Wireless Manner Research Articles

Reusable OIRD Microarray Chips Based on a Bienzyme-Immobilized Polyaniline Nanowire Forest for Multiplexed Detection of Biological Small Molecules.

Quantitative detection of multiple biological small molecules is critical for health evaluation and disease diagnosis. In this study, a microarray chip featuring a bienzyme-immobilized polyaniline nanowire forest on fluorine-doped tin oxide (bienzyme-PANI/FTO) is developed for this purpose. On such a chip, the target molecules are oxidized under the catalysis of their attached oxidases to produce hydrogen peroxide, which further induces the partial oxidation of local PANI nanowires in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme. The redox state change of PANI nanowires is monitored by the oblique incident reflectivity difference (OIRD) technique in a real-time and wireless manner, thus allowing for quantitative analysis of the target molecules. As typical model targets, hydrogen peroxide, glucose, lactic acid, and cholesterol are successfully detected with low detection limits, excellent specificities, and broad detection ranges, all of which fully meet the requirements for clinical analysis of human serum samples. Simultaneous detection of multiple targets on an individual chip is further demonstrated using the OIRD scanning mode. Meanwhile, by simple electrochemical reduction of the PANI nanowires, the chip is reusable for more than eight detection cycles without evident decay in its performance. The detection principle of this chip is also universal to other small molecules, and thus, it shows great promise as a valuable device to analyze biological small molecules.

A Data Driven Trust Mechanism Based on Blockchain in IoT Sensor Networks for Detection and Mitigation of Attacks

Utilization of smart applications in various domains is facilitated pervasively by sensor nodes (SN) that are connected in a wireless manner and a number of smart things. Hazards due to internal and external attacks exist along with the advantages of the smart things and its applications. Security measures are influenced by three main factors namely scalability, latency and network lifespan, without which mitigation of internal attacks is a challenge. The deployment of SN based Internet of things (IoT) is decentralized in nature. However, centralized solutions and security measures are provided by most researchers. A data driven trust mechanism based on blockchain is presented in this paper as a decentralized and energy efficient solution for detection of internal attacks in IoT powered SNs. In grey and black hole attack settings, the message overhead is improved using the proposed model when compared to the existing solutions. In both grey and black hole attacks, the time taken for detection of malicious nodes is also reduced considerably. The network lifetime is improved significantly due to the enhancement of these factors.

MEMS hydrogen gas sensor with wireless quartz crystal resonator

Abstract A highly sensitive hydrogen-gas sensor fabricated using MEMS technology is presented. The sensor chip consists of glass substrates, silicon substrate, and an AT-cut quartz crystal resonator, which is embedded in the microchannel constructed on the substrates. The quartz resonator has a fundamental resonant frequency of 165 MHz and a 200 nm palladium film deposited on its single surface as the hydrogen-gas sensing material. The MEMS hydrogen-gas sensor operates in a wireless manner by exciting and detecting the resonator vibration using the non-contacting antennas. The curvature induced resonant frequency change of the resonator plate caused by the expansion of the palladium film is used for the detection of the hydrogen gas. We succeeded in improving the hydrogen absorption rate and then the sensitivity for the hydrogen-gas detection by applying the air-plasma treatment method, and clarified the role of palladium oxide in lowering the energy barrier for the hydrogen-atom migration from surface to subsurface with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thus sensitivity enhanced MEMS hydrogen-gas sensor exhibits a detection limit of 10 ppm or less at room temperature both in nitrogen and air.

A Data Transmission System for Sewage Treatment in Oil Refinery Based on LoRa

This paper designs a wireless data transmission system based on LoRa technology in view of the safety requirements of the upgrade of the oil refinery sewage treatment system. On the basis of protecting the data flow of the previous system, the measurement data of each sensor is collected and sent to the PLC in a wireless manner. By the reasonable circuit structure design and the wireless transmission mode choice, this system has high explosion-proof performance, high safety, and has the advantages of good real-time performance, high maintainability, and easy expansion.

