Wireless Manner Research Articles

ZigBee- based Wireless Electronic Scale and its Network Performance Analysis for the Application of Smart Billing System in Super Markets

There is the greatest demand for electronic weighing scale in vegetable shops, health industries and especially to measure the tiny things. This paper proposes a Wireless electronic weighing scale designed using ultra low power MSP430 controller and with ZigBee wireless communication module. The weighing scale measures the weight with the help of strain sensor and the processor, which has an inbuilt FRAM memory and Real time clock and calendar. This makes the scale to update the weighing databases more accurately and instruction with host PC in a wireless manner. The ZigBee cluster tree network is formed to communicate with more than one electronic scale and the network performance is analyzed using NetSim. The Visual Basic language is developed for user interface in PC side for generating bills.

Multi-input/output alarming system for patients with inattention caused by higher cortical function disorder

BackgroundTo apply advanced methods of communication, sensing, and instrumentation technologies to make a system that can help patients suffering from hemispatial neglect caused by higher cortical function disorder.MethodBy using several sensors and actuators, the objective was to construct a tailor-made system for each patient. The input part of the system consists of sensors, an interface and transmitters. The output part consists of a receiver, logical arithmetic, an output interface and actuators. The information from the input part is sent to the output part in a wireless manner allowing the mobility of the input and output parts.ResultsThe system and its functionality were realized. Voice alarming and neck muscle stimuli were applied to two patients. We could verify the applicability of the system to remind the patients to put on their wheelchair’s brake and raise its footrest before attempting to stand for transferring to their beds.ConclusionThe designed and constructed multi-input/output system can be used effectively to alarm the patients.

SWNT Based Nanosensors for Wireless Detection of Explosives and Chemical Warfare Agents

The detection of concealed explosives and chemical warfare agents is an urgent need to protect the safety of people and cities around the world. This requires the development of highly sensitive, portable, and stand-off sensors. Here, we present a wireless sensing unit based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) integrated with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry, which can effectively detect trace explosives and chemical agents. The response of SWNT sensors to Dinitrotoluene (DNT) (a byproduct of TNT) and Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (an analog of nerve agent sarin) vapors is improved dramatically after decoration with single stranded-DNA (ss-DNA). The response of carbon nanotube sensors to DNT and DMMP vapors is reversible and repeatable. The nanosensors integrated on a CMOS chip are tested with DMMP (DNT) vapors with concentrations varying from 1.57 to 130.49 ppm (9.41-45.73 ppm), and the corresponding change in resistance of the SWNT sensor varied from 7.5% to 27.5% (6.53-22.76%). The detected signal is processed by off-chip components on a circuitry board and is transmitted wirelessly to a computer. This versatile sensing system provides a promising platform to detect explosives and chemical agents at a trace level in a wireless manner and stand-off distance.

FTHC: Fault Tolerance in Hierarchical Clustering Environment for WSN

Sensor Networks (WSNs) are an important focus of research due to their many envisioned applications. They are formed by small, inexpensive and resource limited devices that can interact with the environment and communicate in a wireless manner with other devices. For energy conservation, the clustering technique is used where network organizes around a small set of cluster heads which then gather data from their local cluster aggregate this data and transmit it to the base station. Here we present two models for adding fault- tolerance to clustering algorithms with a hierarchy maintained among various levels of cluster heads from base station. Since, sensor nodes are often deployed in harsh environments, they are prone to failure. Cluster-head failure can leave a cluster disconnected from the base station until the network reorganizes again. The proposed model FTHC: Fault Tolerance in Hierarchical Clustering Environment for WSN is used for both Inter and Intra clustering environment. We evaluate the proposed model and compare it with protocol MECH in terms of network lifetime when the cluster head fail. Keywordssensor networks, radio model hierarchical clustering,

