Abstract
Compared to many other organ systems, the fundamental means by which the central and peripheral nervous systems connect and communicate remain poorly understood. The overall aging of populations in the developed world increases the significance of degenerative and mental health disorders, thereby motivating research into the development of effective therapies, founded on basic insights into the working principles of the brain. Progress in these endeavors can be accelerated by the development of optical tools and techniques capable of tracking and evoking changes in cell-level activity and in system-level neuronal interactions, both in the brain and in the peripherals, especially in unrestricted, freely behaving subjects. This perspective highlights the recent emergence of active optoelectronic platforms that leverage genetically targeted stimulators, inhibitors, and sensors and their vital role in brain research and therapy development. The technological advances that underpin the latest, most powerful device embodiments include miniaturized, highly efficient semiconductor light emitters and detectors that can operate chronically in a fully implantable, battery-free, wireless manner. Recent progress in this field enables a range of powerful modes of operation, with key advantages over traditional systems.
Highlights
ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED INPhilipp Gutruf,[1] Cameron H
Targeted techniques for optically stimulating or inhibiting the activity of neurons and neural circuits are increasingly popular as means for manipulating cell specific signals in complex biological systems to uncover relationships to behavioral patterns
While most commonly used in rodent studies, this approach is rapidly expanding to other models, ranging from worms and fish to nonhuman primates.[1]
Summary
Philipp Gutruf,[1] Cameron H. Good,[2] and John A. Rogers3 1Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Bioscience Research Laboratories, 1230 N Cherry Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA 2US Army Research Laboratory, 321 Colleran Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Maryland 21005, USA 3Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Neurological Surgery, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute and Feinberg Medical School, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA (Received 15 May 2018; accepted 21 August 2018; published online 12 October 2018)
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