An Examination System to Detect Deep Vein Thrombosis of a Lower Limb Using Light Reflection Rheography.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of lower limbs can easily arise from prolonged sitting or standing. Elders and pregnant women are most likely to have this disease. When the embolus of DVT comes to pass the lung, it will become a life-threatening disease. Thus, for DVT disease, early detection and the early treatment are needed. The goal of this study was to develop an examination system to be used at non-medical places to detect the DVT of lower limbs with light reflection rheography (LRR). Consisting of a wearable device and a mobile application (APP), the system is operated in a wireless manner to control the actions of sensors and display and store the LRR signals on the APP. Then, the recorded LRR signals are processed to find the parameters of DVT examination. Twenty subjects were recruited to perform experiments. The veins of lower limbs were occluded by pressuring the cuff up to 100 mmHg and 150 mmHg to simulate the slight and serious DVT scenarios, respectively. Six characteristic parameters were defined to classify whether there was positive or negative DVT using the receiver operating characteristic curves, including the slopes of emptying and refilling curves in the LRR signal, and the changes of venous pump volume. Under the slight DVT scenario (0 mmHg vs. 100 mmHg), the first three parameters, m10, m40, and m50, had accuracies of 72%, 69%, and 69%, respectively. Under the serious DVT scenario (0 mmHg vs. 150 mmHg), m10, m40, and m50 achieved accuracies of 73%, 76%, and 73%, respectively. The experimental results show that this proposed examination system may be practical as an auxiliary tool to screen DVT in homecare settings.

Wireless Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence at a Bipolar Microelectrode in a Solid-State Micropore

The combination of bipolar electrochemistry (BE), as a wireless electrochemical approach, and of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an imaging readout is a successful strategy with a wide range of analytical applications. However, small conductive entities such as micrometric and nanometric objects are particularly difficult to polarize by BE since they require extremely high electric fields. In order to circumvent this issue due to intrinsic limitations of BE, we elaborated a solid-state micropore, decorated with a rhombus-shaped gold microelectrode. The electric field strength was concentrated inside the solid-state micropore where the conductive gold microelectrode was precisely located and acted as a bipolar light-emitting device. This original configuration allowed achieving adequate polarization of the gold microelectrode in a wireless manner, which led locally to ECL emission. ECL imaging shows that light was generated by the bipolar microelectrode in the center of the micropore. ECL emission could be achieved by imposing a potential value (10 V) to the feeder electrodes that is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than those required without the micropore. The reported ECL approach opens exciting perspectives for the development of original wireless bioanalytical applications and dynamic bipolar experiments with small objects passing through the pores.

Respiration pattern recognition by wearable mask device

Compared to heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure, respiratory rate is the vital sign that has been often overlooked, largely due to the lack of easily accessible tool for reliable and natural respiration monitoring. To address this unmet need, we designed and built a wearable, stand-alone, fully integrated mask device for accurate tracking of respiration in free-living conditions. The wearable mask device can provide comprehensive respiration information in a wearable and wireless manner. It can not only accurately measure respiratory rate, tidal volume, respiratory minute volume, and peak flow rate but also recognize unique respiration pattern of the subject via Principle Component Analysis (PCA) algorithms. The reported wearable mask device and respiratory pattern recognition algorithms could be widely used in routine clinical examination, lung function assessment, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management, metabolic rate measurement, capnography, spirometry, sleep pattern analysis, and biometrics.

Cover Feature: Remote Actuation of a Light‐Emitting Device Based on Magnetic Stirring and Wireless Electrochemistry (ChemPhysChem 7/2020)

The Cover Feature shows a freestanding light-emitting diode (LED) that is addressed in a wireless manner by means of bipolar electrochemistry. Also, the tips of this electronic device are made out of iron enabling thus a magnetic stirring. The brightness of the LED can be readily used as an optical readout to monitor a chemical composition change in the electrolyte solution in real time. More information can be found in the Article by A. L. Dauphin et al.

Intelligent and Adaptive Multi-Objective Optimization in WANET Using Bio Inspired Algorithms

A WANET is a specific type of Adhoc network with a community of specialized, self-organizing mobile devices. Because of the complex existence of mobile devices and wireless networking, the adhoc network communicating in wireless manner faces many problems related to the topological organizations , battery capacity limitations that results in energy restrictions, transmission of information, etc. The significant attributes of an adhoc network communicating in wireless manner are the quality of service and the percentage of energy used. Nowadays as the bio-inspired computing plays a major role in the research field. Specifically bio-inspired algorithms motivated by nature's actions are used immensely to accomplish optimization in issues faced in communication. Massive works have been reported in the recent years to enhance the quality of service utilizing the Bio-inspired computing due to its intelligent and adaptive nature. The paper proposes the intelligent and an adaptive routing employing the bio inspired genetic bee colony algorithm and the ant colony optimization to have optimized energy utilization maximizing the longevity of the network. The proposed method is evaluated suing the network simulator-2 on the basis of the energy utilization, longevity and the service quality (Throughput) of the network, the results observed for the method put forth were better compared to the existing methods.

