart grid applications

The smart grid is an emerging concept that introduces innovative ways to handle the power quality and reliability issues for both service provider and consumers. The key aims of the smart grid (SG) in smart cities (SCs) is to preserve a certain level of residents’ life quality and support the entire spectrum of their economic activities. In this paper, we present a novel Energy Efficient and Reliable Data Gathering Routing Protocol (ODGRP) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs)-based smart grid applications. The developed scheme employs a software-defined centralized controller and multiple mobile sinks for energy efficient and reliable data gathering from WSNs in the SG. The extensive simulation results conducted through the EstiNet 9.0 show that the designed scheme outperforms existing approaches and achieves its defined goals for event-driven applications in the SG.

Energy efficiency clustering based on Gaussian network for wireless sensor network

In this study, the authors consider the sensors' connection model design and energy optimisation of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on the Gaussian network connection model. Accordingly, by the node-symmetric and four different directions to four adjacent nodes of each node in the Gaussian network model, the study recommends a new wireless sensor network connection model, on which the network area will be divided into some virtual square grids. In the new wireless sensor network connection model, they describe each virtual square grid as a node in the Gaussian network, therefrom, they propose a routing method, which is a combination of the shortest path routing protocol in the Gaussian network and clustering protocol to improve the routing efficiency of the wireless sensor network. Some simulations were implemented in NS2, the results show that the proposed routing is very good.

Reduced Overhead Routing in Short-Range Low-Power and Lossy Wireless Networks.

In this paper we present enhanced routing protocol for low-lower and lossy networks (ERPL), a reduced overhead routing protocol for short-range low-power and lossy wireless networks, based on RPL. ERPL enhances peer-to-peer (P2P) route construction and data packet forwarding in RPL’s storing and non-storing modes of operation (MoPs). In order to minimize source routing overhead, it encodes routing paths in Bloom Filters (BF). The salient features of ERPL include the following: (i) optimized P2P routing and data forwarding; (ii) no additional control messages; and (iii) minimized source routing overhead. We extensively evaluated ERPL against RPL using emulation, simulation, and physical test-bed based experiments. Our results demonstrate that ERPL outperforms standard RPL in P2P communication and its optimized P2P route construction and data forwarding algorithms also positively impact the protocol’s performance in multi-point to point (MP2P) and point to multi-point (P2MP) communications. Our results demonstrate that the BF-based approach towards compressed source routing information is feasible for the kinds of networks considered in this paper. The BF-based approach results in 65% lower source routing control overhead compared to RPL. Our results also provide new insights into the performance of MP2P, P2MP, and P2P communications relative to RPL’s destination-oriented directed a-cyclic graph (DODAG) depth, i.e., a deeper DODAG negatively impacts the performance of MP2P and P2MP communications, however it positively impacts P2P communication, while the reverse holds true for a relatively shallow DODAG.

Zone-based Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper proposes a novel zone or grid-based network deployment framework for energy efficient selection and reselection process of Zone-Head (ZH) in the WSNs. The proposed zone head reselection process ensures energy efficiency, load balancing, and stability which further prolongs the network lifetime. Instead of carrying out periodic reselection of Zone-Head (ZH) that leads to extra energy consumption and network overhead, the protocol dynamically initiates the process of reselection based on residual energy level of ZH. In the proposed approach the process is segregated into four phases; deployment phase, the zone formation phase, zone head selection phase, data transmission phase and reselection phase. We implemented the proposed algorithm in MATLAB and its result outcomes reveal that the proposed method outperforms the competitive algorithms for parameters such as load balancing, total energy consumption and network lifetime.

Energy and Performance Evaluation of Reactive, Proactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Network

This paper evaluates the energy consumption of well-known routing protocols, along with other metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and delay in different scenarios. We consider two other metrics in order to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput which is the ratio between the consumed energy and the throughput; and the e-PDR which is the ratio between the consumed energy and the PDR. We compare four routing protocols: AODV, OLSR, and HWMP in Reactive and Proactive modes. The number of nodes is varying between 25 and 81 nodes, with different mobility models. Simulations are conducted using NS3 and the parameters of a real network interface card. From the results, AODV presents the lowest energy consumption and a better e-Throughput. OLSR provides a better e-PDR in mobile scenarios. With a smaller e-PDR and e-Throughput, the proactive mode of HWMP is more energy efficient than the reactive mode.

Bacteria Interactive Cost and Balanced-Compromised Approach to Clustering and Transmission Boundary-Range Cognitive Routing In Mobile Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks.

The improvement of stable, energy-efficient mobile-based clustering and routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has become indispensable so as to develop large-scale, versitale, and adaptive applications. Data is gathered more efficiently and the total path length is shortened optimally by means of mobile sink (MS). Two algorithms as bacterial interaction based cluster head (CH) selection and energy and transmission boundary range cognitive routing algorithm with novel approach for heterogeneous mobile networks are proposed in this study. The more reliable and powerful CH selection is made with the greedy approach that is based on the interaction fitness value, energy node degree, and distance to adjacent nodes in a compromised manner. The best trajectories, thanks to intersection edge points of the visited CHs, are obtained in the proposed routing algorithm. In this way, the MS entry to transmission range boundaries of the CH has been a sufficient strategy to collect information. As in energy model, we adopt energy consumption costs of listening and sensing channel as well as transmit and receive costs. Comprehensive performance analyzes have been seriously carried out via the Matlab 2016a environment. We validate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing studies in terms of several performance metrics as simulations.

Wireless body area network for health monitoring

A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consists basically of a group of nodes, that communicate with each other through a wireless transmission, and does not need any existing infrastructure. The recent developments in technology and wireless communication, to be used in various applications, foster the development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). They are emerging as important networks in order to reduce the need for patients, and to help the elderly and chronically ill people to live an independent life. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for wireless body area networks, to transfer data in the network with minimum energy consumption, and longer network lifetime through multi-hop communication. The proposed protocol has been verified by performing simulations, and the obtained results show that our routing protocol ensures a robust optimisation of the energy consumption which helps to increase the lifetime of the network and its stability.