Resonant Sensors for Detecting Corrosion in Concrete Bridges

A passive sensor platform was developed to detect the onset of corrosion in concrete bridge decks. The term “passive” is used to describe the sensors because they do not include onboard processing capabilities or sources of power. The sensors are powered and interrogated in a wireless manner by measuring the impedance through an external reader coil, which is magnetically coupled to resonant circuits within the sensor. The sensors are designed to be embedded in a concrete bridge during construction and interrogated periodically over its service life. Reinforced concrete slabs were subjected to long-term exposure tests to demonstrate the reliability of the prototype sensors. The middle region of each slab was exposed to alternating moisture cycles with saltwater. Sensors in this region indicated that threshold amounts of corrosion occurred, whereas sensors located in regions that were not exposed to saltwater indicated the absence of corrosion. At the conclusion of the tests, the sensor readings were confirmed by removing the concrete cover and examining the condition of the embedded reinforcement. One flaw in the initial design of the sensors, however, was that the transducing element (a corroding steel wire) passed through the epoxy potting that protected the circuit components. This configuration provided a pathway for contaminants to infiltrate the sensors, causing corrosion. To improve the durability of the passive sensors, a new configuration is being developed in which the corroding element is physically isolated from the resonant circuits within the sensor.

Advanced wireless mechanics-free scanning system

For detection of defects and other features in various applications using diverse technologies, the NDT industry has long realised the advantages offered by scanning the area under test and presentation of inspection data in image form. Ultrasonic techniques have especially been the major beneficiary of automated scanners, immersion tanks, gantry systems and the like. Specialised automated scanners are available for inspecting storage tanks, airplane wings, pipe girth welds and so on. However with increasing complexity of the objects, the complexity of scanner increases leading to high capital cost and operational difficulties. Simple-to-use and portable manual scanners have been used with limited success due to difficulties in providing reliable position feedback. In the past few years, encoder-free manual scanners have become available. These have numerous advantages over the competing technologies. With computer-based wireless communication technology advancing at a fast pace, it has now become feasible to provide non-contact position feedback in a wireless manner. Apex Research Technologies (ART), UK, have developed a novel Bluetooth-based wireless 3-D manual scanner called 'FreeScan'. FreeScan is an easy to use, lightweight, portable solution for deployment in large areas. The paper discusses the underlying concepts, technologies and possibilities created for various application areas.

DEVELOPMENT OF A “SMART” WIRELESS SOIL MONITORING SENSOR PROTOTYPE USING RFID TECHNOLOGY

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is commonly used for object or animal identification andtracking. In this article, we explore the feasibility of its use in a rapid solution to wireless real-time monitoring of soilproperties. A lab prototype system for wireless measurement of temperature was developed using a commercially available13.56-MHz RFID passive tag. Temperature is sensed by a thermometer Integrated Circuit (IC) that produces a Pulse WidthModulated (PWM) signal. An embedded Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller monitors this signal, produces averagedmeasurements, and sends them to the RFID tag or transponder unit, hence the smart feature of the sensor. A receivingunit also called the interrogator emits an electromagnetic field, which when detected by the passive RFID tag causes itto transmit temperature data stored in its memory to the interrogator. The latter detects these measurements and sends themto a data collection PC. The architecture of the sensor allows for the addition of other transducers without alteration of thetelemetry channel or significant changes to the sensor design. In benchmarking tests using a water bath over the course ofseveral days, measurement error over a range of 0 to 50.C showed a standard deviation of 0.5.C and a max error of 1.5.C.Measurements also showed a high correlation (greater than 99%) with those obtained using a thermocouple. The architectureof the developed wireless sensor prototype allows for additional soil transducers to be integrated into it without changes tothe sensor design. Potential applications for this sensor could be in the area of precision farming where soil properties suchas temperature might be monitored in a wireless manner. Although limitations in transmission range (less than one meter)would require proximity reading of the sensor, using existing equipment that regularly pass over the field as a mount for theinterrogator, such as center pivot booms or sprayers, would increase feasibility of this telemetry strategy.

Computer-controlled release of metoprolol from capsules

The present paper describes the development of a capsule-like model dosage form where the rate of release of a drug can be varied under the control of a computer. The capsules contain a simple electrical circuit with its own power supply. The circuit is switched on using a magnetic remote-controlled microswitch. Electrolytic breakdown of water is induced at two steel electrodes. The resulting gas pressure moves a piston which pushes a solution of drug out of a reservoir. A computer controls the release from the capsule according to a given program in a wireless manner via the magnetic field of an electromegnet. Capsules have also been developed with an external power supply. Investigations of the release of metoprolol solutions show that by varying the length of the switching on and pause intervals, 80 mg metoprolol can be released within a few minutes or the process can be prolonged, if desired, over several hours. A pulsed relased at intervals of 2 was achieved.