Cooperative-Evolution-Based WPT Resource Allocation for Large-Scale Cognitive Industrial IoT

The recently developed technique of wireless power transfer (WPT) provides a promising way to charge the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) of cognitive industrial Internet of Things (IoT) deployed in areas that are difficult for humans to access. Previous work has focused on the power allocation strategy at the wireless node level. However, the priority among different modes in an identical wireless node has not been taken into consideration, and different modes equipped with different types of batteries accomplish different tasks in an identical wireless node. One challenging scenario is rechargeable WSNs with a large number of wireless nodes. In this article, we aim to optimize the power allocation strategy in priority constraint WPT systems with a large number of wireless nodes. Traditional WPT systems consist of a rechargeable WSN and a mobile charger, which are deployed for charging wireless nodes in a wireless manner. However, the constructed WPT system consists of a rechargeable WSN and multiple mobile chargers with adequate power, which can charge wireless nodes simultaneously. Each solution of the power allocation strategy can be represented as one disjunctive graph, and the critical path (CP) in the disjunctive graph is the core factor in determining the final maximum cost. Thus, we propose a decomposition strategy that can identify the interacting variables based on the CP by exploiting the perturbation technique. Then, the decomposed subcomponents are cooperatively evolved by adopting a cooperative evolutionary algorithm (CEA). The proposed CP-based grouping strategy combined with CEA is named CPCEA. Three state-of-the-art methods are tested and compared with CPCEA, and three scales of datasets are considered. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of CPCEA.

Highly sensitive hydrogen detection using curvature change of wireless-electrodeless quartz resonators

We propose a hydrogen detection method using a thin quartz resonator with a palladium thin film on its single side, which absorbs hydrogen, resulting in the film expansion and geometry change of the resonator, shifting the resonant frequency. Because the resonator is driven in a wireless manner, the other resonator side can remain electrodeless, enhancing the geometry change and then the detection sensitivity. The detection limit is 1 ppm or less. We also investigate the reaction kinetics between palladium and hydrogen through the temperature dependence of the reaction velocity constant, yielding the activation energy of 0.372 ± 0.003 eV. This is close to the activation energy for the hydrogen-atom transition from the surface to subsurface states, indicating that the adsorption reaction is dominated by the transition rather than the bulk diffusion in palladium.

A Bluetooth-Low-Energy Sensor Node for Acoustic Monitoring of Small Birds

Animals can generate sounds that serve a wide range of vital functions such as to defend themselves or their territories, to attract a partner, to maintain contact with other members of their social group, and to help themselves and their partner/group during navigation. Ethologists are interested in recording and analyzing these sounds, many of which are vocalizations. Advances in sensing and wireless technology permit today acoustic data acquisition and transmission in a wireless manner. In many applications, the wireless sensor needs to be placed on the animal’s body and should be unobtrusive, light-weight, small, and long-lasting. This paper presents the design and development of an ultra-low power miniaturized and lightweight wireless sensor node for monitoring captive zebra finches. The node is designed to be worn with minimal effort by small-sized birds to collect, process, and send/receive data to/from a remote host via Bluetooth Low-Energy. The main feature of the developed node is the capability to stream compressed or uncompressed audio and temperature data continuously. Multiple nodes can monitor several birds simultaneously and acquire and transmit high-quality audio streams, one for each bird, with low audio interference. Due to the combination of low-power hardware and software techniques and technologies, the 1.4 g node achieves a lifetime of up to 24 h at 4 kHz sampling rate on a single zinc-air battery. Experimental results on birds confirm the functionality of the developed wireless node and the lifetime benefits of compression.

Hierarchically Structured Vertical Gold Nanowire Array-Based Wearable Pressure Sensors for Wireless Health Monitoring.

We have recently demonstrated that vertically aligned gold nanowires (v-AuNWs) are outstanding material candidates for wearable biomedical sensors toward real-time and noninvasive health monitoring because of their excellent tunable electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, chemical inertness, and wide electrochemical window. Here, we show that v-AuNWs could also be used to design a high-performance wearable pressure sensor when combined with rational structural engineering such as pyramid microarray-based hierarchical structures. The as-fabricated pressure sensor featured a low operation voltage of 0.1 V, high sensitivity in a low-pressure regime, a fast response time of <10 ms, and high durability with stable signals for the 10 000 cycling test. In conjunction with printed electrode arrays, we could generate a multiaxial map for spatial pressure detection. Furthermore, our flexible pressure sensor could be seamlessly connected with a Bluetooth low-energy module to detect high-quality artery pulses in a wireless manner. Our solution-based gold coating strategy offers the benefit of conformal coating of nanowires onto three-dimensional microstructured elastomeric substrates under ambient conditions, indicating promising applications in next-generation wearable biodiagnostics.

Using the Bioelectric Signals to Control of Wearable Orthosis of the Elbow Joint with Bi-Muscular Pneumatic Servo-Drive

SUMMARYThis study presents a new design of a wearable orthosis of elbow joint with a bimuscular pneumatic servo-drive (PSD) with control based on the recording of bioelectric signals (BESs). The authors analyzed the impact of the induced brain activity and the muscular tension within the head of the participant on the BESs that can be used to control the PSD of the elbow joint orthosis. To control the elbow joint orthosis, a distributed control system (DCS) was developed, which contains two control layers: a master layer connected to the device for recording the BES and a direct layer contained in a wireless manner with the controller of the PSD. A kinematic-dynamic model of the elbow joint orthosis, patterned after the biological model of human biceps–triceps, was used in the programming of the PSD controller. A biomimetic dynamic model of the pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) was used, in which the contraction force results from the adopted exponential static model of the pneumatic muscle (PM). The use of direct visual feedback (DVF) makes it possible for the participant to focus on the movement of the orthosis taking into account the motoric functions of the elbow.

High-Sensitivity Wireless Displacement Sensing Enabled by PT-Symmetric Telemetry

Wireless inductive sensors have been deployed in the position and displacement sensing for a wide variety of applications ranging from manufacturing processes, medical systems, automotive, and aerospace industries, to civil infrastructures. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an ultrasensitive wireless displacement sensing technique based on the concept of parity-time (PT) symmetry or space-time reflection symmetry, first explored in quantum mechanics and later extended to wave physics. This PT-symmetric telemetric sensing system comprises an active -RLC tank (stationary reader) and a passive RLC tank (movable tag), which are linked in a wireless manner via inductive coupling. Specifically, such a non-Hermitian electronic system obeying the PT symmetry, when operated around the exceptional point (EP), can achieve drastic frequency responses and high sensitivity, well beyond the limit of conventional fully passive wireless displacement sensors. The proposed telemetric sensing system shows great potential for contactless, high-precision measurement of displacement, lift-off distance, position, and vibration, particularly suitable for emerging industrial and healthcare Internet-of-Things (IoTs).

Routing in Mobile Opportunistic Social Networks with Selfish Nodes

When the connection to Internet is not available during networking activities, an opportunistic approach exploits the encounters between mobile human-carried devices for exchanging information. When users encounter each other, their handheld devices can communicate in a cooperative way, using the encounter opportunities for forwarding their messages, in a wireless manner. But, analyzing real behaviors, most of the nodes exhibit selfish behaviors, mostly to preserve the limited resources (data buffers and residual energy). That is the reason why node selfishness should be taken into account when describing networking activities: in this paper, we first evaluate the effects of node selfishness in opportunistic networks. Then, we propose a routing mechanism for managing node selfishness in opportunistic communications, namely, SORSI (Social-based Opportunistic Routing with Selfishness detection and Incentive mechanisms). SORSI exploits the social-based nature of node mobility and other social features of nodes to optimize message dissemination together with a selfishness detection mechanism, aiming at discouraging selfish behaviors and boosting data forwarding. Simulating several percentages of selfish nodes, our results on real-world mobility traces show that SORSI is able to outperform the social-based schemes Bubble Rap and SPRINT-SELF, employing also selfishness management in terms of message delivery ratio, overhead cost, and end-to-end average latency. Moreover, SORSI achieves delivery ratios and average latencies comparable to Epidemic Routing while having a significant lower overhead cost.

Evaluation Strategies for Wireless Ultra Wideband Communication Towards Orthopedic Surgical Scheme

Wireless medical devices shall considerably improve the proficiency and effectiveness in medical segments. Recent wireless inventions enable reduced design, thus becomes inexpensive for manufacturing. Huge quantity of individual information is measured and communicated in wireless manner, consequently safety precautions are needed to be integrated with these wireless technologies. The evaluation strategies for Wireless Ultra Wideband communication towards orthopedic surgical scheme has been explained in this paper. Every devices considered in this paper are identical with each others towards their elementary objective. However, they vary towards different real-world applications. The devices enumerated in this paper have shared operating frequency bands of 2.4 GHz ISM Band and UWB frequency ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. Every devices entailed here is positioned to fit within the operating frequencies either at 2.4 GHz or 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. This paper targets on protective patient-privacy which is deemed to be energetic characteristics towards isolated patient monitoring schemes. Considering the rise in quantity of feasible wireless medicinal products, this paper targets in the engagement of different wireless standards and measured data on the basis of dissimilar rates. Thus, the foremost significant in this work is towards supplementing the quantity of integration in wireless medical monitoring schemes. Similarly, as the applications of implantable and ingestible wireless medical approaches are becoming increased, they offer easy accessing towards data collecting and data which are previously dreadful, and this has been considered as a vital parameter in this paper. Hence, there becomes bigger possibility towards improving exactness of wireless positioning arrangements. When complications of the system increase, the prevailing protocols shall not be appropriate for superior and satisfactory bandwidth pertaining real-time application, thereby few protocols have been worked out to encounter this issue. Therefore, the major contributions in this paper include advanced speediness, superior data rate designs and effective protocols. In this paper, all the structures entailed have the potential to assist doctors for improving the dominance in lives of patients, thus application development is properly discussed for progressing with these implements.

Security Aware Multipath Routing Protocol for WMSNs for Minimizing Effect of Compromising Attacks

In Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) the devices are interconnected in the wireless manner that is able to ubiquitously retrieve multimedia content such as video and audio streams, still images, and scalar sensor data from environments. Many research works have been undertaken to enhance the quality of multimedia contents and energy consumption, but not security. Till, security problems are critical issue in WMSNs. Trust inference is one of the methods that solve security problems in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In this paper, we propose an energy efficient trusted cluster (E2TC) based routing protocol for WMSNs for overcome multi-objective problems, which can eventually maximize the network lifetime. The proposed routing protocol consist of two algorithms, first the multi-dimension differential evolution based trust (MDET) inference model used to compute trust value for each node in the network, then the energy efficient cluster formation is performed using load balance enhanced chemical reaction optimization (LBCRO) algorithm. The routing path between the source nodes to destination nodes framed by computed trust values. The result obtained through Network simulator tool and shows that the proposed routing protocol performs better than existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, QoS metrics, and network lifetime.

Perspective: Implantable optical systems for neuroscience research in behaving animal models—Current approaches and future directions

Compared to many other organ systems, the fundamental means by which the central and peripheral nervous systems connect and communicate remain poorly understood. The overall aging of populations in the developed world increases the significance of degenerative and mental health disorders, thereby motivating research into the development of effective therapies, founded on basic insights into the working principles of the brain. Progress in these endeavors can be accelerated by the development of optical tools and techniques capable of tracking and evoking changes in cell-level activity and in system-level neuronal interactions, both in the brain and in the peripherals, especially in unrestricted, freely behaving subjects. This perspective highlights the recent emergence of active optoelectronic platforms that leverage genetically targeted stimulators, inhibitors, and sensors and their vital role in brain research and therapy development. The technological advances that underpin the latest, most powerful device embodiments include miniaturized, highly efficient semiconductor light emitters and detectors that can operate chronically in a fully implantable, battery-free, wireless manner. Recent progress in this field enables a range of powerful modes of operation, with key advantages over traditional systems.

A wireless powered electroactive polymer using magnetic resonant coupling

This paper reports an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) soft actuator that is controlled and powered in a wireless manner. IPMC is an ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) that can be actuated at a low voltage, fast response and miniaturized, therefore, attracts significant interest that have led to extensive investigations, especially for biomedical application. The device design utilizes magnetic resonant coupling as the wireless powering scheme. A planar based LC receiver circuit and DC rectifier circuit are fabricated using double sided and single sided copper-clad flexible polyimide sheets, respectively. The fabricated IPMC cantilever is bonded to the DC rectifier circuit and performs unimorph motion when the exposed magnetic field (generated by the transmitter circuit) matches the resonant frequency of the LC receiver circuit, ∼25 MHz. Experiment wireless operation of the fabricated LC receiver circuit shows a maximum induced DC voltage of ∼2.3 Vdc. The cantilever deflection is measured as 66 μm at ON-OFF activation cycle with 0.6 W RF output power.